An investigation into the relationship between milk progesterone concentrations in fore-milk and composite milk samples

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. McCoy ◽  
S.D. Lennox ◽  
C.S. Mayne ◽  
W.J. McCaughey ◽  
M. Verner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Sample ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Composite Sampling ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Luteal Tissue ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractMilk progesterone concentrations are generally estimated on a composite, “jar”, sample from the bulk milk collecting jar, with concentrations >3 ng/ml considered as indicative of the presence of luteal tissue. However, on a number of dairy farms composite sampling is not possible as they operate a direct pipeline milking system, without milk meters, and the only practical means of obtaining a milk sample is via fore-milk sampling. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between progesterone concentrations, as estimated by an ELISA procedure, in fore-milk strippings and composite milk samples. A significant relationship (r2 = 0.83) was obtained between the progesterone concentration in composite milk and fore-milk samples; y = 1.52 - 1.41(0.163)x, where y = log10(composite progesterone) and x = log10(fore-milk progesterone). A milk progesterone concentration of 3 ng/ml in composite milk corresponded to a milk progesterone concentration of 1.47 ng/ml in fore-milk. Using this relationship progesterone profiles may be compared between herds where milk samples have been obtained by either composite milk or fore-milk sampling. In addition, composite milk samples only should be used with qualitative on-farm assays.

COMPARISONS OF MASTITIS SCREENING TEST RESULTS FROM QUARTER, BUCKET AND BULK MILK SAMPLES1,2

1967 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Postle
Keyword(s):  
Test Scores ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Leukocyte Counts ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
One Year

Summary Milk from four dairy farms in southern Wisconsin was examined over a period of one year in a study that was undertaken: (a) to determine the agreement between results of mastitis screening tests when applied to bulk, bucket and quarter milk samples; (b) to determine the relative efficiencies of five mastitis screening tests using direct microscopic leukocyte counts as a standard, and (c) to examine the quality, as determined by leukocyte content and screening test results, of the milk from all quarters contributing to the bulk tank on each farm. Most screening tests examined, when applied to quarter milk samples, gave a higher correlation with direct microscopic leukocyte counts than when applied to either bucket or bulk milk samples. Similarly, efficiency ratings of screening tests applied to quarter samples were higher than those for the same tests applied to bulk samples. Three of the four farms examined maintained bulk tank milk screening test scores that failed to suggest the presence of milk from a substantial number of quarters that were shedding abnormal numbers of leukocytes.

Survey of somatic cell counts and milk composition in bulk milk of ewes in dairy practice

10.5219/1325 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 151-155
Author(s):  
Martina Vršková ◽  
Vladimír Tančin ◽  
Michal Uhrinčať ◽  
Lucia Mačuhová ◽  
Kristína Tvarožková
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Synthetic Population ◽  
On Farm

We evaluated milk quality during the sheep dairy period in the year 2018. The study was performed at fifteen dairy farms with differed breeds and crossbreds under Slovakian usual practical conditions (milking and pasture). At the first and seventh farm purebred Tsigai (TS) ewes were kept, at the eight to twelve farm there were purebred Lacaune ewes (LC) and the thirteen farm were kept crossbred Improved Valachian x Lacaune ewes (IV/LC, with a higher proportion of Improved Valachian), the fourteen farm crossbred Lacaune x East Friesian ewes and the last farm were ewes of the synthetic population of Slovak dairy ewe (SD). The milk yield recording and milk sampling were performed once a month during evening milking as a part of milk recording services. The basic milk composition was determined by MilkoScan FT120 (Foss, Hillerød, Denmark) and somatic cell count was determined using a Fossomatic 90 (Foss Electric, Hillerød, Denmark) after heat treatment at 40 °C for 15 min. We found the highest incidence of SCC on farm 14 with crossbred LC/EF 3.940 x 103 cells.mL-1. Followed by farms 12 and 9 with purebred LC (SCC value of 3.318 and 2.489 x 103 cells.mL-1). Farm 7 with purebred TS reached the lowest value (831 x 103 cells.mL-1). The highest fat content was reached by the purebred TS, with gradual growth from March to July. Crossbreds and the synthetic population of Slovak dairy ewe (SD) had the lowest average fat content, which could be affected by feeding. Similar tendencies were found in protein content.

