Tropical forests: much more than stocks of wood

1988 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Myers
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
The Other ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Modern Agriculture

ABSTRACTTropical forests offer many more products than the category for which they are best known, viz. wood products. They can supply a host of raw materials, such as resins, oils, fibres and fruits, which collectively represent a commercial value far higher than is generally recognized. In addition they provide an exceptional abundance and variety of genetic resources, which make substantial contributions to modern agriculture, medicine, industry and energy. On top of these materials, tropical forests supply significant environmental benefits, such as protection of the soil and safeguards for watershed systems. While it is sometimes difficult to quantify the economic values of these diverse goods and services, they are often to be reckoned as equal to, if not higher than, the marketplace values represented by the commercial hardwood timber. Yet when the forests are exploited for their hardwood timber, the process is usually so disruptive to forest ecosystems that the other outputs are severely reduced. By contrast, one may exploit the forests for their other outputs with virtually no disruption to forest ecosystems. The paper describes the main categories of non-wood products available from tropical forests, analyses their relative worth, and offers summarized proposals for an expanded approach to forest development in order to take integrative account of the full range of forest benefits.

The Macro Dimensions of Chile's Export Dilemma

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1850182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Arroyo ◽  
John C. Edmunds
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Export Industry ◽  
Corporate Strategies ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Unit Value ◽  
Long Run

The success of Chile's economy in the past decades is relevant to the efforts of other emerging countries to achieve rapid economic growth. One of Chile's main accomplishments has been a steady increase in exports. The increase was in physical volume of exports, not in unit value. This increase was the result of a correct strategy of opening the economy, which permitted the more competitive Chilean businesses to access external markets. This strategy may be reaching a point of diminishing returns, so the dilemma that Chile now faces is relevant to other emerging countries as they try to grow their economies rapidly. To achieve significant further growth in the long run, Chile needs to move into new kinds of business opportunities, in categories and areas where it has not established a foothold. To break into these new areas, Chile has to develop new capabilities and new strategies. The old way of growing the economy is running into constraints. The data is about Chile's wood products export industry, which is the country's most successful in terms of adding value as measured by macro metrics. That export industry is not as well known as Chile's wine and fresh fruit export industries but has a more impressive record. The firms in Chile's wood export industry, despite being successful in increasing the dollar value of products exported, have not been able to make themselves competitive in stages of wood production beyond basic and repetitive processes. Other emerging countries are facing the same challenge. Chilean wood products exporting firms in Chile have been slow to respond to signals from the market. They have not been able to achieve high standards of quality or precision, and they have worked only with local raw materials. These firms have attempted to export manufactured products, but these attempts have failed. For those reasons many observers argue that the advantage in the market that these firms enjoy is due to superior endowments of natural resources rather than to corporate strategies. High raw material prices have not triggered a new chapter in this history. On the contrary, this comfortable situation has lulled the country into complacency. Other countries were in the same comfortable situation and now the financial crisis has intervened. Chile's present slow growth is discouraging but might prod the country to achieve greater sophistication in exporting goods and services.

The Provincial Organization of Inka Ceramic Production

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence N. D'Altroy ◽  
Ronald L. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ceramic Production ◽  
Lake Titicaca ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Provincial Capital ◽  
Inka Empire ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Made In

The Inka empire was supported by goods and services provided by both generalized and specialized labor. To gain insight into how goods were produced and distributed in the imperial economy, 173 sherds from Cuzco, Lake Titicaca, the upper Mantaro Valley, and Tarma were analyzed (INAA) for materials composition. Results show that production and consumption of Inka ceramics were focused within regions, although two plates probably made in Cuzco were among the Titicaca and Mantaro samples. Inka ceramics from the upper Mantaro were made from at least two sources of raw materials, both distinct from those used in local Wanka ceramics. Evidence suggests that the Inka provincial capital (Hatun Xauxa) and two Wanka towns obtained most of their Inka pots from either one or the other source. These results imply that the state controlled production of its ceramics regionally, starting at the source of the raw materials, and distributed the products of separate sources selectively.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Predictability and Efficiency of the Cointegrated Ethanol and Agricultural Commodities Price Series

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 5303
Author(s):  
Sergio Adriani David ◽  
Claudio M. C. Inácio ◽  
José António Tenreiro Machado
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Price Transmission ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fluctuation Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Commodities ◽  
Price Series

Ethanol is an energy commodity and a biofuel that has contributed to mitigate the use of fossil fuels. Nonetheless, the environmental benefits derived from the use of ethanol can occur at the expense of the agricultural commodities prices, affecting their volatilities and efficiency. This problem occurs because most of the raw materials currently used to produce biofuels, such as corn in the US, sugarcane in Brazil and oilseeds in Europe, are also important global commodities. This work adopts several mathematical tools, namely the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis, fractal dimension, and the Hurst and Lyapunov exponents. This set of tools measures the market efficiency and the prices’ predictability for the ethanol and some agriculture commodities that revealed price transmission (cointegration), in a previous work. The results show that, in general, the ethanol has a lower predictability horizon than the other commodities. Moreover, it is discussed a quantitative measure to assess the market performance, by means of the efficiency index. We observe that the ethanol efficiency is similar to the other agricultural commodities evaluated.

