Depression in silage intake by infusion of propionate into the rumen of the dairy cow

It is important to understand the factors which limit forage intake in ruminants. Most work carried out on sheep has now been extended to the dairy cow. The effects and possible roles of the short chain fatty acids In the control of forage intake in the dairy cow, in particular, hay intake have already been reported (Mbanya, 1988). One of the factors in question is propionate which depresses intake when given intraportally in sheep, but hay intake in the dairy cow was not affected by intraruminal propionate. The aim of this study was to test the role of propionate in the control of silage intake which has economical importance in the dairy industry.Five rumen fistulated Friesian cows in early lactation (mean yield 25 kg/day) were used in a Latin-square experiment and individually fed grass silage (DM: 229g/kg; CP: 158g/kg DM; MAD fibre = 349g/kg DM; ether extract: 42g/kg DM; ash: 96g/kg DM) ad libitum plus 6 kg of concentrate fed twice daily. 3h intraruminal infusions of the following were made on different days: Control (no infusion), 4,6 and 8 moles of sodium propionate in 41 water. Silage intake was measured during the 3h and for 2h post-infusion.

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Effect on forage intake and milk production of including maize silage in early or mid lactation in dairy cow rations based on grass silage

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600020948 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 1991 ◽

pp. 144-144 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R H Phipps ◽

R F Weller ◽

W J Fisher ◽

T Poole

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Dairy Cow ◽

Early Lactation ◽

Maize Silage ◽

Pricing Policy ◽

Current Trial ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Forage Intake ◽

Milk Marketing

Preliminary studies at the Bernard Weitz Centre have shown that maize silage has the potential to increase forage intake and milk production. The trend towards earlier calving, encouraged by the Milk Marketing Board pricing policy, means that maize silage may not be available for early lactation; as most farmers rely on the current seasons crop, and few carry stocks over from the previous year. The objective of the current trial was to determine the eflect on forage intake and milk production of incorporating maize silage into grass silage based rations either from early or mid-lactation.

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The Effect of Level of Supplement Feeding and Source of Protein on Milk Production and Nutrient Flows of Dairy Cows

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600026878 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 1994 ◽

pp. 142-142

Author(s):

F.P. O'Mara ◽

J.J. Murphy ◽

M. Rath

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Latin Square ◽

Nutrient Flows ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Bacterial Marker ◽

Friesian Cows

Milk protein synthesis may be limited by amino acid (AA) flow to the duodenum. This can be increased by increasing the flow of microbial AA's or undegraded feed AA's. This experiment was carried out to determine the effect on milk production and nutrient flows at the duodenum of including fishmeal (120g/kg) in the supplement to grass silage at two levels of supplement feeding.The treatments, arranged in a 2x2 factorial, were 1.) 3.5 kg/day of 0% fishmeal supplement (L-UDP), 2.) 7 kg/day of L-UDP, 3.) 3.5 kg/day of 12% fishmeal supplement (H-UDP), and 4.) 7 kg/day of H-UDP. Supplements were fed to 3 6 Friesian cows in a 4x4 multiple Latin-square trial with three week periods to determine production responses, and to four ruminally and duodenally cannulated cows to determine rumen fermentation and nutrient flows. Flows were determined by the dual marker technique of Faichney (1975) using cobalt-EDTA and ytterbium acetate as liquid and solid phase markers respectively. Purines were used as the bacterial marker (Zinn and Owens, 1986). Degradability of the feeds was measured in 3 other cows using the small bag technique described by De Boer et al. (1987).

