COUNTERFACTUAL SUCCESS AND NEGATIVE FREEDOM

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
KEITH DOWDING ◽  
MARTIN VAN HEES
Keyword(s):  
Moral Values ◽  
Negative Freedom ◽  
A Value ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Counterfactual Success

Recent theories of negative freedom see it as a value-neutral concept; the definition of freedom should not be in terms of specific moral values. Specifically, preferences or desires do not enter into the definition of freedom. If preferences should so enter then Berlin's problem that a person may enhance their freedom by changing their preferences emerges. This paper demonstrates that such a preference-free conception brings its own counter-intuitive problems. It concludes that these problems might be avoided if the description of the constraints which specify an agent's lack of freedom include the intentions of those who constrain the agents.

H2/O2 Cycles: Thermodynamic Potentialities and Limits

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gambini ◽  
G. L. Guizzi ◽  
M. Vellini
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
H2 Production ◽  
Thermodynamic Cycles ◽  
A Value ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Working Parameters ◽  
O2 Production

In this paper, the thermodynamic potentialities and limits of the H2/O2 cycles are investigated. Starting from the conventional gas turbine and steam turbine technology, the paper qualitatively tackles problems related to a change of oxidizer and fuel: from these considerations, an internal combustion steam cycle (ICSC) is analyzed where steam, injected in the combustion chamber together with oxygen and hydrogen, is produced in a regenerative way and plays the important role of inert. A proper parametric analysis is then performed in order to evaluate the influence of the main working parameters on the overall performance of H2/O2 cycles. All the results are carried out neglecting the energy requirements for O2 and H2 production systems, but taking into account their work compression only. This choice permits great freedom in the definition of these thermodynamic cycles and allows general considerations because there is no need of any specification about H2 and/or O2 production systems and their integration with thermodynamic cycles. Therefore this paper can be framed in a context of oxygen and hydrogen centralized production (by nuclear or renewable energy sources for example) and in their distribution as pure gases in the utilization place. Adopting realistic assumptions, TIT of about 1350°C, the potentialities of H2/O2 cycles are very limited: the net efficiency attains a value of about 50%. Instead, adopting futurist assumptions, TIT = I700°C, a different H2/O2 cycle scheme can be proposed and more interesting performance is attained (a net efficiency value over 60%). The thermodynamic and technological aspects are completely addressed in the paper, underlining the great importance of the choice of the main working parameters.

scholarly journals Sustainability as “Value of Cooperatives”—Can (Wine) Cooperatives Use Sustainability as a Driver for a Brand Concept?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12344
Author(s):  
Barbara Richter ◽  
Jon H. Hanf
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Brand Management ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Differentiation Strategy ◽  
A Value ◽  
Brand Concept ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Shed Light

Similar to the number of agricultural cooperatives in the European Union, the number of German wine cooperatives is decreasing. The main purpose of the wine cooperatives is to support the member businesses with the highest possible payouts for their grapes. Wine cooperatives can fulfil this purpose by implementing a differentiation strategy. On the one hand, brands can be used for differentiation. On the other hand, cooperatives can use particular values in the communication with customers that correspond to the target group’s values. Based on the definition of the International Co-operative Alliance, cooperatives are a sustainable form of enterprise. Therefore, the question arises whether it is possible to use sustainability as a value that corresponds to cooperatives as a form of enterprise as well as to a strong societal value that gains importance. Which role does social capital play in the context of social sustainability? The aim of this paper is to shed light on the understanding of brands, to show which cooperative-specific characteristics might pose a challenge to cooperatives in terms of brand management and to examine the understanding of the sustainability construct as well as sustainable management practices applied by wine cooperatives to date. Two exploratory, qualitative studies have been conducted.

scholarly journals Inflation constraints for classes of f(R) models

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 1850209
Author(s):  
Joseph Ntahompagaze ◽  
Jean Damascène Mbarubucyeye ◽  
Shambel Sahlu ◽  
Amare Abebe
Keyword(s):  
Scalar Field ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
First Derivative ◽  
A Value ◽  
Slow Roll ◽  
Theories Of Gravity ◽  
Text Model ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Inflationary Parameters

In this paper, we explore the equivalence between two theories, namely [Formula: see text] and scalar–tensor theories of gravity. We use this equivalence to explore several [Formula: see text] toy models focusing on the inflation epoch of the early universe. The study is done based on the definition of the scalar field in terms of the first derivative of [Formula: see text] model. We have applied the slow-roll approximations during inflationary parameters consideration. The comparison of the numerically computed inflationary parameters with the observations is done. We have inspected that some of the [Formula: see text] models produce numerical values of [Formula: see text] that are in the same range as the suggested values from observations. But for the case of the tensor-to-scalar ratio [Formula: see text], we realized that some of the considered [Formula: see text] models suffer to produce a value which is in agreement with the observed values for different considered space parameter.

