Comparison of Seven Ultrasonic Techniques for In Vivo Estimation of Pig Carcass Composition

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 135-135
Author(s):  
C M Yates ◽  
M G Owen
Keyword(s):  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Ultrasonic Techniques ◽  
Selection For

There are now many ultrasonic techniques, some capable of measuring fat depth, muscle depth and muscle area, which could be used to improve selection for breeding. An evaluation of seven techniques was conducted by the Meat and Livestock Commission to enable users to select the most appropriate technique based on accuracy, practicality and cost.

Selection for improved carcass composition in Suffolk Sheep : Interim Results

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 9-9
Author(s):  
G Simm ◽  
W S Dingwall ◽  
S V Murphy ◽  
J FitzSimons ◽  
W R Brown
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Selection Indices ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Breed Selection ◽  
Terminal Sire ◽  
Suffolk Sheep

It is likely that returns from lamb production in future will depend, much more than at present, on producing leaner carcasses. There are several short-term changes in management which could produce leaner carcasses. However, In the longer term genetic Improvement, particularly by within-breed selection In terminal sire breeds, is likely to provide permanent, cumulative and cost-effective benefits In carcass composition. In the early 1980s a research project was started at the Edinburgh School of Agriculture, using Suffolk sheep, to examine the genetic potential for Improving carcass composition In terminal sires. The work commenced with an evaluation of techniques for in vivo measurement of carcass composition (Simm, 1987) and derivation of selection indices to incorporate In vivo measurements (Simm and Dingwall, 1989). Since 1985 In vivo measurement and Index selection have been practised In the experimental flock, which now numbers about 220 ewes. This paper reports the interim results of selection.

Comparison of seven ultrasonic techniques for in vivo estimation of beef carcass composition with special reference to performance testing

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Porter ◽  
M. G. Owen ◽  
S. J. Page ◽  
A. V. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Velocity Of Sound ◽  
Subjective Assessments ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Ultrasonic Techniques

ABSTRACTForty-nine bulls, 27 Limousin × Friesian and 22 Charolais × Friesian, were evaluated and slaughtered in four batches of about equal size over 4 weeks. Each batch was of one breed. Age, live weight at evaluation and subjective assessments of fatness and conformation were recorded together with fat and muscle measurements by the Delphi, Meritronics, Scanogram, Vetscan, Kaijo Denki, Warren and the Velocity of Sound ultrasonic machines. Experienced operators were used to assess the performance of machine/operator combinations likely to be achieved in bull performance testing in the field. Fat thicknesses and areas, and m. longissimus areas were taken at the 10th rib and 13th rib, and 3rd lumbar regions by most machines. For the Delphi and Meritronics machines, fat thicknesses only were taken; for the Velocity of Sound machine, time interval measurements and anatomical distances were taken at the shoulder, mid back, lumbar and hind limb regions. The left side of each carcass was fully separated into lean, subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat, bone and waste. All measurements were examined as potential predictors of carcass composition in step-wise regression in a model which included week of evaluation, breed and live weight at evaluation as the first independent variable. On the whole, scanning machines had a higher precision than A-mode machines, with the Velocity of Sound machine achieving the highest precision for carcass lean (g/kg) (residual s.d. = 13·0) and fat (g/kg) (residual s.d. = 14·1). None of the linear and area measurements taken on the carcass achieved the degree of precision of the Velocity of Sound, Scanogram and Vetscan machines.

Comparison of Four Ultrasonic Techniques for In Vivo Estimation of Sheep Carcass Composition

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 28-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.P Chadwick ◽  
C.M. Yates ◽  
M.G. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dynamic Imaging ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Equal Size ◽  
List Type ◽  
Velocity Of Sound ◽  
Ultrasonic Techniques

1. There are many ultrasonic machines using a range of techniques varying in sophistication to measure fat and muscle depths for predicting carcass composition. An evaluation of four techniques was conducted by the Meat and Livestock Commission (MLC) to enable potential users to select the most appropriate technique based on accuracy, practicality and cost.2. A total of 150 commercial sheep comprising approximately equal numbers of castrates and ewes were evaluated in five batches of about equal size in lairage at one of two abattoirs. Live weight was recorded together with fat and muscle measurements from the Aloka, Dynamic Imaging, Dumatic and Velocity of Sound (VOS) ultrasonic techniques.3. The Aloka is a B-Mode real-time medical scanner which is currently used on cattle in Australia. The Dynamic Imaging is also a B-Mode real-time medical scanner which is currently used in MLC's Sheepbreeder Service.