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The effect of type of silage and level of concentrate supplementation offered during early lactation on total lactation performance of January/February calving cows

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s000335610002417x ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 341-354 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

R. W. J. Steen ◽

F. J. Gordon

Keyword(s):

Significant Interaction ◽

Live Weight ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Design Experiment ◽

Early Lactation ◽

Lactation Performance ◽

Concentrate Supplementation ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Factorial Design Experiment ◽

Friesian Cows

ABSTRACTA 3 × 2 factorial design experiment using 84 British Friesian cows was conducted to assess the effect of offering three types of grass silage and two levels of concentrate supplementation during early lactation on the total lactation performance of cows which calve during January and February. The three types of silage were early-cut wilted (ECW), early-cut unwilted (ECU) and late-cut unwilted (LCU), and the two levels of concentrate supplementation were 538 kg (LC) and 738 kg (HC) during a mean post-calving period of 71 days. The animals had a mean calving date of 29 January and were blocked according to calving date, and allocated at random to the treatments within each block on day 7 of lactation. The treatments were applied from day 7 of lactation until the animals were turned out to pasture on 18 April. Mean milk yields for the indoor period were: HC treatments 1963 (ECW), 1979 (ECU) and 1830 (LCU); LC treatments 1938 (ECW), 1942 (ECU) and 1731 (LCU) ± 41·3 kg; and for the total lactation were: HC treatments 5375 (ECW), 5438 (ECU) and 5284 (LCU); LC treatments 5509 (ECW), 5529 (ECU) and 5316 (LCU) ± 184·1 kg. There was no significant interaction between silage type and level of concentrate supplementation.Milk composition, animal live weight and body condition were not significantly affected by either silage type or level of concentrate supplementation.

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Diurnal Concentration of Urinary Nitrogen and Rumen Ammonia Are Modified by Timing and Mass of Herbage Allocation

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9110961 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 961

Author(s):

Ignacio E. Beltran ◽

Pablo Gregorini ◽

José Daza ◽

Oscar A. Balocchi ◽

Alvaro Morales ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Latin Square ◽

Time Of Day ◽

Diurnal Pattern ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Lactating Dairy Cows ◽

N Concentration ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

And Storage ◽

Urinary Nitrogen ◽

Friesian Cows

The objective of this work was to evaluate whether changes in time of herbage allocation and herbage mass (HM) (low (L) or medium (M)) modify the diurnal pattern of urinary nitrogen (N) concentration and ruminal ammonia (NH3) of lactating dairy cows. Four Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with rumen cannula were randomly allocated to one of four treatments: 1) low herbage mass in the morning (L-AM) (Access to new herbage allocation after morning milking with a herbage mass (HM) of 2000 kg DM/ha); 2) low herbage mass in the afternoon (L-PM) (Access to new herbage allocation after afternoon milking with a HM of 2000 kg DM/ha); 3) medium herbage mass in the morning (M-AM) (Access to new herbage allocation after morning milking with a HM of 3000 kg DM/ha); and 4) medium herbage mass in the afternoon (M-PM) (Access to new herbage allocation after afternoon milking with a HM of 3000 kg DM/ha). A four by four Latin Square design with four treatments, four cows, and four experimental periods was used to evaluate treatment effects. Rumen NH3 concentration was greater for L-AM compared to L-PM and M-PM at 13:00 and 16:00 h. Urine urea and N concentrations were lower for M-AM compared to L-AM. Urine N concentration was greater for L-AM than other treatments at 10:00 hours and greater for M-PM compared to M-AM at 16:00 hours. Results suggest that maintaining the cows in the holding pen at the milking parlor for two hours after morning grass silage supplementation for L-AM and for two hours after afternoon grass silage supplementation for M-PM, could allow collection of urine from cows at the holding pen and storage of urine in the slurry pit during the time of peak N concentration, returning cows to the pasture at a time of day when urinary N concentration is decreased.