PEMAHAMAN PELAKU USAHA MIKRO KECIL DAN MENENGAH TERHADAP URGENSI PENERAPAN HUKUM KEKAYAAN INTELEKTUAL TERKAIT MEREK DITINJAU DARI UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 20 TAHUN 2016 TENTANG MEREK DAN INDIKASI GEOGRAFIS (Studi di Dinas Koperasi dan UMKM Surakarta)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Raissa Diva Kirana , ◽  
Hernawan Hadi ,
Keyword(s):  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Geographical Indication ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Medium Enterprises

<p>Abstract<br />This article aims to determine whether or not the understanding of micro, small and medium enterprises <br />(MSMEs) in Surakarta City, to the application of the regulations stated in Law Number 20 of 2016 on <br />Trademark and Geographical Indication (According to the research in the Department of Cooperatives <br />and UMKM Surakarta) registration of brands and constraints that hinder the implementation of the law <br />to the entrepreneurs of MSMEs. This understanding includes several factors that influence from culture <br />to moral values. This legal research is an empirical or sociological juridical research, which studies the <br />problem directly to the target (in this study the entrepreneur of MSMEs). Techniques of collecting legal <br />materials with questionnaires, interviews, and literature study. Based on the results of this study and <br />discussion, the conclusion of the unequal distribution of the related understanding of Brand rights as <br />regulated in Law Number 20 of 2016 on the entrepreneurs of MSMEs, whether the understanding of the <br />definition of the rights of the brand itself, the benefits, and the procedure of registration. The factors that <br />become obstacles hampering the implementation of this law on the entrepreneurs of SMEs in Surakarta.<br />Keywords: Understanding; Trademark Rights and Geographical Indicatio; MSMEs entrepreneurs</p><p>Abstrak<br />Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tercipta tidaknya pemahaman pelaku Usaha Mikro Kecil dan <br />Menengah (UMKM) di Kota Surakarta, terhadap penerapan peraturan yang tertera pada Undang-Undang <br />Nomor 20 Tahun 2016 tentang Merek dan Indikasi Geografis (Sesuai penelitian di Dinas Koperasi dan <br />UMKM Surakarta) terkait pendaftaran merek beserta kendala-kendalanya yang menjadi penghambat <br />dalam penerapan undang-undang tersebut pada pelaku UMKM. Pemahaman ini meliputi beberapa faktor <br />yang mempengaruhi mulai dari budaya hingga nilai moral. Penelitian hukum ini merupakan penilitian <br />empiris atau yuridis sosiologis, yang mempelajari masalah dengan langsung pada sasarannya (dalam <br />penelitian ini pelaku UMKM). Tekhnik pengumpulan bahan hukumnya dengan kuisioner, wawancara, serta <br />studi pustaka. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan ini dihasilkan simpulan belum meratanya <br />pemahaman terkait Hak merek yang diatur pada Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2016 pada para <br />pelaku UMKM, baik pemahaman mengenai pengertian hak merek itu sendiri, manfaat, maaupun prosedur <br />pendaftarannya. Adapun faktor-faktor yang menjadi kendala terhambatnya penerapan undang-undang <br />ini pada pelaku UMKM di Surakarta. <br />Kata Kunci : Pemahaman; Merek dan Indikasi Geografis; Pelaku UMKM</p>

VALUE CONSCIOUSNESS: AN ATTEMPT TO DEFINE

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 106-113
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR KUZMENKOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Idea ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Evaluative Judgments ◽  
A Value ◽  
Value Consciousness ◽  
Individual Consciousness ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Objective Being

The purpose of the research. The article consider value consciousness is a special sphere of human consciousness that has its own structure and characteristic features. It was discovered in the phenomenological axiology of E. Husserl, M. Scheler, N. Hartmann and D. von Hildebrand. One of the main achievements was the discovery of value intuition-a sense of comprehension of values. The purpose of this article is to systematize knowledge about value consciousness. Results. Value consciousness has its own structure: value intuition; affectivity; free will; evaluation, evaluative judgments; rationality and prejudice of value. The value prejudice plays a general idea of the value consciousness. The way to realize value consciousness is a value response. It performs cognitive and praxiological roles. The definition of value consciousness is given as a way of correlating the real and ideal worlds, through which a person enters into value relations with the world and embodies values. The boundaries between personal and group types of value consciousness are drawn: individual consciousness is more affective, values are realized only through it, it is more complex. Positive and negative experiences, especially suffering and the feeling of death, are identified as sources of value consciousness formation. The fundamental characteristic of value consciousness is its determination by both ideal and real worlds, which leads to the emergence of “disconnection”. This is alienation from objective being, good, higher values as a result of the defeat of consciousness by “value blindness”, moral indifference. They are based on the love of low things, due to the inability to know the highest values.