Improvement of effectiveness in maize breeding

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Pepó
Keyword(s):  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Maize Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Selection For

Plant regeneration via tissue culture is becoming increasingly more common in monocots such as maize (Zea mays L.). Pollen (gametophytic) selection for resistance to aflatoxin in maize can greatly facilitate recurrent selection and the screening of germplasm for resistance at much less cost and in a shorter time than field testing. In vivo and in vitro techniques have been integrated in maize breeding programmes to obtain desirable agronomic attributes, enhance the genes responsible for them and speed up the breeding process. The efficiency of anther and tissue cultures in maize and wheat has reached the stage where they can be used in breeding programmes to some extent and many new cultivars produced by genetic manipulation have now reached the market.

Genetic variation and relationship of ultrasonic measures and carcass composition in Suffolk cross lambs

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 111-111
Author(s):  
V.C. Flamarique ◽  
R.M. Lewis ◽  
G. Simm
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurement ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Selection Indices ◽  
Terminal Sire ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Excess fat in lamb is regarded as an important reason for less lamb meat being purchased by consumers. This has encouraged the development and use (particularly in Terminal Sire breeds) of selection indices that can identify animals that will sire leaner progeny. These indices usually include live weight and in vivo predictors of body composition, such as an ultrasonic measurement of muscle and fat depth, as selection criteria (Simm and Dingwall, 1989). But the usefulness of such in vivo measurements as predictors of carcass composition depends on the correlation between, and the variation in, live and carcass measures. The objectives of this study were to determine the strength of the relationship between ultrasound and dissection measures of carcass composition, and the degree of genetic variation in these measures, in crossbred progeny of Suffolk rams.

Biochemical and genetic characterization of a yeast TFIID mutant that alters transcription in vivo and DNA binding in vitro

1992 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 2372-2382
Author(s):  
K M Arndt ◽  
S L Ricupero ◽  
D M Eisenmann ◽  
F Winston
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dna Binding ◽  
Direct Repeat ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Dna Binding Specificity ◽  
Selection For

A mutation in the gene that encodes Saccharomyces cerevisiae TFIID (SPT15), which was isolated in a selection for mutations that alter transcription in vivo, changes a single amino acid in a highly conserved region of the second direct repeat in TFIID. Among eight independent spt15 mutations, seven cause this same amino acid change, Leu-205 to Phe. The mutant TFIID protein (L205F) binds with greater affinity than that of wild-type TFIID to at least two nonconsensus TATA sites in vitro, showing that the mutant protein has altered DNA binding specificity. Site-directed mutations that change Leu-205 to five different amino acids cause five different phenotypes, demonstrating the importance of this amino acid in vivo. Virtually identical phenotypes were observed when the same amino acid changes were made at the analogous position, Leu-114, in the first repeat of TFIID. Analysis of these mutations and additional mutations in the most conserved regions of the repeats, in conjunction with our DNA binding results, suggests that these regions of the repeats play equivalent roles in TFIID function, possibly in TATA box recognition.

scholarly journals Selection for higher body weight in Nelore cattle is effective in achieving an increase of longissimus muscle area without reducing subcutaneous fat thickness

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1426-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Roque Pinheiro ◽  
Maria Eugênia Zerlotti Mercadante ◽  
Lucia Galvão de Albuquerque ◽  
Sarah Figueiredo Martins Bonilha ◽  
Fábio Morato Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Longissimus Muscle ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat Thickness ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Nelore Cattle

scholarly journals Looking under the hide of animals. The history of ultrasound to assess carcass composition and meat quality in farm animals

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 523-535
Author(s):  
Severiano R Silva ◽  
James R Stouffer
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Animal Science ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
The 1950S

Resumo O desafio de saber qual a composição de um animal vivo tem sido perseguido de forma incessante desde os anos 50 do século XX. Ao longo deste tempo, diversas técnicas têm sido testadas como comprovam os numerosos trabalhos científicos sobre o tema nas principais revistas de ciência animal. O objetivo central destes trabalhos é a obtenção in vivo de informação sobre características relacionadas com a carcaça e com a qualidade da carne. As técnicas que empregam ultrassons estão entre as que mais sucesso apresentam. Há ao longo da história vários marcos que são pilares no desenvolvimento dos ultrassons. No século XVIII, o padre e biólogo Lazzaro Spallanzani, intrigado com a capacidade de orientação noturna dos morcegos, descobriu a ecolocalização. Em 1880, os irmãos Curie apresentaram as propriedades piezelétricas de determinados cristais. Mais tarde durante e entre as duas grandes guerras mundiais ocorreram inúmeros desenvolvimentos tecnológicos no campo militar, mas também no campo médico relacionados com ultrassons. Durante a década de 50 foram apresentadas utilizações de ultrassons com imagem. Quase simultaneamente a primeira utilização em animais foi realizada em 1956 nos EUA. Desde então ocorreram enormes desenvolvimentos quer nos equipamentos de ultrassons, quer nas imagens e na sua análise. Atualmente os ultrassons são uma ferramenta precisa e objetiva que apresenta um papel relevante para avaliar in vivo características da carcaça e de qualidade da carne de ovinos, suínos e bovinos.Palavras-chave: história, ultrassons, ciência animal, carcaça, qualidade da carne Abstract The challenge of knowing the composition of a living animal has been pursued incessantly since the 1950s. Throughout this time, several techniques have been tested as evidenced by the numerous scientific articles found on the subject in the leading animal science journals. The primary objective of this work is obtaining information in vivo on characteristics related to carcass and meat quality. The techniques that employ ultrasound are among the most successful. Throughout history, several milestones have been found in the development of ultrasound. In the eighteenth century, priest and biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani, intrigued by the nocturnal ability of bats, discovered echolocation. In 1880 the Curie brothers presented the piezoelectric properties of certain crystals. Later during and between the two world wars, numerous ultrasound technological developments occurred in the military field but also the medical field. Ultrasound with imaging was presented during the 1950s. The application of ultrasound to animals has had a very close relationship to medical applications, and almost simultaneously the first use in animals was held in 1956 in the USA. Since then, there have been enormous developments in both the ultrasound equipment and the images and their analysis. Ultrasound is currently an accurate and objective tool that has a relevant role in evaluating in vivo carcass characteristics and meat quality in the main farm species (cattle, swine, goat, sheep and poultry) and fish. Keywords: history, ultrasound, animal science, carcass, meat

