Technology, Implementation and Policy Issues for the Modernisation
 of 
GPS and its Role in a GNSS

This and the following six papers were selected from the many papers presented at the 9th World Congress of the International Association of Institutes of Navigation (IAIN) held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 17–21 November 1997.During the past several years, a number of important investigations, policy initiatives and national commitments relating to the future of GPS, GLONASS and their augmentations have occurred. Substantive and on-going studies of the character and configuration of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) have also been evaluated worldwide, especially by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). These efforts have been principally directed toward the definition of near- and far-term GNSS implementations that meet the needs and concerns of the international community. This paper briefly reviews some of the investigations and addresses, in particular, the concerns and requirements that may affect the future capabilities and the dual (civil/military) character of GPS. The main issues relating to the modernisation of GPS and its subsequent transition to a component of a GNSS with a viable international character are presented. These include a discussion of new signal structure options, certain changes in operating frequencies, increased signal power levels, other system alternatives and their potential impact on system performance. International issues are briefly addressed, including future performance capabilities, assurance of service, economic participation and benefit, reasonable cost, standards and international participation.

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Improvement of Anomalous Behavior Detection of GNSS Signal Based on TDNN for Augmentation Systems

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s18113800 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 3800 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daehee Kim ◽

Jeongho Cho

Keyword(s):

Intelligent Transportation Systems ◽

Satellite System ◽

Anomalous Behavior ◽

Transportation Systems ◽

Civil Aviation ◽

Integrity Monitoring ◽

Delayed Neural Networks ◽

Stringent Performance ◽

Integrity Assurance ◽

Global Navigation Satellite

The reliability of a navigation system is crucial for navigation purposes, especially in areas where stringent performance is required, such as civil aviation or intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). Therefore, integrity monitoring is an inseparable part of safety-critical navigation applications. The receiver autonomous integrity monitor (RAIM) has been used with the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) to provide integrity monitoring within avionics itself, such as in civil aviation for lateral navigation (LNAV) or the non-precision approach (NPA). However, standard RAIM may not meet the stricter aviation availability and integrity requirements for certain operations, e.g., precision approach flight phases, and also is not sufficient for on-ground vehicle integrity monitoring of several specific ITS applications. One possible way to more clearly distinguish anomalies in observed GNSS signals is to take advantage of time-delayed neural networks (TDNNs) to estimate useful information about the faulty characteristics, rather than simply using RAIM alone. Based on the performance evaluation, it was determined that this method can reliably detect flaws in navigation satellites significantly faster than RAIM alone, and it was confirmed that TDNN-based integrity monitoring using RAIM is an encouraging alternative to improve the integrity assurance level of RAIM in terms of GNSS anomaly detection.

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Monitoring Aircraft Position Using EGNOS Data for the SBAS APV Approach to the Landing Procedure

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20071945 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 1945 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kamil Krasuski ◽

Damian Wierzbicki

Keyword(s):

Research Method ◽

Satellite System ◽

Civil Aviation ◽

International Civil Aviation Organization ◽

Positioning Accuracy ◽

Research Findings ◽

Global Navigation Satellite ◽

Service Data ◽

Computational Strategy ◽

Better Than

The aim of this paper is to present the problem of the implementation of the EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service) data for the processing of aircraft position determination. The main aim of the research is to develop a new computational strategy which might improve the performance of the EGNOS system in aviation, based on navigation solutions of an aircraft position, using several GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) onboard receivers. The results of an experimental test conducted by the Cessna 172 at EPDE (European Poland Deblin) (ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) code, N51°33.07’/E21°53.52’) aerodrome in Dęblin are presented and discussed in this paper. Two GNSS navigation receivers with the EGNOS positioning function for monitoring changes in the parameters of the aircraft position in real time during the landing phase were installed onboard a Cessna 172. Based on obtained research findings, it was discovered that the positioning accuracy was not higher than 2.1 m, and the integrity of positioning did not exceed 19 m. Moreover, the availability parameter was found to equal 1 (or 100%); also, no intervals in the continuity of the operation of the EGNOS system were recorded. In the paper, the results of the air test from Dęblin were compared with the parameters of positioning quality from the air test conducted in Chełm (ICAO code: EPCD, N51°04’57.8” E23°26’15”). In the air test in Chełm, the obtained parameters of EGNOS quality positioning were: better than 4.9 m for accuracy, less than 35.5 m for integrity, 100% for availability, and no breaks in continuity. Based on the results of the air tests in Dęblin and Chełm, it was concluded that the parameters of the EGNOS positioning quality in aviation for the SBAS (Satellite Based Augmentation System) APV (Approach to Vertical guidance) procedure were satisfied in accordance with the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) requirements. The presented research method can be utilized in the SBAS APV landing procedure in Polish aviation. In this paper, the results of PDOP (Position Dilution of Precision) are presented and compared to the two air tests in Dęblin and Chełm. The maximum results of PDOP amounted to 1.4 in the air test in Dęblin, whereas they equaled 4.0 in the air test in Chełm. The paper also shows how the EGNOS system improved the aircraft position in relation to the only GPS solution. In this context, the EGNOS system improved the aircraft position from about 78% to 95% for each ellipsoidal coordinate axis.

