An Electronmicroscopic Study of Collateral Nerve Sprouts

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 276-277
Author(s):  
J. Jew ◽  
T. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Collateral Sprouting ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Resolution Capability ◽  
Nerve Sprouting ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System

One of the major limitations of classical regeneration is that an axon may have to grow a long way before it can re-establish contact with the denervated cells. Fortunately, however, an alternative and more rapid mechanism exists to secure functional recovery. In this process - collateral nerve sprouting - side branches grow out from surviving axons closest to the denervated elements.Collateral nerve sprouting was recognized by Exner before the turn of the century, though at the time his concept went unnoticed. It was shown that collateral sprouts could restore apparently normal function to skeletal muscle. More recent studies have indicated that collateral sprouting is a general property of peripheral nerves both motor and sensory, somatic and autonomic; but its occurrence in the central nervous system is controversial Structural study of collateral nerve sprouts requires the observation of processes having morphological characteristics beyond the resolution capability of the light microscope. In the absence of information about collateral sprouting at the electronmicroscopic level, and because of its clinical relevance, we set ourselves the task of studying the natural history of this process. The present work will serve as a basis for quantitative studies, including those aimed at controlling the rate and extent of collateral nerve sprouting.

scholarly journals Bone Marrow-Derived, Neural-Like Cells Have the Characteristics of Neurons to Protect the Peripheral Nerve in Microenvironment

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-lei Guo ◽  
Zhi-ying Zhang ◽  
Yan Xu ◽  
Yun-xia Zhi ◽  
Chang-jie Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Fiber Formation ◽  
Myelinated Nerve ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Effective repair of peripheral nerve defects is difficult because of the slow growth of new axonal growth. We propose that “neural-like cells” may be useful for the protection of peripheral nerve destructions. Such cells should prolong the time for the disintegration of spinal nerves, reduce lesions, and improve recovery. But the mechanism of neural-like cells in the peripheral nerve is still unclear. In this study, bone marrow-derived neural-like cells were used as seed cells. The cells were injected into the distal end of severed rabbit peripheral nerves that were no longer integrated with the central nervous system. Electromyography (EMG), immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to analyze the development of the cells in the peripheral nerve environment. The CMAP amplitude appeared during the 5th week following surgery, at which time morphological characteristics of myelinated nerve fiber formation were observed. Bone marrow-derived neural-like cells could protect the disintegration and destruction of the injured peripheral nerve.

Evidence for a Blood Ganglion Barrier in the Superior Cervical Ganglion of the Rat

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 204-204
Author(s):  
D. M. DePace
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Time Schedule ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Capillary Circulation ◽  
And Control

The majority of blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion possess a continuous endothelium with tight junctions. These same features have been associated with the blood brain barrier of the central nervous system and peripheral nerves. These vessels may perform a barrier function between the capillary circulation and the superior cervical ganglion. The permeability of the blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat was tested by intravenous injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Three experimental groups of four animals each were given intravenous HRP (Sigma Type II) in a dosage of.08 to.15 mg/gm body weight in.5 ml of.85% saline. The animals were sacrificed at five, ten or 15 minutes following administration of the tracer. Superior cervical ganglia were quickly removed and fixed by immersion in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in Sorenson's.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Three control animals received,5ml of saline without HRP. These were sacrificed on the same time schedule. Tissues from experimental and control animals were reacted for peroxidase activity and then processed for routine transmission electron microscopy.

Primary Melanocytoma of the Lower Thoracic Spinal Cord: Case report and review of the literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Panagopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Total Resection ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Meningeal Melanocytoma ◽  
Melanocytic Tumors ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Thoracolumbar Region ◽  
Rare Benign Tumor ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Background: Meningeal melanocytoma is a rare benign tumor, most frequently located in the posterior fossa and spinal canal. Our objective is to illustrate a case of this tumor that originated in the thoracolumbar area of the spine and had an uneventful clinical course after total resection. Case description: We present the case of a 59 years old woman who presented with a medical history of ongoing neurological deterioration due to spastic paresis of the lower extremities. MRI of the thoracolumbar region identified a melanocytic melanoma as the underlying cause. Conclusions: Melanocytic tumors of the central nervous system have a typical appearance on MRI scans, varying with the content and distribution of melanin. However, the differential diagnosis between malignant melanoma and melanocytoma still depends on pathological criteria. Spinal meningeal melanocytoma has a benign course, and it is amenable for gross total resection. The outcome is favorable following complete resection.