scholarly journals Emergy Analysis of Biogas Systems Based on Different Raw Materials

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Wang ◽  
Cong Lin ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Na Duan ◽  
Xue Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
The Other ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Ecological Economic ◽  
Energy Product ◽  
Degraded Material ◽  
The One ◽  
Biogas Output

Environmental pollution and energy crisis restrict the development of China, and the utilization of renewable technology is an effective strategy to alleviate the damage. Biogas engineering has rapidly developed attributes to solve environmental problems and create a renewable energy product biogas. In this paper, two different biogas plants’ materials were analyzed by emergy method. One of them is a biogas project whose degraded material is feces (BPF system), and the other is the one whose degraded material is corn straw (BPC system). As a result, the ecological-economic values of BPF and BPC are $28,300/yr and $8,100/yr, respectively. Considering currency, environment, and human inputs, both of the biogas projects have the ability of disposing waste and potential for development. The proportion of biogas output is much more than fertilizer output; so, fertilizer utilization should be emphasized in the future. In comparison, BPF is better than BPC in the aspects of ecological-economic benefits, environmental benefits, and sustainability. The reason is the difficulty of corn straw seasonal collection and degradation. Thus it is proposed that BPC should be combined with the other raw materials.

Actualisation du catalogue des pteridophytes du Nord Ouest Algerien (region de Tlemcen). An update of the cheklist of pteridophytes from Nordwest Algeria (Tlemcen region)

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 33-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boumediene Medjahdi ◽  
Assia Ltreuch-Belarouci ◽  
Rémy Prelli
Keyword(s):  
Nous Avons ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Distribution ◽  
Ecological Characteristics ◽  
Statutory Protection ◽  
Ouest Algérien ◽  
A Site ◽  
Ressources Génétiques

Français. Un inventaire des ptéridophytes a été entrepris dans les forêts de la région de Tlemcen. L’inventaire de ces populations constitue une étape importante pour le développement des stratégies de conservation des ressources génétiques et de la diversité de ces populations sur l’ensemble de leur aire de distribution naturelle. Nous avons ainsi effectué le recensement et l’identification des fougères existantes dans la région de Tlemcen. Au total, plusieurs stations dont les caractéristiques écologiques diffèrent d’un site à un autre ont été prospectées, cela a permis l’identification de 26 taxons (dont 5 exceptionnellement rare). La création de réserves naturelles forestières renforcée par une protection réglementaire des espèces les plus menacées est nécessaire pour le maintien de ces communautés si particulières. English. An inventory of Pteridophyta was begun in the forests of the Tlemcen region. The inventory of these populations constitutes an important stage for the developement of the strategies of preservation of the genetic resources and the diversity of these populations on their whole area of natural distribution. We so made the inventory and the identification of the existing ferns in the region of Tlemcen. On the whole, several stations the ecological characteristics differ from a site in the other one were canvassed; they allowed the identification of 26 taxes (among which 5 exceptionally rare). The creation of forest nature reserves strengthened by a statutory protection of the most threatened species is necessary for the preservation of these particular communities.

scholarly journals The Critical Raw Materials Issue between Scarcity, Supply Risk, and Unique Properties

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1826
Author(s):  
Mihaela Girtan ◽  
Antje Wittenberg ◽  
Maria Luisa Grilli ◽  
Daniel P. S. de Oliveira ◽  
Chiara Giosuè ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Innovation Networks ◽  
Supply Risk ◽  
European Cooperation ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

This editorial reports on a thorough analysis of the abundance and scarcity distribution of chemical elements and the minerals they form in the Earth, Sun, and Universe in connection with their number of neutrons and binding energy per nucleon. On one hand, understanding the elements’ formation and their specific properties related to their electronic and nucleonic structure may lead to understanding whether future solutions to replace certain elements or materials for specific technical applications are realistic. On the other hand, finding solutions to the critical availability of some of these elements is an urgent need. Even the analysis of the availability of scarce minerals from European Union sources leads to the suggestion that a wide-ranging approach is essential. These two fundamental assumptions represent also the logical approach that led the European Commission to ask for a multi-disciplinary effort from the scientific community to tackle the challenge of Critical Raw Materials. This editorial is also the story of one of the first fulcrum around which a wide network of material scientists gathered thanks to the support of the funding organization for research and innovation networks, COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).

scholarly journals Effect of Fly Ash on Compressive Strength, Drying Shrinkage, and Carbonation Depth of Mortar with Ferronickel-Slag Powder

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1037
Author(s):  
Se-Jin Choi ◽  
Ji-Hwan Kim ◽  
Sung-Ho Bae ◽  
Tae-Gue Oh
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Bituminous Coal ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Drying Shrinkage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Slag Powder ◽  
Ferronickel Slag

