scholarly journals COLLECTIVE OBLIGATIONS, GROUP PLANS AND INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allard Tamminga ◽  
Hein Duijf
Keyword(s):  
Group Action ◽  
Joint Action ◽  
Strong Sense ◽  
The Public ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Individual Actions ◽  
The Individual

Abstract:If group members aim to fulfil a collective obligation, they must act in such a way that the composition of their individual actions amounts to a group action that fulfils the collective obligation. We study a strong sense of joint action in which the members of a group design and then publicly adopt a group plan that coordinates the individual actions of the group members. We characterize the conditions under which a group plan successfully coordinates the group members’ individual actions, and study how the public adoption of a plan changes the context in which individual agents make a decision about what to do.

scholarly journals THE BRAZILIAN JUDICIARY AS AN ORGAN OF POLITICAL CONTROL

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-32
Author(s):  
Ada Pellegrini Grinover ◽  
Grasielly Spínola
Keyword(s):  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Class Action ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
The Public ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Individual Actions ◽  
Jurisdictional Control ◽  
The Individual

The fruition of fundamental rights like healthcare, education, worthy housing and work is directly related to the creation and implantation of universal and egalitarian public policies by the Congress and the Public Administration. In the cases where the existing public policies are shown to be insufficient, inadequate or do not achieve the fundamental goals of the Federative Republic of Brazil, it arises the need of the action of the jurisdictional function to control the constitutionality over these public policies. In Brazil, this control is made both by direct way, by means of its own constitutional actions, and by diffuse way, by means of collective actions interposed in first instances courts. In this context, the enforcement of the liberal theories like Montesquieu’s Separation of Powers and the Intangibility of the Discretionary Activities reveal themselves incoherent with the Democratic Rule-of-the-Law State. In another way, the jurisdictional action is limited by the Reasonableness, by the Possible Reserve and by the Existential Minimum, and can also find some obstacles in the individual actions that end up influencing the public policies. Therefore, there is a great effort to colectivizing individual actions by Brazilian schoolars. Another problem is the difficulty of Judical Power in using the adequate procedural class action. It will be analyzed one specific decisions made by the Court of Justice of the State of São Paulo about the jurisdictional control of public policies related to the autistic people, with a goal to point out a direction to the improvement of the jurisdictional tutelage in terms of effectiveness and adequacy.

scholarly journals THE BRAZILIAN JUDICIARY AS AN ORGAN OF POLITICAL CONTROL

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-32
Author(s):  
Ada Pellegrini Grinover ◽  
Grasielly Spínola
Keyword(s):  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Class Action ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
The Public ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Individual Actions ◽  
Jurisdictional Control ◽  
The Individual

The fruition of fundamental rights like healthcare, education, worthy housing and work is directly related to the creation and implantation of universal and egalitarian public policies by the Congress and the Public Administration. In the cases where the existing public policies are shown to be insufficient, inadequate or do not achieve the fundamental goals of the Federative Republic of Brazil, it arises the need of the action of the jurisdictional function to control the constitutionality over these public policies. In Brazil, this control is made both by direct way, by means of its own constitutional actions, and by diffuse way, by means of collective actions interposed in first instances courts. In this context, the enforcement of the liberal theories like Montesquieu’s Separation of Powers and the Intangibility of the Discretionary Activities reveal themselves incoherent with the Democratic Rule-of-the-Law State. In another way, the jurisdictional action is limited by the Reasonableness, by the Possible Reserve and by the Existential Minimum, and can also find some obstacles in the individual actions that end up influencing the public policies. Therefore, there is a great effort to colectivizing individual actions by Brazilian schoolars. Another problem is the difficulty of Judical Power in using the adequate procedural class action. It will be analyzed one specific decisions made by the Court of Justice of the State of São Paulo about the jurisdictional control of public policies related to the autistic people, with a goal to point out a direction to the improvement of the jurisdictional tutelage in terms of effectiveness and adequacy.

