Are the scientific foundations of temperate marine reserves too warm and hard?

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. CAVEEN ◽  
C.J. SWEETING ◽  
T.J. WILLIS ◽  
N.V.C. POLUNIN
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Relative Lack ◽  
Empirical Basis ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Warm Temperate

SUMMARYThe scientific literature (including some of the most high-profile papers) on the ecological and fisheries effects of permanent no-take marine reserves is dominated by examples from hard tropical and warm temperate ecosystems. It appears to have been tacitly assumed that inference from these studies can directly inform expectations of marine reserve effects in cooler temperate and cold temperate waters. Trends in peer-reviewed studies indicate that the empirical basis for this assumption is tenuous because of a relative lack of research effort in cooler seas, and differences between tropical and temperate regions in ecology, seasonality, the nature of fisheries and prevailing governance regimes.

On the use of leading safety indicators in maritime and their feasibility for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships

2021 ◽  
pp. 1748006X2110276
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Wróbel ◽  
Mateusz Gil ◽  
Przemysław Krata ◽  
Karol Olszewski ◽  
Jakub Montewka
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Safety Critical ◽  
Intact Stability ◽  
Conference Papers ◽  
Operational Aspects

Although the safety of prospective Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships will largely depend on their ability to detect potential hazards and react to them, the contemporary scientific literature lacks the analysis of how to achieve this. This could be achieved through an application of leading safety indicators. The aim of the performed study was to identify the research directions of leading safety indicators in three safety-critical operational aspects of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships: collision avoidance, intact stability, and communication. To achieve this, literature review is performed, taking into account scientific documents including journal and conference papers. The results indicate that the need for establishing operational leading safety indicators is recognized by numerous scholars, who sometimes make suggestions of what the set of indicators shall consist of. Some leading safety indicators for autonomous vessels are readily identifiable in the scientific literature and used in current practice. However, the research effort is lacking a holistic approach to the issue.

The library of the Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florence

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Simane
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Renaissance Art ◽  
New Era ◽  
Research Libraries ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
German Research ◽  
Art And Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Systematic Structure

The history of the library founded in 1897 at the Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florence is marked by a very close connection with the history and profile of the Institute itself. The demand for scientific literature for research on Florentine Renaissance art and culture was the key motivation for establishing a German research library in Florence, where this art and culture flourished. But from the very beginning the holdings covered Italian art as a whole, not just the Renaissance and Florentine art. The acquisition policy as well as the internal organisation and systematic structure of the library have right up to the present day mirrored the research activities of the Institute and its scholars. With the founding of a consortium of the three German research libraries in Florence, Munich (Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte) and Rome (Bibliotheca Hertziana) in 1994, a new era began. High-profile bibliographic information, additional services and the integration of the library in Florence into this co-operative network became a further characteristic of the existing identity of the Institute and its library, which were – and continue to be – closely tied to Florence and Tuscany.

scholarly journals Spillover from marine reserves and the replenishment of fished stocks

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
BENJAMIN S. HALPERN ◽  
SARAH E. LESTER ◽  
JULIE B. KELLNER
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Population Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Small Scales ◽  
Effective Conservation

SUMMARYNo-take marine reserves are widely recognized as an effective conservation tool for protecting marine resources. Despite considerable empirical evidence that abundance and biomass of fished species increase within marine reserve boundaries, the potential for reserves to provide fisheries and conservation benefits to adjacent waters remains heavily debated. This paper uses statistical and population models to evaluate published empirical data on adult spillover from marine reserves and shows that spillover is a common phenomenon for species that respond positively to reserve protection, but at relatively small scales, detectable on average up to 800 m from reserve boundaries. At these small scales, local fisheries around reserves were likely unsustainable in 12 of 14 cases without the reserve, and spillover partially or fully offsets losses in catch due to reserve closure in the other two cases. For reserves to play a role in sustaining and replenishing larger-scale fished stocks, networks of reserves may be necessary, but as few exist this is difficult to evaluate. The results suggest reserves can simultaneously meet conservation objectives and benefit local fisheries adjacent to their boundaries.

scholarly journals A connectivity portfolio effect stabilizes marine reserve performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (41) ◽  
pp. 25595-25600
Author(s):  
Hugo B. Harrison ◽  
Michael Bode ◽  
David H. Williamson ◽  
Michael L. Berumen ◽  
Geoffrey P. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Parentage Analysis ◽  
Larval Supply ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Temporal Fluctuations ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Portfolio Effect

