San Luigi Gonzaga: Princeling-Jesuit and Model for Catholic Youth

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 248-257
Author(s):  
Oliver Logan
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Legal History ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
Popular Imagination ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dynastic Politics

Luigi (Alvise) Gonzaga (1568–91), heir to the principality of Castiglione delle Stiviere, renounced his succession in 1585 to enter the Jesuit novitiate, in the course of which he died of plague, evidently contracted while ministering to the sick. He was beatified with extraordinary rapidity in 1605, four years before Ignatius Loyola and Francis Xavier. Admittedly the figure of the ‘angelic youth’ Luigi, as presented in the life written by the promoter of the cause for his canonization, Virgilio Cepari, and finally published in 1606, was more conventional and more calculated to seize the popular imagination than the uncharismatic Loyola, who enjoyed a very limited cult initially and was slow to deliver miracles. But, more significantly, the beatification was a matter of dynastic politics: it was promoted not only by the Jesuits but also, and more insistently, by the Gonzaga dynasty, supported by the Holy Roman Emperor and by allied dynasties. A phase of bureaucratization of canonization processes, already under way, was intensified shortly after Luigi’s beatification. Moreover, the criteria for sainthood would seem to have shifted somewhat in the first half of the seventeenth century. Luigi was not canonized until 1726, under Benedict XIII. In 1729 the same pope pronounced him the patron of students in Jesuit educational institutions and apparently also of students more generally. This provided the basis for the cult of Luigi in the nineteenth century as the patron of ‘Catholic youth’, that is both adolescents and young adults. This development was linked to a novel understanding of adolescence as a specific age group and also to the Church’s battle against secularism. Thus the cult acquired a new relevance long after the princely world that had pressured for Luigi’s canonization had passed away. The legal history of canonization processes substantially explains the delay in Luigi’s canonization, but this delay is also partly explicable by the very complexity and ambiguity of Luigi’s image as both child and man, which served in the long term to give ever new life to his cult.

Respectable Mistresses

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole von Germeten
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Sex Work ◽  
Legal History ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
History Of

This chapter begins with a quote from the celebrated seventeenth-century Mexico City Poet, Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz, highlighting the hypocritical intersection between gender and sexuality in this era. The focus here is on the legal history of eighteenth-century middle class women who retained a degree of public honor as they took part in sex work inside their homes.The confused eighteenth-century reactions by church, state, and neighbors to sexually active women often derived from increased opportunities for permitted or at least tolerated socializing between the sexes. These new social spaces challenged official ideas of public order and permissible gender interaction.

scholarly journals Of Chiefs and Kings

Ethnologies ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-130
Author(s):  
Annette de Stecher
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Indigenous Identity ◽  
Popular Imagination ◽  
Lower Canada ◽  
Public Representation ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Intercultural Exchange ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Time

“Of Chiefs and Kings” is about the role of Wendat diplomatic traditions, explored through documentary and pictorial evidence and the arts of ceremonial dress. I will describe diplomatic interactions between Wendat and British communities between 1838 and 1842, through which the Wendat affirmed commitments of military and civilian support and asserted a continued Wendat presence in their traditional territories. By their dynamic public representation of Indigenous identity, they denied the romanticized notion of the vanishing race, deeply rooted in the popular imagination. These events marked a particular moment within a Wendat history of diplomatic engagement and intercultural exchange with European leaders, extending back to the early seventeenth century. Wendat and British first-hand accounts furnish perspectives of individual members of each community, while Wendat elders’ recollections of ceremonial traditions give important community knowledge of the significance of these events to the Wendat, at an important time in the history of Wendake and Lower Canada.

scholarly journals Historical Demography and the Crisis of the Seventeenth Century

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne E. C. McCants
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
European Population ◽  
Historical Demography ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fundamental Shift

The seventeenth century, broadly conceived, marks an important turning point in the history of European population movements. Long cycles characterized, first, by population expansion and subsequently by mortality contractions due to famine or disease held long-term population growth largely in check. The subsistence and mortality crises of the middle decades of the seventeenth century and the fundamental shift in the capacity of the European population to grow after 1750 together suggest that the case for a “general crisis of the seventeenth century” has strong demographic support.