Scientific Management of the Public Business

1915 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 488-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morris L. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Group Action ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Scientific Management ◽  
Business Organization ◽  
Private Business ◽  
Municipal Service ◽  
The Public ◽  
Special Privilege ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control

The evolution of business organization is from the unsystematized through the systematized to the scientific. Governmental work—federal, state and municipal—is still almost exclusively in the unsystematized stage.Among the causes of municipal inefficiency are the attempt to hamper and control the action of individuals by a multiplicity of petty restrictions unknown in private business, and the separation of the municipal service into scores of divisions with little or no mutuality of interest. Both of these practices tend to prevent group action in the large sense. But undoubtedly the greatest bar to efficiency is the unwillingness to trust the individual as shown by the attempt to thwart evil or selfish designs of the official by board control. This committee management is in my opinion, the most costly hallucination of democracy. As a present day cause of expensive and inefficient government, this bulwark of the stand patter, of special privilege, of the politician and of the crook makes other influences tending in the same direction such as the complacency of civil service and the lack of definite standards, seem almost negligible.

scholarly journals THE BRAZILIAN JUDICIARY AS AN ORGAN OF POLITICAL CONTROL

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-32
Author(s):  
Ada Pellegrini Grinover ◽  
Grasielly Spínola
Keyword(s):  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Class Action ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
The Public ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Individual Actions ◽  
Jurisdictional Control ◽  
The Individual

The fruition of fundamental rights like healthcare, education, worthy housing and work is directly related to the creation and implantation of universal and egalitarian public policies by the Congress and the Public Administration. In the cases where the existing public policies are shown to be insufficient, inadequate or do not achieve the fundamental goals of the Federative Republic of Brazil, it arises the need of the action of the jurisdictional function to control the constitutionality over these public policies. In Brazil, this control is made both by direct way, by means of its own constitutional actions, and by diffuse way, by means of collective actions interposed in first instances courts. In this context, the enforcement of the liberal theories like Montesquieu’s Separation of Powers and the Intangibility of the Discretionary Activities reveal themselves incoherent with the Democratic Rule-of-the-Law State. In another way, the jurisdictional action is limited by the Reasonableness, by the Possible Reserve and by the Existential Minimum, and can also find some obstacles in the individual actions that end up influencing the public policies. Therefore, there is a great effort to colectivizing individual actions by Brazilian schoolars. Another problem is the difficulty of Judical Power in using the adequate procedural class action. It will be analyzed one specific decisions made by the Court of Justice of the State of São Paulo about the jurisdictional control of public policies related to the autistic people, with a goal to point out a direction to the improvement of the jurisdictional tutelage in terms of effectiveness and adequacy.

scholarly journals THE BRAZILIAN JUDICIARY AS AN ORGAN OF POLITICAL CONTROL

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-32
Author(s):  
Ada Pellegrini Grinover ◽  
Grasielly Spínola
Keyword(s):  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Class Action ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
The Public ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Individual Actions ◽  
Jurisdictional Control ◽  
The Individual

The fruition of fundamental rights like healthcare, education, worthy housing and work is directly related to the creation and implantation of universal and egalitarian public policies by the Congress and the Public Administration. In the cases where the existing public policies are shown to be insufficient, inadequate or do not achieve the fundamental goals of the Federative Republic of Brazil, it arises the need of the action of the jurisdictional function to control the constitutionality over these public policies. In Brazil, this control is made both by direct way, by means of its own constitutional actions, and by diffuse way, by means of collective actions interposed in first instances courts. In this context, the enforcement of the liberal theories like Montesquieu’s Separation of Powers and the Intangibility of the Discretionary Activities reveal themselves incoherent with the Democratic Rule-of-the-Law State. In another way, the jurisdictional action is limited by the Reasonableness, by the Possible Reserve and by the Existential Minimum, and can also find some obstacles in the individual actions that end up influencing the public policies. Therefore, there is a great effort to colectivizing individual actions by Brazilian schoolars. Another problem is the difficulty of Judical Power in using the adequate procedural class action. It will be analyzed one specific decisions made by the Court of Justice of the State of São Paulo about the jurisdictional control of public policies related to the autistic people, with a goal to point out a direction to the improvement of the jurisdictional tutelage in terms of effectiveness and adequacy.

