scholarly journals The Effects of Maternal Deprivation on the Hippocampal Structure in Adult Rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (03) ◽  
pp. 356-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pınar Karakaş ◽  
Memduha Gülhal Bozkır ◽  
Fahri Dere ◽  
Enver Melik ◽  
Emine Babar Melik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Structure ◽  
Maternal Deprivation ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Axodendritic Synapses ◽  
Group Control Group

Objectives:To examine the ultrastructural effects of maternal deprivation during developmental periods of limbi-chypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system on hippocampal dendritic structures in adult rats.Methods:The experiments were carried out with male and female wistar rats in our department. The rats were mated and, after birth, the pups were divided into four groups. The first group (control group) pups remained undisturbed with their dam until postweaning day 22. Maternal deprived groups were separated from their dams for 24 hours at postnatal day 4, 9 and 18. The subjects were provided with food and water ad libitum until 3-months-of-age. At the third month, the rats were transcardially perfused, samples were taken from CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. Tissues were prepared for electron microscopy.Results:When the data were analyzed, there were no differences between male and female rats in both ultrastructure and semiquantitative analysis of axodendritic synapses. The ultrastructure of Group 1 was seen as normal while in the second Group some neurons nuclear envelope made deep invagination into the nucleus. Additionally, axodendritic synapses were found normal. In Group 3, micrographs and axodendritic synapses were showed normal structure. However, in Group 4 in some neurons invaginations were seen similar to Group 2. Axodendritic synapses were found to be normal.Conclusion:These experiments establish that MD in rats produces slight ultrastructural changes and decreases the number of synapses in CA1 and CA3 subregions of the hippocampus.

scholarly journals Effects of Maternal Deprivation on Anxiety, Depression, and Empathy in Male and Female Offspring of Wistar Rats in the Face of Novel Objects

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1093
Author(s):  
Solmaz Khalifeh ◽  
Fariba Khodagholi ◽  
Mehrad Moghtadaei ◽  
Ali Behvarmanesh ◽  
Afshin Kheradmand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Maternal Deprivation ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Novel Objects ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Background: Early life stress (ELS) models such as maternal deprivation (MD) are used to in¬vestigate behavioral changes in rodents under stressful situations. MD is a situation in which rat pups are separated from the dam; MD has different paradigms. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effects of maternal deprivation on anxiety, depression, and empathy in adult Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: MD was applied to pups as per specifically designed protocol to compare rats of the control group with maternal deprivation rats and also the group, which faced novel objects. Each group consisted of eight rats. In this study, separation started from postnatal day (PND) 14 for various periods up to PND 60. EPM test was undertaken to measure anxiety; moreover, FST was used to indicate levels of depression. Also, changes in the empathy ratio were also demonstrated. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey’s post hoc analysis, and t-test were applied to analyze the results. Results: MD-treated rats showed a significant decrease in anxiety and empathy indexes compared with those in the control group (P<0.05). However, MD significantly increased depression in both male and female rats (P<0.05). Final¬ly, exposure to novel objects decreased depression but did not have any effect on anxiety and empathy levels in MD rats (P<0.05). Conclusion: ELS may lead to various states of mood and behavior in adulthood. According to the findings of this study, depression increases due to MD, though both anxiety and empathy decrease in both male and female Wistar rats. Moreover, ex¬posure to novel objects decreases depression, while anxiety and empathy do not change signifi¬cantly with exposure to novel objects. [GMJ.2019;8:e1093]

scholarly journals Effects of Maternal Deprivation on Anxiety, Depression, and Empathy in Male and Female Offspring of Wistar Rats in the Face of Novel Objects

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e1093
Author(s):  
Solmaz Khalifeh ◽  
Fariba Khodagholi ◽  
Mehrad Moghtadaei ◽  
Ali Behvarmanesh ◽  
Afshin Kheradmand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Maternal Deprivation ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Novel Objects ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Background: Early life stress (ELS) models such as maternal deprivation (MD) are used to in¬vestigate behavioral changes in rodents under stressful situations. MD is a situation in which rat pups are separated from the dam; MD has different paradigms. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effects of maternal deprivation on anxiety, depression, and empathy in adult Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: MD was applied to pups as per specifically designed protocol to compare rats of the control group with maternal deprivation rats and also the group, which faced novel objects. Each group consisted of eight rats. In this study, separation started from postnatal day (PND) 14 for various periods up to PND 60. EPM test was undertaken to measure anxiety; moreover, FST was used to indicate levels of depression. Also, changes in the empathy ratio were also demonstrated. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey’s post hoc analysis, and t-test were applied to analyze the results. Results: MD-treated rats showed a significant decrease in anxiety and empathy indexes compared with those in the control group (P<0.05). However, MD significantly increased depression in both male and female rats (P<0.05). Final¬ly, exposure to novel objects decreased depression but did not have any effect on anxiety and empathy levels in MD rats (P<0.05). Conclusion: ELS may lead to various states of mood and behavior in adulthood. According to the findings of this study, depression increases due to MD, though both anxiety and empathy decrease in both male and female Wistar rats. Moreover, ex¬posure to novel objects decreases depression, while anxiety and empathy do not change signifi¬cantly with exposure to novel objects. [GMJ.2019;8:e1093]