A Wide, Invisible Net: Administrative Deportation in Italy, 1863–1871

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-33
Author(s):  
Paul Garfinkel
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Legal History ◽  
The Political ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Liberal Government ◽  
Rapid Transformation ◽  
Constitutional Monarchy

This article examines the legal history of domicilio coatto (forced residence), a system of summary police-administered deportation instituted by Italy’s Liberal government soon after national unification in 1861. Introduced in an emergency law in 1863, its limited purpose was to suppress a public-order crisis in the south. Within just eight years, however, forced residence had become a regular institution of Italian criminal justice. Not only did it remain as such until Mussolini’s seizure of power in 1922, but it also provided an important blueprint for confino di polizia, the Fascist variant of forced residence implemented in 1926. Focusing on the complex circumstances in which domicilio coatto emerged, the causes of its rapid transformation into a routine weapon of preventative policing, and the legal ideologies of its proponents, this article aims to explain why Italian legal experts crafted the highly repressive instrument and championed it as an essential, if not desirable, institution of ‘liberal’ criminal justice in the young constitutional monarchy. It argues that domicilio coatto was devised to be not simply an expedient for punishing political opponents, as scholars have long emphasized, but a regular instrument for thwarting what jurists and lawmakers considered to be the principal long-term threat to cementing Liberal rule: common crime. Such an interpretation sheds new light on the origins, objectives and historical significance of forced residence in Liberal Italy; at the same time, it offers a critical complement to the existing scholarship that has focused almost exclusively on the political uses of domicilio coatto.

Pelvic inflammatory disease

2019 ◽  
pp. 169-180
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Past History ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Multiple Partners ◽  
History Of ◽  
Supporting Structures

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is inflammation of the female upper genital tract—endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting structures. Annual incidence is estimated at 1/1000 women, most common in the 15–24 age group. It is usually sexually acquired, commonly caused by C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, M. genitalium, and organisms associated with bacterial vaginosis. Risk factors include recent new sexual partner or multiple partners, and a past history of a sexually transmitted infection. Long-term sequelae include infertility and chronic pelvic pain. A diagnosis of PID is usually based on signs, symptoms, and examination. This chapter describes aetiology, diagnosis, and management of pelvic inflammatory disease.

Rent to Own; or, What's Entailed in Pride and Prejudice

2003 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Macpherson
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
Legal History ◽  
Pride And Prejudice ◽  
Model Form ◽  
Social Obligation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Short And Long Term

This essay attempts to explain the function of the most famous entail in literary history. The essay begins with a brief survey of the legal history of entailment, focusing in particular on the contradictory notions of agency and obligation embedded in the English fee. The author argues that Austen is familiar with this history and these contradictions, and that in Pride and Prejudice, the entail - which had seemed a threat to social obligation - becomes a model form of sociability. What is entailed in Pride and Prejudice, she concludes, is an argument about short- and long-term obligations: an argument on behalf of a model of obligation whose durability and impersonality is enabled by the technology - at once conceptual and historical - of entailment.

scholarly journals P1627KIDNEY TRANSPLANT OUTCOMES FOR CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS IN THE UK

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Hamilton ◽  
Lucy Plumb ◽  
Anna Casula ◽  
Manish D Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Graft Survival ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Survival Data ◽  
Graft Loss ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Risk Period ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Transplant Function

Abstract Background and Aims Multiple international studies report young adulthood is associated with kidney transplant loss. However, there are few published UK graft survival data for children and young adults. To our knowledge, no studies assess initial transplant function or examine declining function, when interventions may improve outcomes. We aimed to report graft survival for UK children and young adults and to explore the importance of donor and recipient variables on graft loss and rate of decline. Method Retrospective cohort study using UK Renal Registry and NHS Blood and Transplant data, including patients aged <30 years who underwent kidney transplantation between 1998-2016. Univariate analyses included Kaplan-Meier survival curves and log-rank tests. Multivariable analyses used Cox proportional hazards to investigate variables associated with death-censored graft failure in a conditional risk-set model for multiple failure data. Age group was time-varying. We used the Efron method for ties, stratification by graft number and clustering at participant level. We calculated estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the Schwartz formula if aged <18 years and the 4-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula otherwise. For participants with ≥4 values outside the first 6 months, individual regressions of eGFR against time were performed. We undertook multivariable linear regression to establish associations with eGFR slope gradients. Results We studied 5121 individuals. Of these, 371 received a further transplant during the study period. There were 1371 graft failures and 145 deaths with a functioning graft over a 39541-year risk period. The cohort was 61% male and 80% white. Most (36%) had structural kidney problems, followed by glomerulonephritides (29%). Live donation occurred in 48%, donation after brainstem death in 46% and after circulatory death in 6%. Mean initial eGFR was 62 mls/min/1.73m2. Median graft survival was 7 years. One-year survival was 94.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 93.7, 95.0), 5-year survival 84.0% (95% CI 82.9, 85.0), 10-year survival 71.1% (95% CI 69.6, 72.5), 15-year survival 60.2% (95% CI 58.1, 62.3) and 20-year survival 51.2% (47.6, 54.7). Survival at 15 years was least at 54.4% (95% CI 49.9, 58.7) in those transplanted at age 15-19 years and most in those transplanted at age 0-4 years at 71.7% (95% CI 63.4, 78.5). Figure 1 displays hazard ratios for graft loss. Protective associations were male gender (p=0.04), living donation (p=0.02) and higher initial eGFR (p<0.0001). Risk associations included adverse human leucocyte mismatches (p=0.001), black ethnicity (p=0.001), young adulthood and glomerulonephritides. Risk associations for faster eGFR decline included female gender (p<0.0001), age group 15-19 years (p=0.04), higher initial eGFR (p<0.0001), additional graft (p=0.003) and transplants during 2011-2014 (p=0.03). Conclusion This study reports long-term graft survival for UK children and young adults and evaluates associations with declining transplant function. It contributes up to 20 years of follow-up and considers initial graft function in addition to established co-variates. Graft survival was ≈60% at 15 years. The study highlights the changing survival by age group over time. Those aged <5 years at transplant had the least initial survival, but best long-term graft survival relative to other age groups. Initial transplant function is strongly associated with graft performance. Similar associations with gender, ethnicity and age group are seen compared with other studies. Young adulthood is a high-risk period for UK patients and interventions are needed to improve outcomes during transition and young adulthood.

