scholarly journals 34. Interstellar Matter and Planetary Nebulae

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. van Woerden
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Electromagnetic Spectrum ◽  
Interstellar Matter ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Chemical Research ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Stellar Astronomy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Astronomical Research

The subject of interstellar matter is one of the most active fields of astronomical research to-day. Observational information spans the full electromagnetic spectrum from long radio waves to gamma rays and includes cosmic-ray particles. Results of chemical research find as much application now as mathematical methods. Interstellar matter plays a leading role in galactic and extragalactic research, and contributes increasingly to stellar astronomy and in solar system studies.

scholarly journals 34. Interstellar Matter and Planetary Nebulae

1982 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 413-456
Author(s):  
V. Radhakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Planetary Nebulae ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Electromagnetic Spectrum ◽  
Interstellar Matter ◽  
Observational Material ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Astronomical Research ◽  
New Instruments ◽  
Different Parts

The subject of interstellar matter continues to be one of the most active fields of present day astronomical research. The advent of new instruments operating in the different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum has resulted in a phenomenal increase both in the amount of observational material, and in the theoretical work attempting to interpret or model the observations. This has made it increasingly difficult to cite all of the published work in the field, and to have room to report even in brief on the conclusions of these studies.

4. Windows in the sky

2016 ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Geoff Cottrell
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Electromagnetic Spectrum ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Transverse Waves ◽  
The Universe

The atmosphere influences much of what can be seen through a telescope. Most of the atmosphere lies within 16 km from the Earth’s surface. Further out, the air becomes thinner until it merges with outer space. In the ionosphere—a layer 75–1000 km high—neutral atoms are ionized by solar radiation and high-energy cosmic ray particles arriving from distant parts of the Universe. ‘Windows in the sky’ explains electromagnetic radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum from gamma rays through to visible light and radio waves. Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that can be polarized. The atmosphere acts as a filter and blocks cosmic electromagnetic radiation. Atmospheric turbulence distorts starlight resulting in ‘twinkling’ stars.

scholarly journals 34. Interstellar Matter

1985 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 437-478
Author(s):  
M. Peimbert ◽  
J. Lequeux ◽  
S. D’Odorico ◽  
B. G. Elmegreen ◽  
E. B. Kostyakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interstellar Medium ◽  
Present State ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Interstellar Matter ◽  
Evolution Of The Universe ◽  
Formation And Evolution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Astronomical Research ◽  
Theories Of Evolution ◽  
The Universe

It has become more evident during the last three years that the study of interstellar matter is paramount to understand the evolution of the universe and its constituents. From observations of the present state of the interstellar medium, in our galaxy, in other galaxies, and between galaxies, it is possible to test theories of: evolution of the universe, formation and evolution of galaxies, formation and evolution of stars and of the evolution of the interstellar medium itself. The amount of information on the interstellar medium that has been gathered during the 1982-1984 period has been very large and the theoretical models that have been ellaborated to explain these observations have been very numerous, these facts show that the subject of our Commission constitutes a very active field of astronomical research.

34. Interstellar Matter (Matiere Interstellaire)

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 423-471
Author(s):  
J. Lequeux ◽  
J.S. Mathis ◽  
K.S. de Boer ◽  
S. D’Odorico ◽  
B.G. Elmegreen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interstellar Matter ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Astronomical Research

The previous report started with optimistic remarks about the increasing importance of the study of interstellar matter in astronomy. This trend has largely been confirmed in the 1985-87 period and it is clear that the subject of our Commission is one of the most active fields of astronomical research. This is also shown by the rapidly growing number of members and by the constitution of new working groups. The major new event in the period has undoubtly been the availability of IRAS data.

