Repetition of the preprimary year: Why is it done, and what is its effect?

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-60
Author(s):  
Frances Davies ◽  
Janet Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Early Screening ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Phase Study ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Teacher Recommendations ◽  
Academic Year

AbstractA three-phase study examined preprimary grade repetition in Western Australian schools. The purpose was to identify factors that influence teacher recommendations to repeat and to investigate outcomes of repeating. Focus group discussions with 24 preprimary teachers in the first phase identified three categories of factors: child, home, and school. Child factors that teachers considered important for coping in Year I were language, motor, and social skills. In the second phase of the study, 54 children were assessed on these three skills using the Early Screening Profiles (Harrison, 1990). A control group of“competent”Year Is was compared with children repeating preprimary and with Year Is considered “at risk” of not coping.The control group performed significantly better on all three skills than the other two groups, confirming thot these skills are accurately assessed in teachers’judgements of readiness for Year 1. The third phase of the study consisted of a posttest of the at-risk Year Is and the children repeating preprimary. The posttest late in the academic year did not find any significant differences between the language, motor, and social development of the two groups.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccines Safety Tracking (CoVaST): Protocol of a Multi-Center Prospective Cohort Study for Active Surveillance of COVID-19 Vaccines’ Side Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 7859
Author(s):  
Abanoub Riad ◽  
Holger Schünemann ◽  
Sameh Attia ◽  
Tina Poklepović Peričić ◽  
Marija Franka Žuljević ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Independent Study ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Phase Study ◽  
Three Phase

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine-related side effects have a determinant role in the public decision regarding vaccination. Therefore, this study has been designed to actively monitor the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines globally. Methods: A multi-country, three-phase study including a cross-sectional survey to test for the short-term side effects of COVID-19 vaccines among target population groups. In the second phase, we will monitor the booster doses’ side effects, while in the third phase, the long-term safety and effectiveness will be investigated. A validated, self-administered questionnaire will be used to collect data from the target population; Results: The study protocol has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, with the identifier NCT04834869. Conclusions: CoVaST is the first independent study aiming to monitor the side effects of COVID-19 vaccines following booster doses, and the long-term safety and effectiveness of said vaccines.

A Three-Phase Supply

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-70
Author(s):  
Jim Powell
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
British Government ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Three Phases ◽  
Cotton Trade

This chapter describes the three phases of the war as experienced by the British cotton trade. The first phase (November 1860 to end June 1862) was characterised by a complacency in the trade, which expected neither a civil war nor a cotton scarcity. The Confederacy’s King Cotton strategy and its failure are examined, as well as British public opinion and British government policy. During the second phase (July 1862 to end August 1864), the full scale of the catastrophe was belatedly recognised and prices soared. Cotton speculation in the Liverpool market became endemic. A price collapse in September 1864 marked the end of the phase. Thereafter, confusion was widespread and prices oscillated violently, as did speculation. This third phase arguably lasted until 1876. The chapter concludes that the civil war period in Liverpool can best be seen as an extended series of bets on whether a war would start and how long it would last.

CBT-IA: The First Treatment Model for Internet Addiction

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly S. Young
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Internet Addiction ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Addiction Recovery ◽  
Clinical Disorder ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Client Population ◽  
Three Phase

Research has identified Internet addiction as a new clinical disorder that causes relational, occupational, and social problems. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been suggested as the treatment of choice for Internet addiction, and addiction recovery in general has used CBT as part of treatment planning. This article outlines cognitive behavioral therapy–Internet addiction (CBT-IA), a uniquely designed model for treating Internet addiction applying CBT with harm reduction therapy (HRT). CBT-IA uses a three-phase approach. In the first phase, behavior modification is used to gradually decrease the amount of time the addict spends online. In the second phase, cognitive therapy is used to address denial that is often present among Internet addicts and to combat the rationalizations that justify excessive online use. The third phase applies HRT to identify and treat coexisting issues involved in the development of compulsive Internet use. As the first model of its kind, it can be used both on an outpatient and inpatient basis to deal with this emergent client population.