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Integrity Concept for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships’ Position Sensors

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20072075 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 2075 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paweł Zalewski

Keyword(s):

Optical Sensors ◽

International Association ◽

Performance Standards ◽

Satellite System ◽

Differential Gps ◽

Integrity Monitoring ◽

Primary Means ◽

Global Navigation Satellite ◽

Radio Beacon ◽

Future Concepts

The primary means for electronic position fixing currently in use in majority of contemporary merchant ships are shipborne GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers or DGPS (Differential GPS) and IALA (International Association of Lighthouse Authorities) radio beacon receivers. More advanced GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receivers able to process signals from GPS, Russian GLONASS, Chinese Beidou, European Galileo, Indian IRNSS, Japan QZSS, and satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS), are still relatively rare in maritime domain. However, it is expected that such combined or multi-system receivers will soon become more common in maritime transport and integrated with gyro, inertial, radar, laser, and optical sensors, and they will become indispensable onboard maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS). To be prepared for a malfunction of any position sensors, their state-of-the-art integrity monitoring should be developed and standardized, taking into account the specificity of MASS and e-navigation safety. The issues of existing requirements, performance standards, and future concepts of integrity monitoring for maritime position sensors are discussed and presented in this paper.

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EGNOS Based APV Procedures Development Possibilities In The South-Eastern Part Of Poland

Annual of Navigation ◽

10.1515/aon-2015-0007 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 85-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Wojciech Z. Kaleta

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Dimensional Accuracy ◽

Satellite System ◽

Civil Aviation ◽

The South ◽

South Eastern ◽

System Integrity ◽

New Instrument ◽

Global Navigation Satellite ◽

First Time

AbstractOn 14th and 15th March 2011 for the first time approach with vertical guidance (APV-I) was conducted on Polish territory in Katowice, Kraków and Mielec. This was the milestone for GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) and Area Navigation (RNAV) use as a new instrument approach chance for NPA (Non-Precision Approach) and PA (Precision Approach) in Poland. The paper presents the experiment study of EGNOS SIS (Signal in Space) due to APV (Approach with Vertical Guidance) procedures development possibilities in the south-eastern part of Poland. Researches were conducted from January 2014 till June 2014 in three Polish cities: Warszawa, Kraków and Rzeszów. EGNOS as SBAS (Satellite Based Augmentation System) in according with ICAO's Annex 10 has to meet restrictive requirements for three dimensional accuracy, system integrity, availability and continuity of SIS. Because of ECAC (European Civil Aviation Conference) states to EGNOS coverage in the eastern part of Europe, location of mention above stations, shows real usefulness for SIS tests and evaluation of the results [EUROCONTROL, 2008].