INDUCTION OF GOITRE BY PTU OR KClO4 IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS. EFFECT OF GONADECTOMY

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Jolín ◽  
M. J. Tarin ◽  
M. D. Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Content ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Tsh Levels

ABSTRACT Male and female rats of varying ages were placad on a low iodine diet (LID) plus KClO4 or 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) or on the same diet supplemented with I (control rats). Goitrogenesis was also induced with LID plus PTU in gonadectomized animals of both sexes. The weight of the control and goitrogen treated animals, and the weight and iodine content of their thyroids were determined, as well as the plasma PBI, TSH, insulin and glucose levels. The pituitary GH-like protein content was assessed by disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. If goitrogenesis was induced in young rats of both sexes starting with rats of the same age, body weight (B.W.) and pituitary growth hormone (GH) content, it was found that both the males and females developed goitres of the same size. On the contrary, when goitrogenesis was induced in adult animals, it was found that male rats, that had larger B.W. and pituitary GH content than age-paired females, developed larger goitres. However, both male and female rats were in a hypothyroid condition of comparable degree as judged by the thyroidal iodine content and the plasma PBI and TSH levels. When all the data on the PTU or KClO4-treated male and female rats of varying age and B.W. were considered together, it was observed that the weights of the thyroids increased proportionally to B.W. However, a difference in the slope of the regression of the thyroid weight over B.W. was found between male and female rats, due to the fact that adult male rats develop larger goitres than female animals. In addition, in the male rats treated with PTU, gonadectomy decreased the B.W., pituitary content of GH-like protein and, concomitantly, the size of the goitre decreased; an opposite effect was induced by ovariectomy on the female animals. However, when goitrogenesis was induced in weight-paired adult rats of both sexes, the male animals still developed larger goitres than the females. Among all the parameters studied here, the only ones which appeared to bear a consistent relationship with the size of the goitres in rats of different sexes, treated with a given goitrogen, were the rate of body growth and the amount of a pituitary GH-like protein found before the onset of the goitrogen treatment. Moreover, though the pituitary content of the GH-like protein decreased as a consequence of goitrogen treatment, it was still somewhat higher in male that in female animals. The present results suggest that GH may somehow be involved in the mechanism by which male and female rats on goitrogens develop goitres of different sizes, despite equally high plasma TSH levels.

Different effect of l-NAME treatment on susceptibility to decompression sickness in male and female rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 1280-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Mazur ◽  
Peter Buzzacott ◽  
Kate Lambrechts ◽  
Qiong Wang ◽  
Marc Belhomme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decompression Sickness ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Bubble Formation ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
No Production ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Expression Activity ◽  
No Bioavailability

Vascular bubble formation results from supersaturation during inadequate decompression contributes to endothelial injuries, which form the basis for the development of decompression sickness (DCS). Risk factors for DCS include increased age, weight–fat mass, decreased maximal oxygen uptake, chronic diseases, dehydration, and nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Production of NO is often affected by diving and its expression–activity varies between the genders. Little is known about the influence of sex on the risk of DCS. To study this relationship we used an animal model of Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) to induce decreased NO production. Male and female rats with diverse ages and weights were divided into 2 groups: treated with l-NAME (in tap water; 0.05 mg·mL–1 for 7 days) and a control group. To control the distribution of nitrogen among tissues, 2 different compression–decompression protocols were used. Results showed that l-NAME was significantly associated with increased DCS in female rats (p = 0.039) only. Weight was significant for both sexes (p = 0.01). The protocol with the highest estimated tissue pressures in the slower compartments was 2.6 times more likely to produce DCS than the protocol with the highest estimated tissue pressures in faster compartments. The outcome of this study had significantly different susceptibility to DCS after l-NAME treatment between the sexes, while l-NAME per se had no effect on the likelihood of DCS. The analysis also showed that for the appearance of DCS, the most significant factors were type of protocol and weight.

scholarly journals Toxicity Evaluation of a Traditional Polyherbal Unani Formulation Jawarish Shahi in Rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 412-418
Author(s):  
Mohd Urooj ◽  
◽  
Mohammad Ahmed Khan ◽  
G. Thejaswini ◽  
Munawwar Husain Kazmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Salix Caprea ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Dose Levels

Jawarish Shahi (JS) is a compound polyherbal Unani pharmacopoeial formulation indicated for Khafqan (Palpitation), Nafkh-e-Shikam (Flatulence) and Waswas (Insanity; false perception and hallucinations). Jawarish Shahi contains herbs like Halela (Terminalia chebula), Amla (Emblica officinalis), Kishneez (Coriandrum sativum), Elaichi Khurd, (Elettaria cardamomum), and Bed Mushk (Salix caprea). The present study was carried out as per OECD 408 guidance to evaluate 90 days repeated oral dose toxicity in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. The study was performed at dose levels 1028 and 2000 mg/kg bw. No adverse effects were reported with respect to body weight, feed intake, behavior and clinical signs indicative of systemic toxicity. The expected growth pattern was observed in body weight and feed intake as compared to control group at both dose levels in male and female rats. There were few significant alterations with respect to hematology, and clinical biochemistry, however the results were within normal range thus considered toxicologically insignificant. The microscopic examination of different organ/tissue showed that no histopathological changes were observed. The findings of the study showed that No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for JS is greater than 2000 mg/kg body weight

scholarly journals Evaluation of Some Male and Female Rats’ Reproductive Hormones Following Administration of Aspartame With or Without Vitamin C or E