Shariah

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-25
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hashim Kamali
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Concise Review ◽  
Broad Concept ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Way

In addition to a concise review of the meaning and definition of shariah, the chapter introduces the sources of shariah, including the two main types of revealed and rational sources and their subdivisions. The history of shariah (“the way to the watering place,” or “the path to correct guidance, salvation, and relief”) is occupied with scholastic developments and the embodiment of what became known as fiqh, which consists mainly of the practical rules of Islamic law that regulate the daily lives of Muslims. Shariah is a broad concept that is not confined to legal rules but comprises the totality of guidance that God Most High has revealed to humankind, pertaining to the dogma of Islam, its moral values, and its practical legal rules.

Executable statements

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Schenck ◽  
Peter Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Target Variable ◽  
A Value ◽  
Assignment Statement ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Case Statement ◽  
Local Variable

Executable statements define the actions of functions, procedures and rules. They define the logic and actions needed to support the definition of constraints by acting on parameters, local variables and constants. The shortest possible ‘executable’ statement is just a semicolon. It is called a null statement because it does nothing. Such a statement is not useless, however, as you can use a null statement to stake out territory for future use, or perhaps to make the absence of a statement stand out more clearly as in the example following. …IF a = 13 THEN ; -- do nothing ELSE b := 5 ; -- otherwise give b a value END_IF ;... The Alias statement gives a short name (alias) to an identifier that might be long or clumsy to write. The alias exists only in the scope of the alias statement and references to the alias is the same as writing out the identifier out in full. The assignment statement is used to give a value to a local variable or parameter. The type of the expression assigned to the variable must be compatible with the variable or parameter. Some assignments are shown below. The target variable and the expression being assigned to it are assignment compatible if any of the following hold true: • The types are the same. • The expression results in a type which is a subtype of the type declared for the variable being assigned to. • The type of the variable being assigned to is a select type and the expression results in a type which is a member of that select type. The Case statement executes one (or perhaps zero) statement based on the value of an expression. The statement executed is chosen depending on the value of the Selector. The case statement consists of an expression, which is the case selector and a list of alternative actions, each one preceded by a case label. Agreement between the type of the case label and the case selector is required. The first occurring statement having a case label that evaluates to the same value of the case selector is executed.

The Moral Limitations of the Rational-Monistic Model

2015 ◽  
pp. 127-145
Author(s):  
Galit Berenstok ◽  
Ishak Saporta
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Rational Action ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Rational Model ◽  
Utility Value ◽  
Rational Decision Making ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Decision Making Model ◽  
Range Of Values

This chapter proposes a rational-pluralistic model for decision making in organizations. The authors developed this model as a potential solution to the negative moral implications (such as alienation from the workplace) that the formal rational decision making model has on organization employees. The negative moral implications are due to the fact that the formal rational model is monistic, limited by the considerations of the organization's utility, and neglects moral values and non-utility values that are related to the employee. The rational-pluralistic model is based on a revision of the concept of rationality and rational action. The basic assumption of this model is that there is a range of values other than the utility value that are involved in rational decision making. The more extended definition of rationality makes it possible to avoid a situation in which employees are only the means for organization goals, rather than ends in themselves.

Definition of a Protocol for the Knowledge, the Analysis and the Communication of the Architectural Heritage

2017 ◽  
pp. 94-131
Author(s):  
Marinella Arena
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
A Value ◽  
New Frontier ◽  
Definition Of

The communication of architecture is a complex and multidisciplinary process, indispensable for enhancing a monument properly and to allow understanding and knowledge to a large number of users. The European Architectural Heritage, and the Italian one in particular, is enormous; the processes of knowledge, cataloguing and analysis are far from being complete. This fact has prompted the European Union to invest, especially in recent years, in research projects designed to increase the communication strategies and put a value on the present assets in its territory. For example, the programs of the European Commission for Research and Innovation, found in “Horizon 2020”, define the communication based on the new media as the new frontier for the enhancement of architectural heritage (Reflective Cities). The main goal is to develop a better awareness of the Architectural Heritage through increased interaction between the citizen, the monument and the scientific community.

Mental Illness

Clean Hands ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 57-76
Author(s):  
Jesse S. Summers ◽  
Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Social Constructionism ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
A Value ◽  
Definition Of

Scrupulosity is a mental illness. This is not determined simply by inclusion in or exclusion from the current DSM. The features that characterize Scrupulosity needn’t be disordered, and this chapter addresses skepticism—eliminativism and social constructionism—about mental illness more generally. Illnesses, according to skeptics about mental illness, require physical markers and a value-free diagnosis. These are not present for Scrupulosity, nor are they present for many mental illnesses. The chapter considers dysfunction and harm as definitive of mental illness. It then examines the DSM-5 definition of mental illness and finds that Scrupulosity fits that definition.

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