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Geodetic Study of the 2006–2010 Ground Deformation in La Palma (Canary Islands): Observational Results

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12162566 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (16) ◽

pp. 2566

Author(s):

Joaquín Escayo ◽

José Fernández ◽

Juan F. Prieto ◽

Antonio G. Camacho ◽

Mimmo Palano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Canary Islands ◽

Surface Deformation ◽

Ground Deformation ◽

Satellite System ◽

Point Of View ◽

Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry ◽

La Palma ◽

Moderate Seismicity ◽

Definition Of ◽

Global Navigation Satellite

La Palma is one of the youngest of the Canary Islands, and historically the most active. The recent activity and unrest in the archipelago, the moderate seismicity observed in 2017 and 2018 and the possibility of catastrophic landslides related to the Cumbre Vieja volcano have made it strongly advisable to ensure a realistic knowledge of the background surface deformation on the island. This will then allow any anomalous deformation related to potential volcanic unrest on the island to be detected by monitoring the surface deformation. We describe here the observation results obtained during the 2006–2010 period using geodetic techniques such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Advanced Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (A-DInSAR) and microgravimetry. These results show that, although there are no significant associated variations in gravity, there is a clear surface deformation that is spatially and temporally variable. Our results are discussed from the point of view of the unrest and its implications for the definition of an operational geodetic monitoring system for the island.

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Hyperinclusivity, Hypercanonicity, and the Future of the Field

10.1093/oso/9780198818489.003.0003 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Constanze Güthenke ◽

Brooke Holmes

Keyword(s):

Open Field ◽

First Century ◽

Reception Studies ◽

Singular Configurations ◽

The Future ◽

Recent Developments ◽

The Many ◽

Definition Of ◽

Professional Classicist ◽

Relevant Material

The canon has long served as a means of controlling the information that the professional classicist, who is facing a vast field of potentially relevant material, can be expected to possess. But recent developments (e.g. the rise of reception studies, a broadened definition of the ancient Mediterranean, comparative antiquities) have put pressure on this strategy. In this chapter we consider the limitations of two possible responses to such a situation—what Sheldon Pollock has called ‘hypercanonicity’, a doubling down on the canon, and ‘hyperinclusivity’, an attempt to encompass everything—before advocating what we call the ‘open field’, an embrace of the many different and singular configurations of knowledge that are coming to define the classicist in the twenty-first century.

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Aircraft positioning using SPP method in GPS system

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology ◽

10.1108/aeat-03-2017-0087 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 90 (8) ◽

pp. 1213-1220 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kamil Krasuski

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Satellite System ◽

Least Square ◽

Civil Aviation ◽

Navigation Satellite ◽

Least Square Estimation ◽

Protection Level ◽

Content Type ◽

Average Value ◽

Global Navigation Satellite

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is based on implementation of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technique in civil aviation for recovery of aircraft position using Single Point Positioning (SPP) method in kinematic mode.Design/methodology/approachThe aircraft coordinates in ellipsoidal frame were obtained based on Global Positioning System (GPS) code observations for SPP method. The numerical computations were executed in post-processing mode in the Aircraft Positioning Software (APS) package. The mathematical scheme of equation observation of SPP method was solved using least square estimation in stochastic processing. In the experiment, airborne test using Cessna 172 aircraft on September 07, 2011 in the civil aerodrome in Mielec was realized. The aircraft position was recovery using observations data from Topcon HiperPro dual-frequency receiver with interval of 1 second.FindingsIn this paper, the average value of standard deviation of aircraft position is about 0.8 m for Latitude, 0.7 m for Longitude and 1.5 m for ellipsoidal height, respectively. In case of the Mean Radial Spherical Error (MRSE) parameter, the average value equals to 1.8 m. The standard deviation of receiver clock bias was presented in this paper and the average value amounts to 34.4 ns. In this paper, the safety protection levels of Horizontal Protection Level (HPL) and Vertical Protection Level (VPL) were also showed and described.Research limitations/implicationsIn this paper, the analysis of aircraft positioning is focused on application the least square estimation in SPP method. The Kalman filtering operation can be also applied in SPP method for designation the position of the aircraft.Practical implicationsThe SPP method can be applied in civil aviation for designation the position of the aircraft in Non-Precision Approach (NPA) GNSS procedure at the landing phase. The typical accuracy of aircraft position is better than 220 m for lateral navigation in NPA GNSS procedure. The limit of accuracy of aircraft position in vertical plane in NPA GNSS procedure is not available.Social implicationsThis paper is destined for people who works in the area of aviation and air transport.Originality/valueThe work presents that SPP method as a universal technique for recovery of aircraft position in civil aviation, and this method can be also used in positioning of aircraft based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) code observations.