Analysis of milk by infra-red absorption

1964 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. S. Goulden
Keyword(s):  
Milk Sample ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Extinction Coefficients ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Globule Size ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Fat Globule ◽  
Natural Variations ◽  
Standard Deviations

SummaryThe infra-red, absorption of milk and its main constituents has been recorded and it has been found possible to determine quantitatively the fat, protein and lactose contents from measurements of the intensities of the respective absorption peaks at 5·73, 6·46 and 9·6 μm. Solids-not-fat (SNF) content can be obtained from a single intensity measurement at 7·9 μm where the fat shows no attenuation and where the protein and lactose extinction coefficients are approximately equal. Photometric errors due to natural variations in fat globule size distribution can be eliminated by prior homogenization. Based on these observations, an automatic infra-red milk analyser (IRMA) has been constructed, which can determine the fat, protein, lactose and SNF in a pre-warmed milk sample in under 1 min. Preliminary tests carried out on 50 milk samples from individual cows, representing 3 different breeds, gave standard deviations from the chemical analyses for the percentages of fat, protein, lactose and SNF of 0·10, 0·07, 0·07 and 0·19, respectively. The standard deviations for the percentages of fat and SNF on 60 farm bulk milk samples were found to be 0·08 and 0·12.

Composition and enzymatic activity in bulk milk from dairy farms with conventional or robotic milking systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Johansson ◽  
Åse Lundh ◽  
Ruben de Vries ◽  
Kerstin Svennersten Sjaunja
Keyword(s):  
Whey Proteins ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Swedish Dairy ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Robotic Milking

The objective of the studies reported in this research communication was to investigate differences in composition and enzymatic activities in bulk milk samples provided from Swedish dairy farms with different management systems, i.e. automated (AMS) and conventional milking systems (CMS). A bulk milk sample was collected from each of 104 dairy farms, 51 using AMS and 53 using CMS, located in the same geographical region. Sampling took place within two consecutive days during the indoor period (October). Milk samples were analysed for contents of total fat and protein, free fatty acids (FFA), caseins and whey proteins, somatic cell count (SCC), pH, plasmin and plasminogen derived activities, and total proteolysis. Our results showed a lower protein content and higher SCC in bulk milk from AMS herds compared with milk from CMS herds. Plasmin, plasminogen and total plasmin/ plasminogen derived activities were lower in milk from AMS herds but despite this, total casein and the ß-casein fraction as % of total protein were lower in milk from AMS herds than in milk from herds using CMS. Total proteolysis was higher in milk from AMS herds, suggesting that other proteases than plasmin, e.g. cellular and bacterial proteases, contributed to the degradation of casein. This was supported by a positive correlation between SCC and total proteolysis (P < 0·01), as well as a negative correlation between total proteolysis and ß-casein fraction (P < 0·05). In conclusion, comparing the quality of bulk milk from commercial dairy herds using AMS and CMS, respectively, several differences were observed, suggesting a significant effect from management system.

scholarly journals Pseudomonas spp. and P. fluorescens: population in refrigerated raw milk

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Molin de Almeida ◽  
Samera Rafaela Bruzaroski ◽  
Daniel Zanol ◽  
Marcela de Melo ◽  
Joice Sifuentes dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
Psychrotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Bulk Tank

ABSTRACT: Raw milk samples were collected from cooling tanks (after they cooled for 48 h) in five dairy farms and the corresponding bulk tank (bulk milk transportation, BMT) when they arrived to the industry. Routine physical chemical analyzes and quantification of psychrotrophic ( Pseudomonas spp. and P. fluorescens ) and aerobic mesophilic (AM) populations were performed. Only relative density and titratable acidity values for samples of milk from three farms were in agreement to the quality parameters required by law. In the BMT, only the protein content has not reached the minimum value established by law, and counting was performed for AM (>105 colony forming units (CFU) mL-1) and psychrotrophic bacteria (2.8x106CFU mL-1). Pseudomonas spp. counting corresponded to 17.9% of the psychrotrophic population, and P. fluorescens was 3.4% of Pseudomonas spp . count. In milk samples from dairy farms, counts were variable for AM (3.4x105 to 3.7 x107CFU mL-1), psychrotrophic (4.0x104 to 3.1x106CFU mL-1), Pseudomonas spp. (2.3x104 to 1.8x105CFU mL-1), and P. fluorescens (62 to 8.4x103CFU mL-1). For the populations studied, no statistical difference (P>0.05) was observed between counts reported in milk samples collected in dairy farms (cooling tanks) and BMT. Therefore, the genera Pseudomonas spp. and P. fluorescens were not the most frequent psychrotrophic bacteria in this studied milk transportation line.