In recent years, efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have continued worldwide. In the construction industry, a large amount of CO2 is generated during the production of Portland cement, and various studies are being conducted to reduce the amount of cement and enable the use of cement substitutes. Ferronickel slag is a by-product generated by melting materials such as nickel ore and bituminous coal, which are used as raw materials to produce ferronickel at high temperatures. In this study, we investigated the fluidity, microhydration heat, compressive strength, drying shrinkage, and carbonation characteristics of a ternary cement mortar including ferronickel-slag powder and fly ash. According to the test results, the microhydration heat of the FA20FN00 sample was slightly higher than that of the FA00FN20 sample. The 28-day compressive strength of the FA20FN00 mix was approximately 39.6 MPa, which was higher than that of the other samples, whereas the compressive strength of the FA05FN15 mix including 15% of ferronickel-slag powder was approximately 11.6% lower than that of the FA20FN00 mix. The drying shrinkage of the FA20FN00 sample without ferronickel-slag powder was the highest after 56 days, whereas the FA00FN20 sample without fly ash showed the lowest shrinkage compared to the other mixes.

New uses for brick-making clay materials from the Bailén area (southern Spain)

Clay Minerals ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Gonzalez ◽  
E. Galan ◽  
A. Miras ◽  
P. Aparicio
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Floor Tiles ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Clay Materials

AbstractAn attempt has been made to assess new potential applications for the Bailén clays, traditionally used for manufacturing bricks, based on mineralogical, chemical, particle size, plasticity and firing results. Raw materials and mixtures used by the local factory were selected and tested with the addition of some diatomite, feldspar or kaolin. Based on their properties, clay materials from Bailén might be suitable for making porous red wall tiles, clinker, vitrified red floor tiles and porous light-coloured wall tiles by pressing; the first could be manufactured from the raw materials and mixtures currently used by the local manufactures. On the other hand, stoneware shaped by extrusion, such as perforated bricks, facing bricks and roofing tiles, can be also manufactured from the mixtures used at the factory if they contain 20-25% carbonate and small amounts of iron oxides; lightweight bricks require black and yellow clays with diatomite.

Tunes That Bind: Paul J. Seelig, Eva Gauthier, Charles T. Griffes, and the Javanese Other

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-154
Author(s):  
HENRY SPILLER
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
North American ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Edward Said ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Dutch East Indies

AbstractThe powerful concept of orientalism has undergone considerable refinement since Edward Said popularized the term with his eponymous book in 1978. Orientalism typically is presented as a totalizing process that creates polar oppositions between a dominating West and a subordinate East. U.S. orientalisms, however, reflect uniquely North American approaches to identity formation that include assimilating characteristics usually associated with the Other. This article explores the complex relationship among three individuals—U.S. composer Charles T. Griffes, Canadian singer Eva Gauthier, and German-trained Dutch East Indies composer Paul J. Seelig—and how they exploited the same Javanese songs to lend legitimacy to their individual artistic projects. A comparison of Griffes's and Seelig's settings of a West Javanese tune (“Kinanti”) provides an especially clear example of how contrasting approaches manifest different orientalisms. Whereas Griffes accompanied the melody with stock orientalist gestures to express his own fascination with the exotic, Seelig used chromatic harmonies and a chorale-like texture to ground the melody in the familiar, translating rather than representing its Otherness. The tunes that bind Griffes, Gauthier, and Seelig are only the raw materials from which they created their own unique orientalisms, each with its own sense of self and its own Javanese others.

Border Trade between Regions of Russia and Provinces of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 103-116
Author(s):  
Natalya S. Epifanova ◽  
Vladimir N. Akulinin
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Regional Economies ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
Regions Of Russia

The purpose of this article is to study border trade in the regions of Russia and the provinces of China. It is shown that in recent years there have been negative trends in border trade, leading to its reduction. Therefore, Russian regions bordering with China should transform into separate objects of regional policy, while also forming a legislative framework for border interaction in all its main spheres: trade, humanitarian cooperation, science and education, and others. In border cooperation with China, special emphasis should be placed on cooperation in the innovation sphere, as well as on improving the quality of exported goods and services and promoting infrastructure projects. Border trade between the regions of Russia and China is built mainly on trade and export of labour resources from China to Russia, as well as China’s receipt of additional sales channels for the confidently growing sales markets for consumer goods and sources of raw materials and primary products. The interaction of Russian regions with neighbouring provinces on the border with China not only preserves the raw material orientation of these regions, but also hinders the development and strengthening of the manufacturing industry in the structure of their regional economies, since border interaction for Russian regions immobilizes those stages of value-added production observed in the very first stages. In general, for the Chinese provinces there is a similar problem associated with such exports to border regions that have common borders with Russia, which does not contribute to the diversification and structural development of the regional economies of the Chinese provinces. That is why building an effective mechanism for border interaction between Russia and China is a strategically important issue for both countries.

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