Mental illness and suicide after self-harm among young adults: long-term follow-up of self-harm patients, admitted to hospital care, in a national cohort

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (16) ◽  
pp. 3397-3405 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Beckman ◽  
E. Mittendorfer-Rutz ◽  
P. Lichtenstein ◽  
H. Larsson ◽  
C. Almqvist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitalization ◽  
Adverse Outcome ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
History Of ◽  
Self Harm

BackgroundSelf-harm among young adults is a common and increasing phenomenon in many parts of the world. The long-term prognosis after self-harm at young age is inadequately known. We aimed to estimate the risk of mental illness and suicide in adult life after self-harm in young adulthood and to identify prognostic factors for adverse outcome.MethodWe conducted a national population-based matched case-cohort study. Patients aged 18-24 years (n = 13 731) hospitalized after self-harm between 1990 and 2003 and unexposed individuals of the same age (n = 137 310 ) were followed until December 2009. Outcomes were suicide, psychiatric hospitalization and psychotropic medication in short-term (1-5 years) and long-term (>5 years) follow-up.ResultsSelf-harm implied an increased relative risk of suicide during follow-up [hazard ratio (HR) 16.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 12.9–20.9). At long-term follow-up, 20.3% had psychiatric hospitalizations and 51.1% psychotropic medications, most commonly antidepressants and anxiolytics. There was a six-fold risk of psychiatric hospitalization (HR 6.3, 95% CI 5.8–6.8) and almost three-fold risk of psychotropic medication (HR 2.8, 95% CI 2.7–3.0) in long-term follow-up. Mental disorder at baseline, especially a psychotic disorder, and a family history of suicide were associated with adverse outcome among self-harm patients.ConclusionWe found highly increased risks of future mental illness and suicide among young adults after self-harm. A history of a mental disorder was an important indicator of long-term adverse outcome. Clinicians should consider the substantially increased risk of suicide among self-harm patients with psychotic disorders.

scholarly journals The importance of adherence and persistence in the elderly atrial fibrillation patient

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_I) ◽  
pp. I38-I42
Author(s):  
Elaine M Hylek
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation Patient ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Medical System ◽  
Age Group ◽  
History Of

Abstract Older adults with atrial fibrillation are at the highest risk of ischaemic stroke yet are the least likely to be prescribed anticoagulant therapy, adhere to this therapy, and maintain long-term persistence with this therapy. The reasons for this under treatment are multifactorial and include patient-driven factors, physician-driven factors, medical system complexities, and current unknowns regarding the biology and natural history of AF. Understanding these challenges to stroke prevention and addressing identified barriers to medication adherence and persistence in this vulnerable age group will improve outcomes related to AF.

scholarly journals Lip-closing function of elderly people during ingestion: Comparison with young adults

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Fumiyo Tamura ◽  
◽  
Tomoko Fukui ◽  
Takeshi Kikutani ◽  
Reiko Machida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Skilled Movement ◽  
Acrylic Plate ◽  
History Of

In this study the relationship between the functional vertical labial pressure and aging during ingestion in the elderly is examined. The subjects were 84 community-dwelling elderly (mean: 79.4 years old), 109 elderly needing long term care (mean: 81.3 years old), and 59 healthy young adults (mean: 32.0 years old) as control. Labial pressure was measured with a pressure sensor embedded in acrylic plate. There was no correlation between age and labial pressure or the coefficient of variation of labial pressure during ingestion. In people with a history of “choking on food”, labial pressure was, however, significantly lower (p<0.01) than people without a history of “choking on food”, while the coefficient of variation of labial pressure was significantly higher (p<0.05). Poor labial pressure and movement were noted in subjects who experienced “choking on food”, suggesting that lip-closing function also plays an important role in the pharyngeal stage of feeding/swallowing. On the other hand, the coefficient of variation of labial pressure during ingestion was not changed in the elderly group in comparison to the control group. These results showed that skilled movement of lip-closing might be compensated by labial pressure. Labial pressure and skilled movement were, however, decreased in the elderly needing care because of “choking on food.”

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