The relationship between milk urea content and fertility in dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 68-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.R. Cottrill ◽  
H. Biggadike ◽  
C.A. Collins ◽  
S.B. Drew
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Fertility Status ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Urea Content ◽  
Milk Urea ◽  
Fertility Data ◽  
The Relationship

A number of studies have shown that milk urea levels above about 350 mg/l are associated with reduced fertility in dairy cows (Ropstad and Refsdal, 1987; Gustafsson and Carlsson, 1993). A significant and increasing proportion of UK milk producers receive regular information on the urea content of bulk milk as part of routine milk testing. Two studies were undertaken to examine whether the urea content in bulk milk (Study 1) or in milk from individual cows at about the time of service (Study 2) could be used as a management aid to improve fertility status.In Study 1, the milk urea (MU) contents in bulk milk samples from 475 farms in England and Wales were determined by NIRS. Fertility data for each farm was obtained from National Milk Records. Analysis of the data for each month of the study was restricted to those herds in which ≥15 cows were served.

Prevalence and Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Bulk and Composite Milk and Cattle Handlers

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. ADESIYUN ◽  
L. A. WEBB ◽  
H. T. ROMAIN
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin ◽  
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

The prevalence and characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bulk and composite milk and from cattle handlers on dairy farms in Trinidad were determined. S. aureus strains were isolated from all 175 bulk milk samples tested (100%) while 280 of 287 composite milk samples (97.6%) yielded S. aureus. The mean counts of S. aureus in bulk milk ranged from 5.9 × 103 to 1.2 × 105 CFU/ml compared with mean S. aureus counts in composite milk which ranged from 2.4 × 103 to 3.0 × 104 CFU/ml. Of the 105 strains of S. aureus from bulk milk tested, 45 (42.9%) were enterotoxigenic elaborating staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), SEB, SEC, SED, or a combination compared to 69 of 146 strains (47.3%) recovered from composite milk which were enterotoxigenic, but the difference was not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.05; χ2)- Twenty-two of 42 bulk milk samples containing enterotoxigenic S. aureus (52.4%) had counts of the organism which exceeded 104 CFU/ml. For S. aureus strains isolated from cattle handlers, 66 of 146 (45.2%) were enterotoxigenic. Prevalence of resistance to nine antimicrobial agents tested was 18.7% and 12.9% among bulk milk and composite milk isolates, respectively, compared to 49.3% and 69.5% among isolates from human anterior nares and hand swabs, respectively. Resistance to ampicillin and penicillin was highest among both milk (12.2%) and human (53.6%) isolates of S. aureus, and the difference was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001; χ2) It was concluded that bulk milk containing relatively high counts of enterotoxigenic S. aureus may constitute a health hazard to consumers.

scholarly journals Powdered over fresh milk preference and hygienic dairy practices in Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruwini Rupasinghe ◽  
Ryen Morey ◽  
Miller Michele ◽  
Achala Manoji ◽  
Ayesha Salgado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Consumer Preference ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
Powdered Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Fresh Milk ◽  
Bulk Milk