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A Subset-Reduced Method for FDE ARAIM of Tightly-Coupled GNSS/INS

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19224847 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (22) ◽

pp. 4847

Author(s):

Weichuan Pan ◽

Xingqun Zhan ◽

Xin Zhang ◽

Shizhuang Wang

Keyword(s):

Global Navigation Satellite System ◽

Inertial Navigation System ◽

Satellite System ◽

Civil Aviation ◽

Navigation Satellite ◽

Tightly Coupled ◽

Simulation Results ◽

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring ◽

Global Navigation Satellite ◽

Advanced Receiver

The advanced receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (advanced RAIM, ARAIM) is the next generation of RAIM which is widely used in civil aviation. However, the current ARAIM needs to evaluate hundreds of subsets, which results in huge computational loads. In this paper, a method using the subset excluding entire constellation to evaluate the single satellite fault subsets and the simultaneous multiple satellites fault subsets is presented. The proposed ARAIM algorithm is based on the tight integration of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and inertial navigation system (INS). The number of subsets that the proposed GNSS/INS ARAIM needs to consider is about 2% of that of the current ARAIM, which reduces the computational load dramatically. The detailed fault detection (FD) process and fault exclusion (FE) process of the proposed GNSS/INS ARAIM are provided. Meanwhile, the method to obtain the FD-only integrity bound and the after-exclusion integrity bound is also presented in this paper. The simulation results show that the proposed GNSS/INS ARAIM is able to find the failing satellite accurately and its integrity performance is able to meet the integrity requirements of CAT-I precision approach.

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Radio navigation systems: definitions and classifications

Journal of Navigation ◽

10.1017/s0373463321000369 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Cezary Specht

Keyword(s):

International Association ◽

Scientific Discipline ◽

Civil Aviation ◽

Navigation Systems ◽

International Telecommunication Union ◽

Radio Navigation ◽

International Telecommunication ◽

Uniform Definition ◽

Definition Of ◽

Marine Navigation

Abstract Radio navigation systems (RNSs) are commonly applied in air, land and marine navigation. They are most often used for position determination. However, when comparing the definitions of this concept provided by global organisations, such as the International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA), International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), International Maritime Organization (IMO) or International Telecommunication Union (ITU), it should be noted that the definitions presented differ significantly. Due to the ambiguity and numerous contradictions, the RNS classification varies depending on the definition of the term ‘radio navigation’ adopted, which poses serious interpretation problems. This article analyses the concept of radio navigation based on the most important global documents and legal acts on this issue. It points to fundamental differences in the understanding of the term and proposes the adoption of a new, uniform definition for air, land and marine navigation. Based on this definition, the current paper proposes a uniform RNS classification. The proposed definition of the concept of radio navigation and the resulting RNS classification are essential for the understanding of this term to achieve global uniformity and fundamental to the harmonious development of the scientific discipline of navigation. The current proposal should initiate a discussion on the meaning of the concept of radio navigation and the RNS classification.

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Preliminary Results on Tropospheric ZTD Estimation by Smartphone

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13224567 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (22) ◽

pp. 4567

Author(s):

Lorenzo Benvenuto ◽

Paolo Dabove ◽

Ilaria Ferrando ◽

Domenico Sguerso

Keyword(s):

Operating System ◽

Satellite System ◽

Reference Station ◽

Limited Information ◽

Dual Frequency ◽

Total Delay ◽

Gnss Measurements ◽

The Many ◽

Global Navigation Satellite ◽

Program Interface

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver is one of the many sensors embedded in smartphones. The early versions of the Android operating system could only access limited information from the GNSS, allowing the related Application Program Interface (API) to obtain only the location. With the development of the Android 7.0 (Nougat) operating system in May 2016, raw measurements from the internal GNSS sensor installed in the smartphone could be accessed. This work aims to show an initial analysis regarding the feasibility of Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) estimation by GNSS measurements extracted from smartphones, evaluating the accuracy of estimation to open a new window on troposphere local monitoring. Two different test sites have been considered, and two different types of software for data processing have been used. ZTDs have been estimated from both a dual-frequency and a multi-constellation receiver embedded in the smartphone, and from a GNSS Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS). The results have shown interesting performances in terms of ZTD estimation from the smartphone in respect of the estimations obtained with a geodetic receiver.

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