Subversive Mobilities

Transfers ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikkel Thelle
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Public Action ◽  
History Of ◽  
Urban Conflict

The article approaches mobility through a cultural history of urban conflict. Using a case of “The Copenhagen Trouble,“ a series of riots in the Danish capital around 1900, a space of subversive mobilities is delineated. These turn-of-the-century riots points to a new pattern of mobile gathering, the swarm; to a new aspect of public action, the staging; and to new ways of configuring public space. These different components indicate an urban assemblage of subversion, and a new characterization of the “throwntogetherness“ of the modern public.

“The Road into the Open”: From Narrative Closure to the Endless Performance of Subjectivity in Mahler and Freud at the Turn of the Century

2011 ◽  
pp. 79-116
Author(s):  
John E. Toews
Keyword(s):  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Gustav Mahler ◽  
Human Subjectivity ◽  
The Road ◽  
Cultural Productions ◽  
Construction Of Identity ◽  
Reflective Activity ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Subjectivity

This article studies selected works of Gustav Mahler and Sigmund Freud as enacting the history of subjectivity as a problematic narrative of the deconstruction and construction of identity. It views Mahler and Freud's cultural productions as historically parallel examples of a certain way of imagining human subjectivity as a reflective activity. It studies their ideas on identity as a form of assimilation, and looks at how their “works” took a turn towards subjectivity. The article shows that Freud, Mahler, and their modernist contemporaries did not opt to live in their songs and selves, but instead found a new way to imagine the relations among individuals.

scholarly journals Rabies-induced Spongiform Change and Encephalitis in a Heifer

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Foley ◽  
J. F. Zachary
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Spongiform Change ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The University

A 1-year-old mixed breed heifer was presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of Illinois with a 3-day history of abnormal mentation and aggressive behavior. Based on the history and clinical examination, euthanasia and necropsy were recommended. The differential diagnoses included rabies, pseudorabies, and a brain abscess. The brain was removed within 60 minutes of death, and the section submitted for fluorescent antibody testing was positive for rabies virus antigen. Residual brain tissue was immersion fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Histologic examination revealed a marked perivascular and meningeal lymphocytic meningoencephalitis and locally extensive spongiform change of the gray matter affecting the neuropil and neuron cell bodies. The most severely affected regions with spongiform change were the thalamus and cerebral cortex. No Negri bodies were found in any sections. Since the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom, there has been an increased surveillance of bovine neurologic cases in an effort to assess if BSE has occurred in the USA. In areas where rabies virus is endemic, rabies should be included as a possible differential diagnosis in cases of spongiform changes of the central nervous system.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN DEFICIENCY DISEASES

1934 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Zimmerman ◽  
Ethel Burack
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Progressive Disease ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Persistent Vomiting ◽  
Fiber Tracts ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Deficiency Diseases

Adult dogs maintained on an artificial, balanced ration adequate in all dietary essentials as far as is known except water-soluble, heat-stable vitamin B2 (G) developed, after a sufficient time, a slowly progressive disease characterized by loss of weight, persistent vomiting and diarrhea, and marked muscular weakness, which ended fatally in from 200 to over 300 days. The clinical features of this condition, as pointed out in the discussion, are quite different from those characterizing the canine disease known as black tongue. The anatomic changes in this condition consist of marked demyelination of the peripheral nerves, including the vagus; degeneration of the medullary sheaths and replacement by gliosis of the posterior columns of the spinal cord, particularly the fasciculi graciles; degeneration of the medullary sheaths of the posterior and less often of the anterior nerve roots of the cord; occasionally slight degenerative changes in most of the other fiber tracts of the cord. Attention is called to the fact that degenerative lesions in the central nervous system similar or identical with these have frequently been described in pellagra in man.

scholarly journals Severe invasive Listeria monocytogenes rhombencephalitis mimicking facial neuritis in a healthy middle-aged man: a case report and literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 030006052098265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liming Cao ◽  
Yanwei Lin ◽  
Hongliang Jiang ◽  
Jiehong Wei
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Antibiotic Administration ◽  
Stiff Neck ◽  
Atypical Symptoms ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Foodborne Infection ◽  
Immunocompetent Adults