Well-managed and enforced no-take marine reserves generate important larval subsidies to neighboring habitats and thereby contribute to the long-term sustainability of fisheries. However, larval dispersal patterns are variable, which leads to temporal fluctuations in the contribution of a single reserve to the replenishment of local populations. Identifying management strategies that mitigate the uncertainty in larval supply will help ensure the stability of recruitment dynamics and minimize the volatility in fishery catches. Here, we use genetic parentage analysis to show extreme variability in both the dispersal patterns and recruitment contribution of four individual marine reserves across six discrete recruitment cohorts for coral grouper (Plectropomus maculatus) on the Great Barrier Reef. Together, however, the asynchronous contributions from multiple reserves create temporal stability in recruitment via a connectivity portfolio effect. This dampening effect reduces the variability in larval supply from individual reserves by a factor of 1.8, which effectively halves the uncertainty in the recruitment contribution of individual reserves. Thus, not only does the network of four marine reserves generate valuable larval subsidies to neighboring habitats, the aggregate effect of individual reserves mitigates temporal fluctuations in dispersal patterns and the replenishment of local populations. Our results indicate that small networks of marine reserves yield previously unrecognized stabilizing benefits that ensure a consistent larval supply to replenish exploited fish stocks.

The role of dispersal and demography in determining the efficacy of marine reserves

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 863-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah R Gerber ◽  
Selina S Heppell ◽  
Ford Ballantyne ◽  
Enric Sala
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Transition Matrices ◽  
Surrounding Matrix ◽  
Matrix Habitat

Marine reserves are rapidly becoming an important tool for protection and recovery of depleted marine populations. However, the relative value of reserves to particular species is strongly dependent on its life history and behavior. We present a general conceptual framework for considering dispersal in simple demographic models. This framework includes transition matrices that consist of two age-structured models connected by transition probabilities for general migration, ontogenetic shifts, and recruitment in both a reserve and an unprotected area. We show that life history characteristics and perturbation analysis can be used to predict changes in growth rate due to a decrease in adult mortality resulting from a marine reserve for different levels and types of dispersal. Reserves enhanced growth rate for all species irrespective of net dispersal between the reserve and surrounding matrix habitat, but the efficacy of reserves relative to catch reduction depended significantly on the magnitude and sign of net dispersal across the reserve boundary. Patterns of reserve efficacy across different dispersal types were strongly species specific. Given the paucity of spatially explicit data for many marine systems and species, this simple approach represents a first step in applying life history information to advance current theory and provide practical considerations for marine reserve management.

scholarly journals The marine fishes of St Eustatius Island, northeastern Caribbean: an annotated, photographic catalog

ZooKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1007 ◽  
pp. 145-180
Author(s):  
David Ross Robertson ◽  
Carlos J. Estapé ◽  
Allison M. Estapé ◽  
Ernesto Peña ◽  
Luke Tornabene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Fish ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Species List ◽  
Deep Reef ◽  
Marine Habitats

Sint Eustatius (Statia) is a 21 km2 island situated in the northeastern Caribbean Sea. The most recent published sources of information on that island’s marine fish fauna is in two non-governmental organization reports from 2015–17 related to the formation of a marine reserve. The species-list in the 2017 report was based on field research in 2013–15 using SCUBA diving surveys, shallow “baited underwater video surveys” (BRUVs), and data from fishery surveys and scientific collections over the preceding century. That checklist comprised 304 species of shallow (mostly) and deep-water fishes. In 2017 the Smithsonian Deep Reef Observation Project surveyed deep-reef fishes at Statia using the crewed submersible Curasub. That effort recorded 120 species, including 59 new occurrences records. In March-May 2020, two experienced citizen scientists completed 62 SCUBA dives there and recorded 244 shallow species, 40 of them new records for Statia. The 2017–2020 research effort increased the number of species known from the island by 33.6% to 406. Here we present an updated catalog of that marine fish fauna, including voucher photographs of 280 species recorded there in 2017 and 2020. The Statia reef-fish fauna likely is incompletely documented as it has few small, shallow, cryptobenthic species, which are a major component of the regional fauna. A lack of targeted sampling is probably the major factor explaining that deficit, although a limited range of benthic marine habitats may also be contributing.