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Rumen fill and digesta kinetics in lactating Friesian cows given two levels of concentrates with two types of grass silage ad lib

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19910042 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 381-398 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

J. Gasa ◽

K. Holtenius ◽

J. D. Sutton ◽

M. S. Dhanoa ◽

D. J. Napper

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Rate Constant ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Latin Square ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Fractional Rate ◽

Fibre Degradation ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Resting Period ◽

Friesian Cows

Four lactating Friesian cows with permanent cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were given early (EC)- or late (LC)-cut grass silage ad lib., each with either 3 or 9 kg concentrate dry matter (DM)/d in a 4 x 4 Latin square design starting about 10 weeks after calving. Feed was offered twice daily at 08.30 hours and 15.30 hours. Periods lasted 5 weeks and measurements were made in the last 15 d. The higher amount of concentrates increased total DM intake but reduced silage DM intake and the fractional rate of degradation of silage-fibre DM. Later cutting date of silage had no effect on DM intake or the fractional rate of degradation of silage-fibre DM but reduced potential degradability of silage fibre. Dilution rate of CoEDTA in rumen fluid was greater during the day (eating period) than during the night (resting period). Dilution rates measured at the duodenum were lower than those measured in the rumen, but neither was affected by diet. Silage-particle passage rates were measured by use of ytterbium-labelled silage fibre (Yb-fibre) and chromium-mordanted faecal particles (Cr-faeces) and samples were taken at the duodenum and in the faeces. Values for slower rate constant (k1) and transit time were higher and for faster rate constant (k2) were lower for Yb-fibre than for Cr-faeces, but differences in total mean retention time were inconsistent. Values for k1 for both markers and k2 for Yb-fibre only were similar at both sampling sites, but values for k2 for Cr-faeces were lower in the faeces. No diet effects were established with Yb-fibre but, with Cr-faeces, k1 was reduced by more concentrates and EC-silage. Daily mean weights of wet digesta, liquid, neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and indigestible NDF in the rumen were greater with LC-silage but were unaffected by the amount of concentrates whereas weight of rumen DM was increased by the amount of concentrates only. Maximum rumen fill occurred at 18.00 hours with all diets. Particle-size distribution of rumen contents did not vary markedly during the day. Mean particle size was generally greater with LC-silage than EC-silage. Very small particles, passing through the 0.3 mm screen, constituted about half the rumen DM. It is concluded that rumen fill could have limited intake of LC-silage but not EC-silage. The reduced silage intake with greater concentrate intake was associated with a reduction in fibre degradation rate and an increase in rumen DM fill but no other consistent effects on weight or kinetics of rumen fractions were established.

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Effects of replacing barley/soya with malt distillers grains (draff) in silage based complete diets for dairy cows

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600010576 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 1989 ◽

pp. 64-64

Author(s):

J J Hyslop ◽

D J Roberts

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Previous Experiment ◽

Distillers Grains ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Design Experiment ◽

Early Lactation ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Friesian Cows

In a previous experiment outlined at last year's conference (Hyslop and Roberts, 1988), it was demonstrated that replacement of a proprietary pelleted concentrate with malt distillers grains (draff), should be limited to 15% of total dry matter intake (DMI) when draff is offered in two feeds per day. However there is little evidence to validate such a limitation when draff is used as a concentrate replacement in complete diets. This experiment examined the effect of replacing barley/soya with draff plus additional minerals in silage based complete diets.In a cyclic changeover design experiment consisting of 4 three week periods, fifteen British Friesian cows in early lactation were offered five treatments. Cows were given ad libitum access to one of five complete diets based on grass silage (69 “D”). Draff plus additional minerals gradually replaced barley/soya at increasing rates in diets 0-4 respectively.

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Urea-treated straw as an ingredient in dairy cow diets

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600024260 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 1993 ◽

pp. 100-100

Author(s):

N. Iqbal ◽

J.D. Leaver

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cow ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Latin Square ◽

Red Clover ◽

Latin Squares ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Low Nitrogen ◽