scholarly journals Mutagenesis and ultraviolet inactivation of transforming DNA of Haemophilus influenzae complexed with a Bacillus subtilis protein that alters DNA conformation.

1996 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
J K Setlow ◽  
B C Setlow ◽  
P Setlow
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Dna Conformation ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis Spore ◽  
Pyrimidine Dimers ◽  
Resistance Markers ◽  
Selection For

The wild-type Bacillus subtilis spore protein, SspCwt, binds to DNA in vitro and in vivo and changes the conformation of DNA from B to A. Synthesis of the cloned SspCwt gene in Escherichia coli also causes large increases in mutation frequency. Binding of SspCwt to transforming DNA from Haemophilus influenzae made the DNA resistant to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The mutant protein, SspCala, which does not bind DNA, did not change the UV resistance. The UV sensitivity of the DNA/SspCwt complex was not increased when the recipients of the DNA were defective in excision of pyrimidine dimers. These data indicate that the H. influenzae excision mechanism does not operate on the spore photoproduct formed by UV irradiation of the complex. Selection for the streptomycin- or erythromycin-resistance markers on the transforming DNA evidenced significant mutations at loci closely linked to these, but not at other loci. SspCwt apparently entered the cell attached to the transforming DNA, and caused mutations in adjacent loci. The amount of such mutations decreased when the transforming DNA was UV irradiated, because UV unlinks linked markers.

scholarly journals The kinetics of T cell antigen receptor expression by subgroups of CD4+8+ thymocytes: delineation of CD4+8+3(2+) thymocytes as post-selection intermediates leading to mature T cells.

1991 ◽  
Vol 173 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Shortman ◽  
D Vremec ◽  
M Egerton
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Small Subgroup ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
Blast Cells ◽  
Selection For

Cortical thymocytes from adult mice, separated on the basis of coexpression of CD4 and CD8 or of binding of high levels of peanut agglutinin (PNA), were subdivided according to the level of expression of the T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex. The incidence of dividing cells in the resultant subpopulations was determined by DNA staining. Precursor-product relationships and the timing of TCR-CD3 acquisition were studied using continuous in vivo [3H]TdR labeling and radioautography. The extent of intrathymic selection for TCR specificity in the subpopulations was determined from the incidence of cells bearing V beta 6 or V beta 17a in different mouse strains. The majority of dividing CD4+8+ blast cells expressed extremely low levels of TCR-CD3, indicating that TCR expression and specificity selection generally occurred after division ceased. The [3H]TdR-labeling studies indicated that postdivision TCR expression was rapid, and that those nondividing cortical thymocytes which had not expressed significant levels of TCR by day 1, remained extremely low or negative for their entire 3.6-d lifespan. Small cortical thymocytes which expressed moderate levels of TCR-CD3, were predominantly an unselected population with a lifespan of 3.8 d. A small subgroup of CD4+8+ PNA+ cortical thymocytes expressing high levels of TCR-CD3 was identified as a nondividing intermediate between the small cortical thymocytes expressing moderate levels of TCR and mature medullary thymocytes. These intermediates showed a 1-d lag in [3H]TdR labeling, then a 3.4-d transit time. The cell flux through this intermediate subpopulation was approximately 10(6) cells/d, similar to the rate of turnover of mature thymocytes; thus, although only 3-4% of thymocytes progressed to this intermediate state, once reaching it most then progressed to full maturity. In accordance with this, the incidence of the V beta selection markers within the intermediate subpopulation indicated that both positive and negative selection had already occurred. Selection for TCR specificity in the systems studied appeared to take place among CD4+8+ thymocytes expressing intermediate levels of TCR.

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