Exploring Working-Class Consciousness: A Critique of the Theory of the ‘Labour-Aristocracy’*

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Post
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
World Market ◽  
Capitalist Class ◽  
Capitalist Production ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Victorian Period ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject

AbstractThe notion of the labour-aristocracy is one of the oldest Marxian explanations of working-class conservatism and reformism. Despite its continued appeal to scholars and activists on the Left, there is no single, coherent theory of the labour-aristocracy. While all versions argue working-class conservatism and reformism reflects the politics of a privileged layer of workers who share in ‘monopoly’ super-profits, they differ on the sources of those super-profits: national dominance of the world-market in the nineteenth century (Marx and Engels), imperialist investments in the ‘colonial world’/global South (Lenin and Zinoviev), or corporate monopoly in the twentieth century (Elbaum and Seltzer). The existence of a privileged layer of workers who share monopoly super-profits with the capitalist class cannot be empirically verified. This essay presents evidence that British capital’s dominance of key-branches of global capitalist production in the Victorian period, imperialist investment and corporate market-power can not explain wage-differentials among workers globally or nationally, and that relatively well-paid workers have and continue to play a leading rôle in radical and revolutionary working-class organisations and struggles. An alternative explanation of working-class radicalism, reformism, and conservatism will be the subject of a subsequent essay.

LANGUAGE MEANS OF CREATING POLICIAN’S IMAGE (ON GERMANY MEDIA MATERIALS)

2021 ◽  
pp. 124-130
Author(s):  
О.В. Мифтахова ◽  
К.Г. Мокрова
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
The Political ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Mass Consciousness ◽  
Subjective Opinion ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
Political Figure

Данная статья освещает специфику языковых средств, используемых в немецких СМИ для создания образа политического деятеля. Поскольку средства массовой информации обладают мощнейшим манипулятивным действием, они играют ведущую роль в формировании массового сознания и социального мнения. В СМИ специально создаются политические образы не только отдельных представителей власти, но и государств в целом. Политический имидж лидеров стран влияет на развитие международных отношений: от положительной или негативной окраски того или иного государственного деятеля напрямую зависит успешность проведения внешней политики страны. Цель статьи - рассмотреть на примере двух немецких политиков, Сары Вагенкнехт и Аннегрет Крамп-Карренбауэр, языковые средства создания имиджа, формирующие у аудитории данных деятелей субъективное мнение о них. СМИ выступает мощнейшим оружием в данном вопросе, придавая особую значимость тем или иным высказываниям политиков. Выражая собственную оценку, средства массовой информации незаметно влияют на сознание и суждения людей. Предмет исследования - средства выразительности, которые оказывают воздействие на создание положительных или негативных медиаобразов политиков Германии. Актуальность темы проявляется в необходимости правильно трактовать тонкости речи и письма, которые могут формировать оценочные мнения о том или ином политическом деятеле. This article considers the issues of language means of creating the image of a politician used in the German media. Since the media have a powerful manipulative effect, they play a leading role in creating mass consciousness and social opinion. In the media, political images are specially formed not only of individual representatives of the government, but also of the state as a whole. The political image of the leaders of states have the influence the development of international relations: the success of the country's foreign policy directly depends on the positive or negative coloring of a statesman. The purpose of the article is to examine, using the example of two German politicians, Sarah Wagenknecht and Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, as language means for creating an image, forming a subjective opinion of them among the audience. The media act as a powerful weapon in this matter, attaching particular importance to certain statements of politicians. Expressing their own assessment, the media imperceptibly affect the consciousness and judgments of people. The subject of the research is the means of expression that influence the creation of positive or negative media images of German politicians. The relevance of the topic is manifested in the need to understand the intricacies of speech and writing, which can form evaluative opinions about a concrete political figure.

