scholarly journals Snow-Avalanche Maps for use by the Norwegian Army

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 170-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Lied ◽  
F. Sandersen ◽  
R. Toppe
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Work Station ◽  
Northern Norway ◽  
Digital Maps ◽  
Interactive Graphic ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Military Exercises ◽  
Terrain Parameters ◽  
Graphic Work ◽  
Usual Scale

Mapping of areas exposed to avalanche hazard for the Norwegian Army was started by the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute in 1986. The background to this mapping is that large-scale military exercises are held annually in northern Norway, in terrain where there is a high danger of avalanche activity. Avalanche areas are divided into two zones: potential starting zones, and potential run-out zones. All potential avalanche areas are indicated on maps, and mapping is carried out by computer using a terrain model and digital maps. An interactive graphic work station is used to outline danger areas. Starting and run-out zones are identified by using terrain parameters which may be extracted from digital maps. The usual scale of the avalanche maps is 1 : 50 000, with 20 m contour intervals.

scholarly journals Snow-Avalanche Maps for use by the Norwegian Army

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 170-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Lied ◽  
F. Sandersen ◽  
R. Toppe
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Work Station ◽  
Northern Norway ◽  
Digital Maps ◽  
Interactive Graphic ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Military Exercises ◽  
Terrain Parameters ◽  
Graphic Work ◽  
Usual Scale

Mapping of areas exposed to avalanche hazard for the Norwegian Army was started by the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute in 1986. The background to this mapping is that large-scale military exercises are held annually in northern Norway, in terrain where there is a high danger of avalanche activity. Avalanche areas are divided into two zones: potential starting zones, and potential run-out zones. All potential avalanche areas are indicated on maps, and mapping is carried out by computer using a terrain model and digital maps. An interactive graphic work station is used to outline danger areas. Starting and run-out zones are identified by using terrain parameters which may be extracted from digital maps. The usual scale of the avalanche maps is 1 : 50 000, with 20 m contour intervals.

scholarly journals Calculation of Maximum Snow-Avalanche Run-Out Distance by use of Digital Terrain Models

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 164-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Lied ◽  
R. Toppe
Keyword(s):  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Digital Maps ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Rupture Area ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Terrain Models ◽  
Subjective Judgement ◽  
Terrain Parameters ◽  
Average Angle ◽  
Topographic Parameters

Digital maps and terrain models are used to calculate maximum snow-avalanche run-out distance based on topographic parameters. Maps of 1:50 000 scale are found to be accurate enough for the purpose. 113 well-known avalanches are discussed in this paper. A computer system is used to calculate terrain parameters such as rupture area (A), avalanche-path length (L), avalanche-track lengths (L 1 L 2), and run-out lengths (L 3). Maximum run-out angle (α), avalanche-track angle (β). and average angle of rupture zone (γ) are also found by computer. The use of computer and terrain model reduces subjective judgement of parameters to a minimum. Run-out distance was found to be best expressed by the regression equation: α = 0.91β + 0.08γ–3.5°. R 2 = 0.94, S = 1.4°. L = 0.93L 1 + 0.97L 2 + 0.61A + 182 m. R 2 = 0.96, S = 137 m.

scholarly journals Calculation of Maximum Snow-Avalanche Run-Out Distance by use of Digital Terrain Models

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 164-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Lied ◽  
R. Toppe
Keyword(s):  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Digital Maps ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Rupture Area ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Terrain Models ◽  
Subjective Judgement ◽  
Terrain Parameters ◽  
Average Angle ◽  
Topographic Parameters

Digital maps and terrain models are used to calculate maximum snow-avalanche run-out distance based on topographic parameters. Maps of 1:50 000 scale are found to be accurate enough for the purpose. 113 well-known avalanches are discussed in this paper. A computer system is used to calculate terrain parameters such as rupture area (A), avalanche-path length (L), avalanche-track lengths (L1L2), and run-out lengths (L3). Maximum run-out angle (α), avalanche-track angle (β). and average angle of rupture zone (γ) are also found by computer. The use of computer and terrain model reduces subjective judgement of parameters to a minimum. Run-out distance was found to be best expressed by the regression equation:α = 0.91β + 0.08γ–3.5°. R2 = 0.94, S = 1.4°.L = 0.93L1 + 0.97L2 + 0.61A + 182 m. R2 = 0.96, S = 137 m.

