The USA national parks in international perspective: have we learned the wrong lesson?

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 300-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Schelhas
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Local People ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Community Based Conservation ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Extractive Reserves

A highly polarized debate has emerged in the conservation literature about whether national parks in lesser developed countries should follow a strict protectionist model or find ways to accommodate the development and livelihood needs of local people. A number of social science critiques of national park practice and policy in lesser developed countries have argued that one of the chief problems facing national parks in particular, and biodiversity conservation in general, has been the USA national park model, often termed the ‘Yellowstone model’. This model, in which local and indigenous people and uses have been excluded from parks, has been blamed for harming local people, providing benefits to developed country interests at the expense of local people, high costs of park protection, and ineffective biodiversity conservation (Machlis & Tichnell 1985; West & Brechin 1991; Pimbert & Pretty 1995). Alternatives (henceforth referred to as ‘parks and people’ approaches) seek accommodations between parks and local people, and include community-based conservation, which promotes local involvement and/or control in park decision-making, and integrated conservation and development projects, which attempt to ensure conservation by meeting social and economic needs of local people through agroforestry, forestry, tourism, water projects, extractive reserves, and wildlife utilization.

scholarly journals Community awareness and participation in biodiversity conservation at Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
DINH DUC TRUONG
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
National Park ◽  
Conservation Management ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Local People ◽  
Park Management ◽  
Community Awareness

Abstract. Truong DD. 2021. Community awareness and participation in biodiversity conservation at Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam. Biodiversitas 23: 583-594. Local community's perception and attitude towards biodiversity conservation are essential to the sustainable management of national parks in Vietnam. The conservation of biodiversity in national parks is facing pressures from economic development activities, which has led to the degradation of the ecological values ??of the national parks. People's awareness and their participation in conservation management are crucial to the sustainable management of national parks. This study examined the awareness and participation of local people in biodiversity conservation at Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (PN-KBNP), Vietnam. PN-KB is one of the national parks with the highest biodiversity values ??in Vietnam and is recognized by UNESCO as a world heritage site. To assess participation in conservation management, the study implemented a Contingent Valuation Method for estimating the willingness to pay of households in the buffer zone for biodiversity conservation in PN-KBNP. A survey was implemented to 358 households randomly selected in five communes adjacent to the park. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with selected key informants were also practiced for the management of insight information. The result showed that local villagers generally hold a fairly high perception of biodiversity values and positive attitudes towards biodiversity conservation at PN-KBNP. This positive perception comes from the close interaction between household livelihoods and the national park on a daily basis. However, awareness of national park management rules are not high. In addition, local people are willing to sacrifice part of their income to conserve biodiversity for current and future generations. On an average, each household was willing to pay 297,000 VND/year for biodiversity conservation. Payment levels, age, length of residency and education were observed to significantly impact on villagers' participation in biodiversity conservation initiatives. The balance between development and conservation was found to be the key in Park management, where communities need to be given more power to plan, monitor and implement conservation activities while establishing clear forest land user right for households and communities.

scholarly journals Trail impact monitoring in Rocky Mountain National Park, USA

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 3117-3149
Author(s):  
J. Svajda ◽  
S. Korony ◽  
I. Brighton ◽  
S. Esser ◽  
S. Ciapala
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Rocky Mountain National Park ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Impact Monitoring ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
The Usa

Abstract. This paper examines impacts of increased visitation leading to human trampling of vegetation and soil along several trails in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) to understand how abiotic factors and level of use can influence trail conditions. RMNP is one of the most visited national parks in the USA with 3.3 million visitors in 2012 across 1075 km2 and 571 km of hiking trails. 95 % of the park is designated wilderness making the balance between preservation and visitor use challenging. This research involves the application of trail condition assessments to 56 km of trails to determine prevailing factors and what, if any, connection between them exist. The study looked at a variety of inventory and impact indicators and standards to determine their importance and to develop a baseline condition of trails. The data can be used for future comparison and evaluation of development trends. We found that trail widening (mean trail width 88.9 cm) and soil loss (cross sectional area 172.7 cm2) are the most visible effects of trail degradation. Further statistical analyses of data identified the role and influence of various factors (e.g. use level and topography). Insights into the influence of these factors can lead to the selection of appropriate management measures to avoid or minimize negative consequences from increased visitation.