Abstract Background The majority of Sri Lankans may select imported powdered milk over fresh milk, and a significant portion of Gross Domestic Product in Sri Lanka is spent on dairy products imports. Demand for fresh milk may be hindered by consumer preference towards powdered milk consumption and the lack of hygienic standards for fresh milk. The current study was conducted to identify factors contributing to consumer preference for powdered milk and to evaluate hygienic best practices of dairy farms. Methods The study took place in Kandy district, Sri Lanka. Two surveys were conducted: the first survey included questions concerning demographics and reasons for milk preference was administered to a randomly selected population (n = 561); the second survey focused on hygienic practices in dairy farms, and was administered to owners of dairy farms (n = 195). Milk samples were collected from individual cows and bulk tanks and analyzed for coliform counts. Regression approaches were used to evaluate associations of demographic variables with milk preference, farm management practices with mastitis history, and coliform counts. Results A large consumer preference was observed for powdered milk (86%), and females were 2.2 times more likely to select powdered milk than males (P = 0.03). Availability was the main reason for powdered milk preference, whilst taste was the main reason for selecting fresh milk. Coliform counts were higher in most of the analyzed bulk milk samples and rinsing bulk milk tanks with warm water showed a significant reduction in milk coliform counts. Washing the teats with warm water had a lower mastitis risk when compared to washing teats with regular water. Conclusions Study revealed that in order to create a fresh milk drinking culture in Sri Lanka there needs to be a mechanism to make it more accessible to the consumers. Fresh milk marketing strategies need to be focused more on the female consumers. Farmer education on good hygienic practices, elimination of inefficiencies in both milk production and collection process, standardization of milk quality according to the number of microorganisms in milk would improve the quality of dairy products in Sri Lanka.

Prevalence and Characteristics of Strains of Escherichia coli Isolated from Milk and Feces of Cows on Dairy Farms in Trinidad

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 1174-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. ADESIYUN ◽  
L. A. WEBB ◽  
H. ROMAIN ◽  
J. S. KAMINJOLO
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Microbial Quality ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
The Difference

The prevalence, counts, and characteristics of Escherichia coli isolated from bulk milk, composite milk, and feces of dairy cows in eight milking centers were determined. The microbial quality of water used during milking was also investigated. Of a total of 175 bulk milk samples studied, 83 (47.4%) contained E. coli compared to only 14 (4.9%) of 287 composite milk samples and the difference was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001; χ2). The ranges in mean counts of E. coli per milliliter of bulk milk and composite milk were 8.4 × 103 to 2.0 × 105 and 2.1 × 101 to 2.0 × 102, respectively. The prevalences and mean counts of E. coli and mean pH values for bulk milk from farms with and without subclinically mastitic cows were not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05; χ2). A total of 204 (65.2%) of 313 fecal samples of dairy cows were positive for E. coli. Of the samples of water used during milking collected from 171 dairy farms, 80 (46.8%) were free of coliforms while 59 (34.5%), 12 (7.0%), and 8 (4.7%) had ranges of coliform counts per 100 ml of 1 to 50, 51 to 100, and over 250, respectively. Twenty-six (27.7%) and 17 (18.5%) of 94 strains of E. coli isolated from bulk milk were enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and verocytotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) strains, respectively. Compared with 204 fecal strains of E. coli, 16 (7.8%) and 68 (35.6%) were EPEC and VTEC strains, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.01; χ2). Similarly, the difference in prevalence of resistance to one or more of nine antimicrobial agents between bulk milk isolates (69.6%) and fecal isolates (25.9%) was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001; χ2), and resistance to ampicillin was the most prevalent type of resistance for strains of E. coli from bulk milk isolates. It was concluded that the relatively high counts of toxigenic E. coli in bulk milk originating from dairy farms in Trinidad could pose a health risk to consumers. The poor microbial quality of water used on farms may be an important source of contamination of milk.

HUMAN CAPITAL AND ITS MEANING IN THE DAIRY FARMS DEVELOPMENT IN EASTERN POLAND – RESULTS OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH

2017 ◽  
Vol XIX (5) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Karolina Babuchowska
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Subject ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Relationship

The issue of farm development is complicated. Factor that make resources available to farm properly or misused is man. Farm development decisions are left to the agriculture producer, who is often the owner of the farm. This development, according to the literature of the subject, may be conditional on investment or non-investment. The aim of the paper was to show the relationship between the development of dairy farms in Eastern Poland, considered from the point of view of on-farm investments, and the human capital accumulated in these farms. The source material was the results of own surveys.

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