“The Greatest Picture Ever Made”

2019 ◽  
pp. 38-59
Author(s):  
Harlow Robinson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War I ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sound Design ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Reaction ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Changing Attitudes ◽  
Universal Studios

The subject of this chapter is the Oscar-winning film All Quiet on the Western Front. After discussion of why the Laemmle family’s Universal Studios wanted to make film of Erich Maria Remarque’s celebrated novel, the chapter considers the screenplay adaptation, casting of Lew Ayres in leading role, the revolutionary sound design, influence of Sergei Eisenstein’s montage technique, reception and political reaction to the film in the United States, and changing attitudes towards World War I. The final section focuses on the hostile reception of the film in Germany, where it was used by the Nazi leaders, especially Joseph Goebbels, for propaganda purposes, and how the film’s global renown changed Milestone’s life.

The Innovative Entrepreneur

2019 ◽  
pp. 17-36
Author(s):  
Arthur M. Diamond
Keyword(s):  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Cognitive Diversity ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Walt Disney ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Steve Jobs ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Universe

Cognitively diverse project entrepreneurs are the ones most likely to succeed at making a ding in the universe. Project entrepreneurs are more effective because they are more likely to persevere at achieving their project and at undertaking new breakthrough innovations. Cyrus Field, Marconi, Walt Disney, Sam Walton, and Steve Jobs were project entrepreneurs. Innovative entrepreneurs are likely to either know less theory, or to take theory less seriously, which allows them to try what theory says is impossible. For instance, the physics of Marconi’s day said that his radio waves should go straight into space rather than curve with the earth to cross the Atlantic. Conversely, innovative entrepreneurs often have more tacit knowledge. Innovative entrepreneurs pursue serendipitous observations or slow hunches, often through trial-and-error experiments, and may benefit from cognitive diversity, such as dyslexia and Asperger’s syndrome. What inventors and entrepreneurs know is the subject matter of the epistemology of innovation.

Evidence for Large Scale Cosmic Ray Electron Gradients in the Galaxy

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Spiral Structure ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Interstellar Matter ◽  
Interstellar Gas ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Ray Density ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
Γ Ray

In recent years observations of γ-ray emission from the disk of the galaxy have provided a new opportunity for research into the structure of the spiral arms of our own galaxy. In Figure 1 we show a map of the structure of the disk of the galaxy as observed for γ-rays of energy > 100 MeV by the SAS-2 satellite (Fichtel et al. 1975). The angular resolution of these measurements is ~ 3°, and besides two point sources at l = 190° and 265° several features related to the spiral structure of the galaxy are evident in the data. Most of these γ-rays are believed to arise from the decay of π° mesons produced by the nuclear interactions of cosmic rays (mostly protons) with the ambient interstellar gas. As a result, the γ-ray fluxes represent a measure of the line of sight integral of the product of the cosmic ray density NCR and the interstellar matter density N1

scholarly journals On the origin of the TeV gamma-ray emission from Cygnus X-3

2019 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 14008
Author(s):  
V.G. Sinitsyna ◽  
V.Y. Sinitsyna
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Particle Production ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Wide Energy Range ◽  
Electromagnetic Spectrum ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Γ Ray ◽  
Very High

Cygnus X-3 binary system is a famous object studied over the wide range of electromagnetic spectrum. Early detections of ultra-high energy gamma-rays from Cygnus X-3 by Kiel, Havera Park and then by Akeno triggered the construction of several large air shower detectors. Also, Cygnus X-3 has been proposed to be one of the most powerful sources of charged cosmic ray particles in the Galaxy. The results of twenty-year observations of the Cyg X-3 binary at energies 800 GeV - 85 TeV are presented with images, spectra during periods of flaring activity and at low flux periods. The correlation of TeV flux increases with flaring activity at the lower energy range of X-ray and radio emission from the relativistic jets of Cygnus X-3 is found as well as 4.8-hour orbital modulation of TeV γ-ray intensity. Detected modulation of TeV γ-ray emission with orbit and important characteristics of Cyg X-3 such as the high luminosity of the companion star and the close orbit leads to an efficient generation of γ-ray emission through inverse Compton scattering in this object. The different type variability of very high-energy γ-emission and correlation of radiation activity in the wide energy range can provide essential information on the mechanism of particle production up to very high energies.

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