scholarly journals A three-phase mapreduce-based algorithm for searching biomedical document databases

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Milana Grbić
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Algorithm ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Inverse Document Frequency ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Ranking Criteria ◽  
Document Frequency ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Query Word ◽  
Document Databases

Retrieving information from large document databases is in the focus of scientific research in recent years. In this paper, a parallel algorithm for searching biomedical documents based on the MapReduce technique is presented. The algorithm consists of three phases: preprocessing phase, document representation phase, and searching phase. In the first phase, lemmatization and elimination of stop words are performed. In the second phase, each of the documents is represented as a list of pairs (word, tf-idf index of the word). The third phase represents the main searching procedure. It uses a specially designed ranking criterion, which is based on a combination of the term frequency - inverse document frequency (tf-idf) index and the indicator function for each query word. Four different versions of ranking criteria are proposed and analyzed. The algorithm performances are tested on different subsets of the large and well-known PubMed biomedical document database. The results obtained by the experiments indicate that the proposed parallel algorithm succeeds in finding high-quality results in a reasonable time. Comparing to the sequential variant of the algorithm, the experiments show that the parallel algorithm is more efficient since it finds high-quality solutions in significantly less time.

Oil and gas business risk and opportunities: a report from the 2013 global Ernst & Young survey

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Business Risk ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Recognition And Response ◽  
Oil And Gas Companies ◽  
Oil And Gas Sector

This extended abstract discusses the top 10 risks and opportunities for oil and gas companies in 2013, which have been identified in our biannual global survey. It has been said that the difference between a business risk and an opportunity is the organisational speed of recognition and response. In this biannual update to the Ernst & Young oil and gas risk and opportunities report, we provide the latest views about the key risks and opportunities facing the oil and gas sector. Our three-phase approach provides a unique insight into the sectors, leading risks, and opportunities. We interview a panel of industry executives and experts, and ask them to identify the top risks and opportunities, as well as those below the radar that could rise into the top 10 in the years ahead. They are then grouped and aggregated to form a strategic challenge list for the oil and gas sector. The second phase of our research is to conduct a large-sample survey of companies and governments to rank the strategic challenges, obtain forecasts on whether these challenges would be more or less important in the future and discover how leading organisations are responding to them. The third phase of our research is to conduct interviews with leading industry executives to gain insights on how the risks and opportunities impact their organisations and how these executives are managing or preparing for them. The latest edition of the Ernst & Young Oil and Gas Risk and Opportunities Report was released in March 2013.

Release of reactive oxygen by hepatocytes on reoxygenation: three phases and role of mitochondria

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (6) ◽  
pp. G1015-G1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Littauer ◽  
H. de Groot
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Chain ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain ◽  
Isolated Hepatocytes ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Luminol Chemiluminescence ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Hypoxic Incubation ◽  
Mitochondrial Respiratory

Reoxygenation of isolated hepatocytes in primary culture resulted in a three-phase response in the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as determined by peroxidase-dependent luminol chemiluminescence. Release of ROS within the first and second phase correlated well with the extent of reoxygenation injury, both being most significant after approximately 4 h of hypoxic incubation. During the third phase, some of the ROS were released by already nonviable cells. Both antimycin A and rotenone significantly increased release of ROS, indicating severe alterations of the mitochondrial respiratory chain caused by hypoxia and suggesting that the altered mitochondrial respiratory chain represents an important source for the release of ROS on reoxygenation. Generation of ROS rose sharply when the O2 content was increased from 0 to 2%, whereas a further increase in the O2 content, of up to 95%, resulted in only small but steady increases in the formation of ROS. The latter suggests that, in addition to enzymatic sources such as the mitochondrial respiratory chain, nonenzymatic reactions may also contribute to the formation of ROS on reoxygenation.