scholarly journals Role of the CSTO in Strengthening Regional Security

2021 ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Andrey V. Rusakovich
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
State University ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Missile Defense ◽  
Military Exercises ◽  
The Military

In 2021, Russia and Belarus are planning to hold a record number of exercises. In particular, large-scale strategic maneuvers "West-2021" will be held on the territory of Belarus. The focus on the western borders is not accidental: according to the military ministers of the two countries, the situation there is not calm. At the level of the CSTO, NATO is active in Eastern Europe in building up the missile defense system and increasing the intensity of military exercises. According to Secretary General of the organization Stanislav Zasya, the confrontational course of the alliance creates dangerous preconditions for a new arms race and the alliance is forced "to take adequate measures. Andrei Rusakovich, professor of Belarussian State University, explained in an interview with Eurasia.Expert why Russia and Belarus are increasing military cooperation and how cooperation within the CSTO fits into these tasks.

scholarly journals An anticlockwise metamorphic P-T path and nappe stacking in the Reisa Nappe Complex in the Scandinavian Caledonides, northern Norway: evidence for weakening of lower continental crust before and during continental collision

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carly Faber ◽  
Holger Stünitz ◽  
Deta Gasser ◽  
Petr Jeřábek ◽  
Katrin Kraus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partial Melting ◽  
Continental Crust ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Geothermal Gradient ◽  
Continental Collision ◽  
Crustal Thickening ◽  
Northern Norway ◽  
Nappe Complex ◽  
T Path

Abstract. This study investigates the Caledonian metamorphic and tectonic evolution in northern Norway, examining the structure and tectonostratigraphy of the Reisa Nappe Complex (RNC; from bottom to top, Vaddas, Kåfjord and Nordmannvik nappes). Structural data, phase equilibrium modelling, and U-Pb zircon and titanite geochronology are used to constrain the timing and P-T conditions of deformation and metamorphism that formed the nappes and facilitated crustal thickening during continental collision. Five samples taken from different parts of the RNC reveal an anticlockwise P-T path attributed to the effects of early Silurian heating followed by thrusting. An early Caledonian S1 foliation in the Nordmannvik Nappe records kyanite-grade partial melting at ~ 760–790 °C and ~ 9.4–11 kbar. Leucosomes formed at 439 ± 2 Ma (U-Pb zircon) in fold axial planes in the Nordmannvik Nappe indicate that compressional deformation initiated while the rocks were still partially molten. This stage was followed by pervasive solid-state shearing as the rocks cooled and solidified, forming the S2 foliation at 680–730 °C and 9.5–10.9 kbar. Multistage titanite growth in the Nordmannvik Nappe records this extended metamorphism between 444 and 427 Ma. In the underlying Kåfjord Nappe, garnet cores record lower P-T (590–610 °C and 5.5–6.8 kbar) but a similar geothermal gradient as the S1 migmatitic event in the Nordmannvik Nappe, indicating formation at a higher relative position in the crust. S2 shearing in the Kåfjord Nappe occurred at 580–605 °C and 9.2–10.1 kbar, indicating a considerable pressure increase during nappe stacking. Gabbro intruded in the Vaddas Nappe at 439 ± 1 Ma, synchronously with migmatization in the Nordmannvik Nappe. In the Vaddas Nappe S2 shearing occurred at 630–640 ºC and 11.7–13 kbar. Titanite growth along the lower RNC boundary records S2-shearing at 432 ± 6 Ma. It emerges that early Silurian heating (~ 440 Ma), probably resulting from large-scale magma underplating, initiated partial melting that weakened the lower crust, which facilitated dismembering of the crust into individual nappe units. This tectonic style contrasts subduction of mechanically strong continental crust to great depths.