scholarly journals Evaluating marine reserves as a management policy in the central-southern anchovy (Engraulis ringens) fishery of Chile

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-226
Author(s):  
Juan Pablo Díaz Vega ◽  
Yarela Flores Arévalo
Keyword(s):  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Decision Variable ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Artisanal Fishing ◽  
Fishing Activity ◽  
Engraulis Ringens ◽  
The Impact

The anchovy (Engraulis ringens) fishery in central-southern Chile, like many fisheries worldwide, is overexploitation mainly due to poor and short-term management by fishing authorities and communities. This study proposes and evaluates marine reserves as a possible tool to apply since there is a current marine reserve law in Chile. The study's methodology is the simulation of a bioeconomic model that includes two areas: one is the protected, and the other is the artisanal fishing, in which the protected area transfers biomass to the artisanal fishing area. The reserve is incorporated as a decision variable in the management of this resource. It is determined as a percentage of protection of the total fish population related to fishing effort, which quantifies and evaluates the impact of protecting a stock of parental fish on the fishery's sustainability. Biomass data used is from 2000-2006, during which the anchovy fishery was fully exploited. The carrying capacity and intrinsic growth rate are estimated, and biomass is projected at different protection and effort levels. Results show that if a marine reserve with a protection level of 30% had been applied as a management policy in the anchovy fishery of central-southern Chile in the early 2000s, the fishing activity would be in a state of full exploitation rather than overexploitation as it is today. This model's fundamental contribution is that it makes possible fishery evaluation with real data from the same fishing activity.

scholarly journals Fish passages in South America: an overview of studied facilities and research effort

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nibelle A. Lira ◽  
Paulo S. Pompeu ◽  
Carlos S. Agostinho ◽  
Angelo A. Agostinho ◽  
Marlene Sofia Arcifa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Fish Passage ◽  
River Regulation ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Fish Migration ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fluvial Ecosystems ◽  
Conservation And Management

ABSTRACT River regulation has fragmented fluvial ecosystems in South America, affecting fish migration and dispersion dynamics. In response, authorities have installed fish passage facilities (FPF) to mitigate impacts. However, little is known about the geographical distribution of these facilities, and no synthesis of the research effort applied to understanding their functioning and limitations exists. To address this issue, our study gathered the available scientific literature about fishways in South America to provide an overview of studied FPF and associated research effort. We found 80 studies that investigated 25 FPF, mostly ladders installed in the upper reaches of large rivers, particularly in the Paraná River Basin. One important finding is that most facilities do not lead to upstream and/or downstream sites due to the presence of other dams with no FPF. Though the number of studies has increased over the past 10 years, there is no consistent trend towards increased research effort. Overall, studies have focused on the fishway itself (i.e. upstream passage), and rarely evaluated broader issues (i.e. habitat distribution, population dynamics, conservation and management success). Our research therefore identified technical limitations of past studies, and revealed important gaps in the knowledge of FPF as a management tool.

Benthic Habitats and the Effects of Fishing

2005 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Benthic Habitat ◽  
Remotely Operated Vehicle ◽  
Benthic Habitats ◽  
Oregon Coast ◽  
Invertebrate Species ◽  
Commercial Importance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Substrate Types

Marine protected areas are currently being considered along the Oregon coast with the intention of rebuilding stocks. But stakeholders have questioned the effectiveness of reserves and little data exist with regard to marine reserves or the effects of fishing activities on benthic habitat along the Oregon coast. A unique opportunity exists to begin to collect such information because of <em>de facto </em>no-trawl reserves that exist along submerged coastal corridors where trans-oceanic communication cables have been laid across the seafloor. I intend to investigate a cluster of unburied cables, which extend off the Oregon coast just north of Bandon (summer, 2002). The corridor of reduced fishing impact, according to the trawl log book data, is approximately 2 miles wide and extends out from shore approximately 14 miles to about 70 fathoms. With the use of an ROV (remotely operated vehicle), commercial trawl data, and bathymetry data, I will be able to analyze the impact, if any, these <em>de facto </em>refuges have had on bottom-dwelling invertebrates and fish species of commercial importance. Specifically, I will analyze individual groundfish species associations with different substrate types and invertebrates within and outside of the cable corridor. This collaborative research will establish a credible baseline study on which to build further investigation regarding possible design of a successful marine reserve for groundfish and invertebrate species along the Oregon coast.

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