Interpretation of contrastive pitch accent in six- to eleven-year-old English-speaking children (and adults)

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIWAKO ITO ◽  
SARAH A. BIBYK ◽  
LAURA WAGNER ◽  
SHARI R. SPEER
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pitch Accent ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Garden Path ◽  
Gradual Development ◽  
On Line ◽  
English Speaking

ABSTRACTBoth off-line and on-line comprehension studies suggest not only toddlers and preschoolers, but also older school-age children have trouble interpreting contrast-marking pitch prominence. To test whether children achieve adult-like proficiency in processing contrast-marking prosody during school years, an eye-tracking experiment examined the effect of accent on referential resolution in six- to eleven-year-old children and adults. In all age groups, a prominent accent facilitated the detection of a target in contrastive discourse sequences (pink cat→greencat), whereas it led to a garden path in non-contrastive sequences (pink rabbit→greenmonkey: the initial fixations were on rabbits). While the data indicate that children as young as age six immediately interpret contrastive accent, even the oldest child group showed delayed fixations compared to adults. We argue that the children's slower recovery from the garden path reflects the gradual development in cognitive flexibility that matures independently of general oculomotor control.

Perceptions of Stuttering of Different Age Groups

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1311-1315
Author(s):  
Sergey M. Kondrashov ◽  
John A. Tetnowski
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
School Age ◽  
Fourth Edition ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Self Rating ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Subject Pool

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the perceptions of stuttering of school-age children who stutter and those of adults who stutter through the use of the same tools that could be commonly used by clinicians. Method Twenty-three participants across various ages and stuttering severity were administered both the Stuttering Severity Instrument–Fourth Edition (SSI-4; Riley, 2009 ) and the Wright & Ayre Stuttering Self-Rating Profile ( Wright & Ayre, 2000 ). Comparisons were made between severity of behavioral measures of stuttering made by the SSI-4 and by age (child/adult). Results Significant differences were obtained for the age comparison but not for the severity comparison. Results are explained in terms of the correlation between severity equivalents of the SSI-4 and the Wright & Ayre Stuttering Self-Rating Profile scores, with clinical implications justifying multi-aspect assessment. Conclusions Clinical implications indicate that self-perception and impact of stuttering must not be assumed and should be evaluated for individual participants. Research implications include further study with a larger subject pool and various levels of stuttering severity.

scholarly journals On the relative role of different age groups during influenza A epidemics in Germany, 2002-2017

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
School Age ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
School Students ◽  
Using Data

AbstractBackgroundThere is limited information about the role of different age groups, particularly subgroups of school-age children and younger adults in propagating influenza epidemics.MethodsFor a communicable disease outbreak, some subpopulations may play a disproportionate role during the ascent of the outbreak due to increased susceptibility and/or contact rates. Such subpopulations can be identified by considering the proportion that cases in a subpopulation represent among all cases in the population occurring before the epidemic peak (Bp), the corresponding proportion after the epidemic peak (Ap), to calculate the relative risk for a subpopulation, RR=Bp/Ap. We estimated RR for several age groups using data on reported influenza A cases in Germany between 2002-2017.ResultsChildren aged 14-17y had the highest RR estimates for 7 out of 15 influenza A epidemics in the data, including the 2009 pandemic, and the large 2016/17, 2008/09, and 2006/07 seasons. Children aged 10-13y had the highest RR estimates during 3 epidemics, including the large 2014/15 and 2004/05 seasons. Children aged 6-9y had the highest RR estimates during two epidemics, including the large 2012/13 season. Children aged 2-5y had the highest RR estimate during the moderate 2015/16 season; adults aged 18-24y had the highest RR estimate during the small 2005/06 season; adults aged 25-34y had the highest RR estimate during the large, 2002/03 season.ConclusionsOur results support the prominent role of all school-age children, particularly the oldest ones, in propagating influenza epidemics in the community. We note that national vaccination coverage levels among older school-age children were lower than among younger school-age children during the recent influenza seasons in the US, and influenza vaccination program in England has not been phased in yet for secondary school students.

scholarly journals Editorial - Vol 16: Number 2

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-153
Author(s):  
Luis Monteiro Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Similar Information ◽  
Macaronesian Islands