scholarly journals Regional Morpho-Kinematic Inventory of Slope Movements in Northern Norway

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Line Rouyet ◽  
Karianne Staalesen Lilleøren ◽  
Martina Böhme ◽  
Louise Mary Vick ◽  
Reynald Delaloye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Northern Norway ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Rock Glaciers ◽  
Gravity Driven ◽  
Detection Capabilities ◽  
Continental Interior

Mountain slopes in periglacial environments are affected by frost- and gravity-driven processes that shape the landscape. Both rock glaciers and rockslides have been intensively inventoried worldwide. Although most inventories are traditionally based on morphologic criteria, kinematic approaches based on satellite remote sensing have more recently been used to identify moving landforms at the regional scale. In this study, we developed simplified Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) products to inventory ground velocity in a region in Northern Norway covering approximately 7,500 km2. We used a multiple temporal baseline InSAR stacking procedure based on 2015–2019 ascending and descending Sentinel-1 images to take advantage of a large set of interferograms and exploit different detection capabilities. First, moving areas are classified according to six velocity brackets, and morphologically associated to six landform types (rock glaciers, rockslides, glaciers/moraines, talus/scree deposits, solifluction/cryoturbation and composite landforms). The kinematic inventory shows that the velocity ranges and spatial distribution of the different types of slope processes vary greatly within the study area. Second, we exploit InSAR to update pre-existing inventories of rock glaciers and rockslides in the region. Landform delineations and divisions are refined, and newly detected landforms (54 rock glaciers and 20 rockslides) are incorporated into the databases. The updated inventories consist of 414 rock glacier units within 340 single- or multi-unit(s) systems and 117 rockslides. A kinematic attribute assigned to each inventoried landform documents the order of magnitude of the creep rate. Finally, we show that topo-climatic variables influence the spatial distribution of the rock glaciers. Their mean elevation increases toward the continental interior with a dominance of relict landforms close to the land-sea margin and an increased occurrence of active landforms further inland. Both rock glaciers and rockslides are mostly located on west-facing slopes and in areas characterised by strongly foliated rocks, which suggests the influence of geological preconditioning factors. The study demonstrates the value of semi-quantitative InSAR products to characterise kinematic information at large scale and exploit the results for periglacial research. It highlights the complementarity of both kinematic and morphologic approaches for inventorying slope processes.

scholarly journals TYPICAL APPLICATIONS OF AIRBORNE LIDAR TECHNOLAGY IN GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-3 ◽  
pp. 2459-2463 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Zheng ◽  
C. Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Geological Investigation ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Landslide Stability ◽  
Indispensable Tool

The technology of airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR), also referred to as Airborne Laser Scanning, is widely used for high-resolution topographic data acquisition (even under forest cover) with sub-meter planimetric and vertical accuracy. This contribution constructs the real digital terrain model to provide the direct observation data for the landscape analysis in geological domains. Based on the advantage of LiDAR, the authors mainly deal with the applications of LiDAR data to such fields as surface land collapse, landslide and fault structure extraction. The review conclusion shows that airborne LiDAR technology is becoming an indispensable tool for above mentioned issues, especially in the local and large scale investigations of micro-topography. The technology not only can identify the surface collapse, landslide boundary and subtle faulted landform, but also be able to extract the filling parameters of collapsed surface, the geomorphic parameters of landslide stability evaluation and cracks. This technology has extensive prospect of applications in geological investigation.

Prospects for East Asia in the second quarter

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Local Elections ◽  
Significant Issue ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Military Exercises ◽  
People's Congress ◽  
Economic Outlook

Subject Prospects for East Asia in the second quarter of 2015. Significance Pronouncements made at the National People's Congress (NPC), which opened in Beijing yesterday, will give pointers on policy during the coming months. Debt has become a significant issue in the assessment of China's economic outlook. In Japan, nationwide local elections in April could see setbacks for Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's government, hit in recent days by political funding scandals. Meanwhile, annual large-scale military exercises have just begun in South Korea, antagonising Pyongyang.

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