Public Service Motivation in Buffy the Vampire Slayer

Public Voices ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Mastracci
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Public Service Motivation ◽  
Public Servants ◽  
Buffy The Vampire Slayer ◽  
The Public ◽  
American Popular Culture ◽  
Public Servant ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

In this paper, the author examines public service as depicted in the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer (BtVS). First, she shows how slaying meets the economist’s definition of a public good, using the BtVS episode “Flooded” (6.04). Second, she discusses public service motivation (PSM) to determine whether or not Buffy, a public servant, operates from a public service ethic. Relying on established measures and evidence from shooting scripts and episode transcripts, the author concludes Buffy is a public servant motivated by a public service ethic. In this way, BtVS informs scholarship on public service by broadening the concept of PSM beyond the public sector; prompting one to wonder whether it is located in a sector, an occupation, or in the individual. These conclusions allow the author to situate Buffy alongside other idealized public servants in American popular culture.

What Can Economists Contribute to the Common Good Tradition?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Yuengert
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Common Pool Resources ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Provision ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Insight Into

Although most economists are skeptical of or puzzled by the Catholic concept of the common good, a rejection of the economic approach as inimical to the common good would be hasty and counterproductive. Economic analysis can enrich the common good tradition in four ways. First, economics embodies a deep respect for economic agency and for the effects of policy and institutions on individual agents. Second, economics offers a rich literature on the nature of unplanned order and how it might be shaped by policy. Third, economics offers insight into the public and private provision of various kinds of goods (private, public, common pool resources). Fourth, recent work on the development and logic of institutions and norms emphasizes sustainability rooted in the good of the individual.

The Epistemology of Groups

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Lackey
Keyword(s):  
Group Level ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Individual Group ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Normative Requirements ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Belief Justification ◽  
In Virtue Of ◽  
Trump Administration

Groups are often said to bear responsibility for their actions, many of which have enormous moral, legal, and social significance. The Trump Administration, for instance, is said to be responsible for the U.S.’s inept and deceptive handling of COVID-19 and the harms that American citizens have suffered as a result. But are groups subject to normative assessment simply in virtue of their individual members being so, or are they somehow agents in their own right? Answering this question depends on understanding key concepts in the epistemology of groups, as we cannot hold the Trump Administration responsible without first determining what it believed, knew, and said. Deflationary theorists hold that group phenomena can be understood entirely in terms of individual members and their states. Inflationary theorists maintain that group phenomena are importantly over and above, or otherwise distinct from, individual members and their states. It is argued that neither approach is satisfactory. Groups are more than their members, but not because they have “minds of their own,” as the inflationists hold. Instead, this book shows how group phenomena—like belief, justification, and knowledge—depend on what the individual group members do or are capable of doing while being subject to group-level normative requirements. This framework, it is argued, allows for the correct distribution of responsibility across groups and their individual members.

scholarly journals The impact of end-userś participation (cancer patients) during the optimization process

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Houwaart
Keyword(s):  
End Users ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Optimization Process ◽  
Patient Organization ◽  
End User ◽  
The Public ◽  
Patient Organizations ◽  
Crucial Information ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Abstract End-user (e.g. patients or the public) testing of information material is becoming more common in the German public health care system. However, including the end-user (in this case patients) in an optimisation process and thus enabling a close collaboration while developing PIMs is still rare. This is surprising, given the fact that patients provide the exact perspective one is trying to address. Within the isPO project, a patient organization is included as a legal project partner to act as the patient representative and provide the patient's perspective. As such, the patient organization was included in the PHR approach as part of the PIM-optimisation team. During the optimisation process, the patients gave practical insights into the procedures of diagnosing and treating different types of cancer as well as into the patient's changing priorities and challenges at different time points. This was crucial information for the envisioned application of the individual PIMs and their hierarchical overview. Moreover, the developed PIM-checklist enabled the patients to give detailed feedback to the PIMs. With their experience of being in the exact situation in which the PIMs will be applied, their recommendations, especially on the wording and layout of the materials, have been a valuable contribution to the PIM optimisation process. In this part of the seminar, we will take a closer look at the following skill building aspects: What is gained from including patients as end-users in the development and optimization of PIM?How can we reach patients to contribute to a PIM optimization process? Which requirements and prerequisites do patients have to provide to successfully work on an optimisation team?How to compromise and weigh opinions when different ideas occur? Altogether, this part will construct a structured path of productive patient involvement and help to overcome uncertainties regarding a collaboration with patient organizations.

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