The Nutrition and Food Sciences section includes two sequential papers regarding the anthropometric evaluation of pre-school and school age children from the Canarian Islands (Biomed & Biopharm Research, 2019;(16) 2; 154-164 DOI:10.19277/bbr.16.2.207) and from Azores (Biomed & Biopharm Research, 2019;(16) 2; 165-175 DOI:10.19277/bbr.16.2.208). These two cross-sectional studies focus the prevalence of normal weight, overweight, and obesity in those age groups, completing similar information published in the last issue of our journal in reference to the Madeiran Islands. A complete characterization of this condition is now achieved and described for the entire European Macaronesian islands, underlining the originality and interest of these papers.

scholarly journals Parents’ Report of Child’s Response to Sibling’s Death in a Neonatal or Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 474-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
JoAnne M. Youngblut ◽  
Dorothy Brooten
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Pediatric Intensive Care ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Background Research on sibling death in a pediatric/neonatal intensive care unit is limited, despite many qualitative differences from deaths at home or in hospitals’ general care areas and has overlooked cultural differences. Objectives To describe parents’ reports of children’s responses to a sibling’s death in a neonatal or pediatric intensive care unit via qualitative interviews at 7 months after the death. Methods English-speaking (n = 19) and Spanish-speaking (n = 8) parents of 24 deceased infants/children described responses of their 44 surviving children: 10 preschool, 19 school-age, and 15 adolescent. Parents’ race/ethnicity was 48% black, 37% Hispanic, 15% white. Ten siblings died in the neonatal unit and 14 in the pediatric intensive care unit. Semistructured interviews in parents’ homes were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed with content analysis. Results Six themes about surviving children emerged. Changed behaviors were reported by parents of school-age children and adolescents. Not understand what was going on was reported primarily by parents of preschoolers. Numbers of comments in the 4 remaining themes are as follows: maintaining a connection (n = 9), not having enough time with their siblings before death and/or to say goodbye (n = 6), believing the sibling is in a good place (n = 6), not believing the sibling would die (n = 4). Comments about girls and boys were similar. White parents made few comments about their children compared with black and Hispanic parents. The pattern of comments differed by whether the sibling died in the neonatal or the pediatric intensive care unit. Conclusions Children’s responses following a sibling’s death vary with the child’s sex, parents’ race/ethnicity, and the unit where the sibling died. Children, regardless of age, recognized their parents’ grief and tried to comfort them.

scholarly journals The effects of Processing Instruction on the acquisition of English simple past tense: Age and cognitive task demands

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Benati ◽  
Tanja Angelovska
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Processing Instruction ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Post Test

AbstractThe present study investigates the effects of Processing Instruction on two different age groups and the role that cognitive task demands might play in the results generated by Processing Instruction. This study includes school-age children and adult native speakers of German learning English as a foreign language – a language combination not previously investigated within the Processing Instruction and individual differences research paradigm. The present study investigates directly whether two different age groups will benefit equally from Processing Instruction in altering their reliance on lexical temporal indicators and redirecting their attention to verb forms on Processing Instruction activities with different cognitive demands. The grammatical feature chosen for this study is the English past simple tense marking tested on both interpretation and production measures. The results from this study provide further evidence that the Processing Instruction is an effective instructional treatment in helping school-age children and adult L2 learners to make accurate form-meaning connections. The results from the first sentence-level interpretation task and the production task showed that Processing Instruction has positive and equal effects on both age groups (school-age learners and adults). The positive effects of instruction were maintained over the delayed post-test for both age groups who made similar gains on the immediate post-test. The results from the second (cognitively more complex) sentence-level interpretation task indicated that the adults made greater gains than school-age learners. However, both groups retained the positive effects of instruction over time. The difference in gains between the two age groups on the second sentence-level interpretation task can be explained in terms of cognitive processing load.

scholarly journals Systematic analysis of infectious disease outcomes by age shows lowest severity in school-age children

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith R. Glynn ◽  
Paul A. H Moss
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Vaccine Response ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Life Course

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has ignited interest in age-specific manifestations of infection but surprisingly little is known about relative severity of infectious disease between the extremes of age. In a systematic analysis we identified 142 datasets with information on severity of disease by age for 32 different infectious diseases, 19 viral and 13 bacterial. For almost all infections, school-age children have the least severe disease, and severity starts to rise long before old age. Indeed, for many infections even young adults have more severe disease than children, and dengue was the only infection that was most severe in school-age children. Together with data on vaccine response in children and young adults, the findings suggest peak immune function is reached around 5–14 years of age. Relative immune senescence may begin much earlier than assumed, before accelerating in older age groups. This has major implications for understanding resilience to infection, optimal vaccine scheduling, and appropriate health protection policies across the life course.