Performance evaluations and junior auditors’ attitude to audit behavior: a gender and culture comparative study

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Khalil ◽  
Rabih Nehme
Keyword(s):  
Performance Appraisal ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Internship Programs ◽  
Educational Path ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to shed light on factors leading to unethical acts committed by auditors from a cultural and gender perspectives. It investigates differences in junior auditors’ attitudes towards audit behavior when a performance evaluation (PE) is anticipated. The objective of this study is to aid academicians and audit executives in developing new models of PE and internship programs that should mitigate dysfunctional behavior. Design/methodology/approach A survey adapted from Big Four companies’ performance appraisal templates was administered to junior accountants who have completed their internship programs and their external audit course at accredited universities in Lebanon and the USA. Several statistical tests were conducted to analyze the relationship between the different variables. Findings This paper shows how PE affects junior auditors’ attitudes to dysfunctional audit behavior (DAB). From a cultural standpoint, American auditors express more negative views towards DAB than their Lebanese counterparts. This paper also demonstrates that female auditors are less inclined towards DAB than male auditors. Originality/value Previous studies on the topic have been mostly conducted in developed countries with a scarcity of studies examining multiple countries. This study focuses on two different cultural contexts, a developed country, the USA and an emerging country, poorly represented in the literature, Lebanon. This paper also observes variances between male and female auditors in DAB when expecting a PE. The originality of this paper stems from its concurrent examination of the impact of gender and culture on DAB by using a sample of less-experienced auditors at the end of their educational path.

Australia's Distinctive National Parks System

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Charles Wescott
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
New South ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Current System ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Land Mass ◽  
The Usa

Australia possesses a distinctive national parks and conservation reserves system, in which it is the State Governments rather than the Federal Government which owns, plans, and manages, national parks and other conservation reserves.Most Australian States declared their first national parks in the latter quarter of last century, Australia's first national park being declared in New South Wales in March 1879. These critical declarations were followed by a slow accumulation of parks and reserves through to 1968. The pace of acquisition then quickened dramatically with an eight-fold expansion in the total area of national parks between 1968 and 1990, at an average rate of over 750,000 ha per annum. The present Australian system contains 530 national parks covering 20.18 million hectares or 2.6% of the land-mass. A further 28.3 million hectares is protected in other parks and conservation reserves. In terms of the percentage of their land-mass now in national parks, the leading States are Tasmania (12.8%) and Victoria (10.0%), with Western Australia (1.9%) and Queensland (2.1%) trailing far behind, and New South Wales (3.92%) and South Australia (3.1%) lying between.The Australian system is also compared with the Canadian and USA systems. All three are countries of widely comparable cultures that have national parks covering similar percentage areas, but Canada and the USA have far fewer national parks than Australia and they are in general of much greater size. In addition, Canada and the USA ‘resource’ these parks far better than the Australians do theirs. The paper concludes that Australia needs to rationalize its current system by introducing direct funding, by the Federal Government, of national park management, and duly examining the whole system of reserves from a national rather than States' viewpoint.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of a confinement strategy for reducing campsite impacts in Shenandoah National Park

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 274-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
SCOTT E. REID ◽  
JEFFREY L. MARION
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Adaptive Management ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Shenandoah National Park ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Selection Of

The expansion and proliferation of backcountry campsites is a persistent problem in many parks and protected areas. Shenandoah National Park (SNP) has one of the highest backcountry overnight use densities in the USA national parks system. SNP managers implemented a multi-option backcountry camping policy in 2000 that included camping containment with established campsites. These actions were intended to reduce the number of campsites and the area of camping disturbance at each site. This paper describes a longitudinal adaptive management assessment of the new campsite policies, applying quantitative measures of campsite conditions to evaluate the efficacy of management interventions. Physical campsite measurements combined with qualitative visitor interviews indicated SNP had successfully reduced the number of campsites and aggregate measures of camping-related disturbance in the Park, while minimizing the use of regulations, site facilities and staff resources. Implications for managers of other protected areas are that an established site camping policy can minimize camping disturbance, including the number and size of campsites, provided managers can sustain rehabilitation efforts to close and restore unneeded campsites. Experiential attributes, such as the potential for solitude, can also be manipulated through control over the selection of established campsites. Integrating resource and social science methods also provided a more holistic perspective on management policy assessments. Adaptive management research provided a timely evaluation of management success while facilitating effective modifications in response to unforeseen challenges. Conclusions regarding the effectiveness of a visitor impact containment strategy involving an established site camping option are offered.