High Cellulose ◽

Friesian Cows

Cereal straw is the most abundant of crop residues and is an important feed resource especially in tropical countries. The limitations to its use arise from its high cellulose and lignin and low nitrogen content. The objectives of this research were to investigate the use of urea for the treatment of wheat straw and incorporation of the forage into dairy cow diets.In Experiment 1, 8 lactating Holstein Friesian cows were used in two 4 x 4 Latin Squares with three week periods. The treatments were; A - red clover silage (CS) ad libitum. B - 5kg DM/day CS + urea treated straw (TST) ad libitum. C - as for B but using untreated straw (UST), D - as for C but the straw was wetted at feeding to produce the same DM as TST (WST 600 g DM/kg). TST was treated with 5% urea (DM basis) and stored for 4-13 weeks. All cows were fed 6.4 kg DM/day of molassed sugarbeet pulp (MSBP) and o.6 kg DM/day of cottonseed meal (CSM).In Experiment 2, 10 Holstein Friesian cows were used in an incomplete Latin Square design of four 3 week periods. The treatments were; E - CS, F - 25% UST + 75% CS, G - 50% UST + 50% CS, H - 25% TST + 75% CS, I - 50% TST + 50% CS. All forages were offered ad libitum, arid in F to I pairs of forages were mixed. The urea was applied to TST at a rate of 7.5% (DM basis). The concentrate was 4.7 kg DM/day of MSBP and 2.3 kg DM/day of soya meal.

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Effect of timing and level of protein supply on silage intake, feeding behaviour and milk yield of lactating dairy cattle

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200002325 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 1999 ◽

pp. 77-77

Author(s):

D L Romney ◽

V Blunn ◽

J D Leaver

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Latin Square ◽

Protein Supplement ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Forage Intake ◽

Fat Yield ◽

Present Trial ◽

Protein Supply ◽

Lactating Dairy Cattle ◽

Stimulation Of

Previous studies have shown that the timing of supplement distribution and supplement type can have implications on forage intake and/or production. For example, Robinson et al. (1997) showed that feeding a protein supplement at 00.30 h compared with 08.30 h increased fat yield through stimulation of rumen fermentation. The objective of the present trial was to test the hypothesis “that supplying a protein supplement either before or after silage was offered would affect feeding pattern and silage intake”.Twelve multiparous cows, with average starting milk yield of 25.4 (s.d. 5.95) kg/day were allocated to one of six treatments in an incomplete Latin square with four periods of 21 days. Grass silage (219 g/kg DM, 151 g CP/kg DM) was fed ad libitum mixed with barley in the ratio 3:1 on a DM basis.

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A comparison of a dairy cow compound feed with and without cassava given with grass silage

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100025150 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 19-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T. D. A. Brigstocke ◽

N. H. Cuthbert ◽

W. S. Thickett ◽

M. A. Lindeman ◽

P. N. Wilson

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Dairy Cow ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Grass Silage ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Fat Level ◽

Daily Intakes ◽

Friesian Cows

ABSTRACTCassava is increasingly available in the United Kingdom for use in compound feeds. The trial reported here was a 2 × 4 factorial and compared dairy cow compound feeds containing nil or 400 g of cassava per kg, and crude protein levels of 100, 120, 140 and 160 g/kg, given in conjunction with grass silage.Forty-eight Friesian cows were used in a change-over design with four periods each of 4 weeks. The trial, therefore, compared six blocks of four cows on each of the non-cassava and cassava treatments, with each cow in a block receiving a different protein level. Compound feeds without cassava had a mean barley content of 600g/kg whereas feeds with cassava had a mean barley content of 103g/kg.There were no significant differences in milk yield (21 14 and 22·27 kg/day) or milk fat level (41·4 and 40·4g/kg milk) on the non-cassava and cassava treatments respectively (P ≤ 0·05). Differences in solids-not-fat concentration were also not significant.Average intakes of silage were similar on each type of diet. Daily intakes of the compound feed per cow varied from 6·95kg on the non-cassava treatment to 7·08kg on the cassava treatment. This difference in compound intake was not significant. The results indicated that compound feed containing 400 g of cassava per kg perform as well as cereal-based feeds and, therefore, cassava can be considered as a satisfactory replacement for cereals up to a level of 400 g/kg in compound feeds for dairy cows.

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