The effect of task complexity on handwriting kinetics

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-168
Author(s):  
Yu-Chen Lin ◽  
Yen-Li Chao ◽  
Chieh-Hsiang Hsu ◽  
Hsiao-Man Hsu ◽  
Po-Tsun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Complexity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Writing Performance ◽  
Force Ratio ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
And Control

Background. Knowledge regarding the relationship between writing kinetics and the difference among writing tasks is limited. Purpose. This study examined the differences in handwriting performance when doing tasks with different levels of challenge from both temporal and kinetic perspectives among children in four different age groups. Method. The cross-sectional design introduced a force-acquisition pen to detect differences of pen grip and writing kinetics among 170 school-age children doing writing tasks at different difficulty levels. Data were obtained on the force information of the digits and pen tip and the kinetic parameters to examine the coordination-and-control mechanism between the digits and pen. Statistical analyzes were carried out to indicate the differences in writing performance among groups and tasks. Findings. Statistical differences in the pen-grip forces, force fluctuation, and force ratio between grip and pen-tip forces were found when performing different writing tasks and among different age groups. Implications. The study provides an alternative method to explore how writing performance among school-age children can vary according to the difficulty of the writing tasks.

Clinical interpretation of acetonemic vomiting in pediatries

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-76
Author(s):  
Lyubov Aleksandrovna Reshetnik ◽  
Yelena Olegovna Parfenova ◽  
Nadezhda Sergeyevna Krivickaya
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Other ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome ◽  
School Age ◽  
Pediatric Hospital ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Cyclic Vomiting

Acetonemic vomiting is a syndromic condition that occurs in 4–7-year-old children more often than in the other age groups (t = 53,5; p(0,001). Girls are more exposed to acetonemia (t = 55,5; p(0,001), but its severity is more expressed in boys (the average duration of ketoacidosis for boys is 1,58 days, for girls — 1,17 days (t = 3,8; p(0,001). There is also more expressed ketoacidosis in pre-school children as compared with toddlers (t = 2,9; p(0,01) and compared with school-age children (t = 2,8; p(0,01). There are no reliable gender differences in ketoacidosis’ severity. Now the number of children hospitalized to Ivano-Matreninskaya state pediatric hospital with cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) has increased by 8 times in the last 10 years.

scholarly journals Syntactic Versus Memory Accounts of the Sentence Comprehension Deficits of Specific Language Impairment: Looking Back, Looking Ahead

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1491-1504 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Montgomery ◽  
Ronald B. Gillam ◽  
Julia L. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Language Impairment ◽  
Specific Language Impairment ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Proper Modification

Purpose Compared with same-age typically developing peers, school-age children with specific language impairment (SLI) exhibit significant deficits in spoken sentence comprehension. They also demonstrate a range of memory limitations. Whether these 2 deficit areas are related is unclear. The present review article aims to (a) review 2 main theoretical accounts of SLI sentence comprehension and various studies supporting each and (b) offer a new, broader, more integrated memory-based framework to guide future SLI research, as we believe the available evidence favors a memory-based perspective of SLI comprehension limitations. Method We reviewed the literature on the sentence comprehension abilities of English-speaking children with SLI from 2 theoretical perspectives. Results The sentence comprehension limitations of children with SLI appear to be more fully captured by a memory-based perspective than by a syntax-specific deficit perspective. Conclusions Although a memory-based view appears to be the better account of SLI sentence comprehension deficits, this view requires refinement and expansion. Current memory-based perspectives of adult sentence comprehension, with proper modification, offer SLI investigators new, more integrated memory frameworks within which to study and better understand the sentence comprehension abilities of children with SLI.

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