INVESTMENT COOPERATION OF VIETNAM WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES, INCLUDING RUSSIA AT TRANSITION TO THE NEW HIGH-TECH MODEL OF ECONOMICS IN THE XXI CENTURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
Tatiana V. Lezhenina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Usa

In the 21st century, a breakthrough in the global economy has come to transition to a new stage in the development of high technologies in the economy, social environment and strengthening the ties between countries along the path to new progress and cooperation. Vietnam has already emerged from the state of a medium-developed economy and gained experience for the transition to a highly developed economy, using the best practices and knowledge of the USA, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and China. Vietnam’s interaction with Russia has grown, using its experience in introducing into the economy and life new methods of using and transmitting information of universal scale and significance. For Vietnam, the transition to a new economic model will provide foreign direct investment, especially from highly developed countries. Tasks . Explore the factors and conditions of Vietnam's transition to a new economic model. Methodology. The methods of scientific knowledge of the main features and characteristics of the transition to a new high-tech model in the XXI century are used. Results. The high volume of Vietnam’s trade relations with highly developed countries of the world is proved, as one of the decisive factors for accumulating the resources for the transition to a new model, FDI received in Vietnam in the first two decades of the 21st century, its volume structure, investing countries, FDI, etc. are considered. Conclusions. Vietnam was able in a short historical time, passing the warriors and American aggression to create a solid foundation for the transition to a highly developed country in Southeast Asia. Vietnam received considerable assistance during this transition period from Russia.

scholarly journals Landscapes and national imagination: The role of national parks in the formation of national belonging in Turkey

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 12001
Author(s):  
Asya Ece Uzmay
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
National Belonging ◽  
Transformative Power ◽  
The People ◽  
National Imagination ◽  
The Usa

When the concept of a national park idea was first established in the USA, it was promoted as the ownership of the landscape for the use of the people while emphasizing national identity through nature. As a latecomer to this movement, this paper describes part of the journey of the establishment of national parks in Turkey, with a focus on the period between 1950 and 1975. In this paper I argue that the national parks were a means of constructing a national identity through the transformative power of modernism on the countryside. Focusing on different national parks from Turkey, I interrogated the role of these so-called pristine and primitive lands in the construction of national identity through different forms. Under the threat of neoliberal economic policies and new approaches to understanding of nature these protected and reserved pieces of “nature” deserve more attention.

scholarly journals Perspectives of Nepalese Youth on Ecotourism Practiced at Rara National Park, Western Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandramani Aryal ◽  
Narayan Niroula ◽  
Bina Ghimire
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
National Park ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Local People ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Park Area ◽  
Major Factors

Participatory conservation approach practiced in most of the protected areas of Nepal mandate the active role of people for conservation planning and implementation. Peoples’ participation in conservation is largely regulated by the benefits they receive. Ecotourism, as it envisions the improved living standard of local people, could be one of the drivers for alluring local people towards biodiversity conservation. Thus, it is essential to assess ecotourism potential of a site for planning and implementing community engagement for biodiversity conservation. The potentiality of ecotourism depends upon three major factors i.e. visitors’ satisfaction, willingness of local people to participate in ecotourism related activities, and enthusiasm of park authority. Studies on ecotourism potential in Nepal are limited in scope and time. Therefore, this study tends to recognize the perspective of youth towards ecotourism in Rara National Park, where visitors’ numbers are growing of late. Scheduled interview was used to collect the perspectives of youth. Data were explored using descriptive statistics and association between the perceptions and visitors’ general background were explored using Chi-Square test. In the study, length of stay was observed to be associated with educational background. As per the responses, ecotourism activities in the park were found to contribute in biodiversity conservation and betterment of livelihood of local people. Though, the number of tourists are increasing, they are not adequate yet with potential to increase further in near future. When optimum tourist visit the park area, ecotourism activities can create win-win situation to biodiversity and people.

scholarly journals Chitral Gol National Park; A paradise or threat for biodiversity conservation and socio-economic conditions of local societies

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
Wang Jun ◽  
◽  
Muhammad Noman ◽  
Sajid Ullah ◽  
Kokab Saba Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
National Park ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Community Based Conservation ◽  
Education And Awareness ◽  
Park Area ◽  
Management And Conservation

The current study was conducted to investigate the Chitral Gol National Park, as a bliss or risk for biodiversity safeguarding and socio-economic situations of regional people in the park region. The Chitral Gol National Park indicates a vital part in the improvement of the socio-economic situation and also in the management of the biodiversity in park area. The key aim of the park area is generally to enhance the societies’ link in the park area for its better management and conservation through community-based conservation. For this aim, 160 open ended questionnaires were equally distributed and collected in the park area. Results revealed that the local public much satisfied from the park area. 11 villages openly profited from the park area in case of cash, employments and wood fuel etc. The local public greatly concerned in the management of park area. The ecological profits from park were reported well. The administration maintenance was noble in the park area and show energetic role in the management of plantation, flora cover, fauna species etc. Public education and awareness about park areas via education, workshops, seminars, walk campaign, and local government must take obligatory stages for their safeguard and management. Keywords: Chitral Gol National Park, Local Community, Biodiversity Conservation, Socio-economic Conditions, Protected areas

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