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Omar H Azeez
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2

Aspartame (ASP) is a sugar substitute. Its use rose because it has been demonstrated to have deleterious effects after being metabolized. In the presence of antioxidant vitamins C or E, the effects of ASP on reproductive hormones of adult male and female Albino Wister rats were investigated. A total of eighty male and female rats were used in this study. The rats were divided into four groups: group 1, received no treatment; group 2, received ASP at 40 mg/kg BW; group 3, received ASP at 40 mg/kg BW with vitamin C at 150 mg/kg BW; and group 4, received ASP at 40 mg/kg BW and vitamin E at 100 mg/kg BW. All treatments were given orally by gavage needle once daily for consecutive 90 days. The levels of estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone hormone (TH) were measured after 90 days in blood plasma. In comparison with the control group, ASP treatment resulted in lower levels of E2, FSH, and LH in male and female rats. When the antioxidants vitamin C or E was given, the effects of ASP were reversed, and the levels of E2, LH, and FSH were increased. The testosterone hormone was likewise significantly increased by ASP, but testosterone hormone concentrations were decreased by vitamin C or E treatments. Long-term ASP consumption caused interfering with testicular and ovarian hormonal activity, while vitamins C and E on the other hand, overcome longstanding consumption ASP's effects.

Immunohistochemical localization and immunoblotting of androgen receptor in spinal neurons of male and female rats

1996 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. 626-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Lumbroso ◽  
F Sandillon ◽  
V Georget ◽  
JM Lobaccaro ◽  
AO Brinkmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Immunohistochemical Localization ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Spinal Neurons ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Lumbroso S. Sandillon F, Georget V. Lobaccaro JM, Brinkmann AO, Privat A, Sultan C. Immunohistochemical localization and immunoblotting of androgen receptor in spinal neurons of male and female rats. Eur J Endocrinol 1996:134;626–32. ISSN 0804–4643 Androgen activity in the central nervous system, as in other tissues, is mediated by the androgen receptor. We performed the precise localization of the androgen receptor in spinal cord of male and female adult rats by immunohistochemistry using polyclonal antibodies. Light microscopy indicated immunoreactivity in the anterior horn with a strong staining in motoneurons, but staining was also observed in the posterior horn. Electron microscopy showed a predominant nuclear immunostaining. A weaker but significant immunoreactive androgen receptor was also noted in the perinuclear/ intracysternal position. Moreover, no differences were found between male and female rats. Immuno-blotting demonstrated that the androgen receptor is expressed in both ventral and dorsal spinal cord, with an apparent molecular mass identical to that noted in other androgen-dependent tissues. The expression of androgen receptor in motoneurons corroborates the role of androgens in motoneuron growth, development and regeneration and underlies the possibility that androgen receptor abnormality leads to the motoneuron degeneration observed in X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Charles Sultan, Unité BEDR, Hôpital Lapeyronie, 34295 Montpellier, France

Parasite populations in the brown ratRattus norvegicusfrom Doha, Qatar between years: the effect of host age, sex and density

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Abu-Madi ◽  
J.M. Behnke ◽  
M. Mikhail ◽  
J.W. Lewis ◽  
M.L. Al-Kaabi
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Species ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Parasite Populations ◽  
Age And Sex

AbstractA total of 179 urban rats were sampled in the city of Doha in Qatar across the winter seasons (February–April) of 2002 and 2003. Only two parasites were identified, with overall prevalences of 35.8% and 41.3% for the cestodeHymenolepis diminutaand the fleaXenopsylla astiarespectively. The prevalence ofH. diminutawas markedly influenced by both year of study and host age, being higher in 2003 and amongst older rats. The abundance of infection ofH. diminutawas influenced by the year of study, host age and sex. Worm burdens in adult rats were almost twice as heavy in males compared with females and adults of both sexes harboured heavier infections than juveniles. The prevalence ofX. astiawas influenced by both year and host age, being higher in juvenile rats in 2002 and in adults in 2003. The abundance ofX. astiawas significantly higher in 2003 and both male and female rats showed similar abundances, but in 2003 females were more heavily infested. Reasons for this are discussed in relation to the differing foraging strategies shown by male and female rats. The prevalence and abundance profiles for bothH. diminutaandX. astiawere higher overall in 2003 due to a significant increase in the rat population density, although this did not reflect in any increase in parasite species richness. Rats that were infected withH. diminutawere almost twice as likely to be infected withX. astiathan those without the cestode, but when controlled for the effects of year, host age and sex, no quantitative interactions were detected between the two parasite species.

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