Neurolisteriosis is a foodborne infection of the central nervous system that is easily misdiagnosed, especially in healthy adults with atypical symptoms. A 50-year-old man presented with a 3-day history of distortion of the oral commissure. Facial neuritis was diagnosed and treated with intravenous dexamethasone. His condition deteriorated rapidly, and he presented with a slow pharyngeal reflex, stiff neck, and signs of peripheral facial paralysis. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple ring-enhanced foci in the brainstem. Routine and biochemical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses showed increased white blood cells and microproteins. Blood culture and high-throughput genome sequencing revealed Listeria monocytogenes DNA in the CSF. Ampicillin, amikacin, and meropenem were administered, and the patient was transferred from the intensive care unit to a standard medical ward after 2 months. The patient could walk and eat normally; however, he required intermittent mechanical ventilation at 11 months after discharge. Although L. monocytogenes meningitis is rare in healthy immunocompetent adults, it must be considered as a differential diagnosis, especially in adults whose conditions do not improve with cephalosporin antibiotic administration. L. monocytogenes rhombencephalitis mimics facial neuritis and develops quickly. Prompt diagnosis is essential for rapid initiation of antibiotic therapy to achieve the best outcome.

Hemangioblastoma diagnosis and surveillance in von Hippel–Lindau disease: a consensus statement

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Kristin Huntoon ◽  
Matthew J. Shepard ◽  
Rimas V. Lukas ◽  
Ian E. McCutcheon ◽  
Anthony B. Daniels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age At Onset ◽  
Benign Tumors ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Von Hippel Lindau ◽  
Assessment Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Von Hippel Lindau Disease ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cancer Network

OBJECTIVE Hemangioblastomas are a frequent underlying cause of neurological morbidity and death in patients with von Hippel–Lindau disease (VHL). Although these benign tumors can cause significant neurological debility when undetected and untreated, unified evidence-based surveillance recommendations for VHL patients have not been established. To develop consensus recommendations, the VHL Alliance established an expert committee, named the International VHL Surveillance Guidelines Consortium, to define surveillance recommendations. METHODS The Central Nervous System (CNS) Hemangioblastoma Subcommittee of the Guidelines Consortium was formed as a multidisciplinary team of experts in the diagnosis and management of hemangioblastomas. Recommendations were formulated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and National Comprehensive Cancer Network Categories of Evidence and Consensus categorization after a comprehensive literature review. RESULTS Published studies (n = 49) that discussed age at onset, MRI frequency, natural history of VHL, and the risks and benefits of surveillance were analyzed. Based on this analysis, the authors recommend that clinical evaluation (yearly) be used as the primary screening tool for hemangioblastomas in VHL. The subcommittee suggests that screening be performed between the ages of 11 and 65 years, or with the onset of symptoms, for synchronicity with other testing regimens in VHL. The subcommittee also recommends that baseline MRI be first performed at the age of 11 years (suggested 2B, level of evidence D) or after identification of neurological symptoms or signs (if earlier) and continue every 2 years (recommended 2A, level of evidence A). CONCLUSIONS The CNS Hemangioblastoma Subcommittee of the International VHL Surveillance Guidelines Consortium here proposes guidelines that aim to increase the early detection of VHL-associated hemangioblastomas to reduce their morbidity and mortality.

SURGERY IN A HEMOPHILIAC CHILD WITH INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 800-804
Author(s):  
John H. Fuerth ◽  
Paul Teng ◽  
Erwin Goldenberg
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Type A ◽  
Bleeding Tendency ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Excessive Bleeding ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Fatal Hemorrhage ◽  
History Of ◽  
System 2 ◽  
The Central Nervous System

THE UNUSUAL bleeding tendency in hemophiliacs has been known since biblical times, and its hazards have been recognized in even such simple surgical procedures as circumcision.1 Perhaps the most dangerous complication of hemophilia is bleeding into the central nervous system.2 It therefore seems worthwhile to report the case of a 2-year-old hemophiliac who survived several intracranial hemorrhages, with two surgical interventions, but who 4 months later had a fourth and fatal hemorrhage. CASE REPORT History D. H. was a 2-year-old hemophiliac with numerous admissions to the Kaiser Foundation Hospital, Los Angeles, for bleeding episodes. He was born at another hospital, was circumcised shortly after birth and had excessive bleeding following this. His first admission was at the age of 1 year for bleeding following a tongue bite. At that time he had an abnormal result of a prothrombin consumption test, with 55% residual prothrombin in the serum. The prothrombin consumption was corrected by fresh normal plasma and barium sulfate adsorbed plasma, but not by serum or plasma from a known hemophiliac type A. The diagnosis of hemophilia type A was thus established. He had two brothers who were investigated and found to be normal. There was no abnormal bleeding tendency on his father's side, but two uncles of his mother and two first cousins were said to be "bleeders." No further details were known. Physical and Laboratory Findings The boy was admitted to the hospital on the evening of October 13, 1957, with a history of vomiting and progressive lethargy of 2 days' duration.

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