Double-Alternation Runway Performance as a Function of Inter- and Intra-Reinforcement Odor Cues

1974 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 787-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen F. Davis ◽  
Robert E. Prytula ◽  
Wyatt E. Harper ◽  
Howard K. Tucker ◽  
Clarence Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Iii ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Goal Measure ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules ◽  
Runway Performance ◽  
Odor Cues ◽  
Double Alternation ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Two Phases

Two groups of 12 rats served as Ss in a three-phase investigation into the production and utilization of odor cues in the runway. Both groups were trained under double-alternation patterns of reward-nonreward with one group serving as start-box donor-odorants, while the second group actually traversed the runway. During the first two phases the run- Ss were water-reinforced, and the donor-odorants were food-reinforced. The reinforcement schedules for the run and donor-odorant Ss were positively correlated during the first phase and negatively correlated during the second phase. In the third phase both groups were food reinforced and the reinforcement schedules once again positively correlated. The results indicated that significant double-alternation patterning was shown by the run- Ss only in the goal measure during Phases I and II. However, significant patterning was shown in start, run, and goal measures during Phase III, suggesting the specificity of odor cues to deprivational states.

scholarly journals The quality of fiber and the effectiveness of use in rations of Holstein-Kholmogor cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 198 (7) ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Kuz'mina ◽  
Anastasiya Kartashova
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Region ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Milk Cows ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

Abstract. The purpose of the research is to determine the optimal level of fibre and its fractions, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF), in the ration of cows with milk yield 6–7 thousand kg according to the period of the physiological cycle. The scientific and economic experiment was carried out with two groups of cows, control and test, 10 animals in each other, during the whole period of lactation. The ration of control group cows corresponded to the economic one. The analysis of the crude fibre in feeds doesn't identify a reasonably accurate content of the fibre and its fractions. Therefore, the research includes the elaborated method of fractionation of structural carbohydrates (Van Soest et al.). As a result of the research, the optimal level of the crude fibre and its fractions (NDF and ADF) was determined in the cow rations according to the periods of the physiological cycle. It was established that the level of the crude fibre should be 20.5 %; NDF – 40.0 %; ADF – 25.0 % during the first phase of lactation (14–100 days). For the period of the second phase of lactation (101–200 days) the content of the crude fiber – 22,5 %, NDF – 41,3 %, and ADF – 26,3 %. For the period of the third phase of lactation (201–305 days) the level of the crude fibre should be 25,0 %; NDF – 45,5 %; ADF – 25,4 %. The novelty of the research is that we determined the requirements of the milk cows for the crude fibre, NDF and ADF according to the physiological periods in the conditions of the Arctic region. Separation of the fibre into fractions makes it possible to reveal more fully its composition, and consequently to show more precisely digesting of each fraction in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants and to determine the role of fibre in providing of animals by energy.

scholarly journals Three-phase transitions to reproductive isolation: The roles of utilization mismatch and residual selection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Géza Meszéna ◽  
Ulf Dieckmann
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Intermediate Phase ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Ecological Selection ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Resource Distributions ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Phenotype Distribution

AbstractThe adaptive emergence of reproductive isolation is increasingly recognized as a key mechanism of sympatric speciation. Here we aim at establishing a deeper understanding of the complex multilocus dynamics underlying such speciation transitions under resource competition. In reality, a single population’s resource utilization can never exactly match a resource distribution, making residual selection pressures inevitable. We find that this commonly leads to three-phase transitions to reproductive isolation. First, partial assortativity emerges, quickly adjusting a population’s variance to the resource distribution’s variance. Second, allelic variance slowly erodes across loci, allowing an increasingly bimodal phenotype distribution to emerge. Third, a fast transition occurs toward full bimodality in conjunction with practically complete reproductive isolation of the emerging two species. The first phase is driven by frequency-dependent divergent ecological selection. The second phase is driven by self-accelerating residual ecological selection: the more loci code for the selected phenotype, the slower is this intermediate phase. The third phase is driven by self-accelerating sexual selection. We study three types of mismatch-driven speciation, resulting from (i) incongruences between the shapes of resource distributions and competition kernels, (ii) low numbers of loci, and (iii) premature cessations of the first phase’s variance expansion. Our results suggest that the incomplete separation of incipient species, a characteristic of the second phase, is common in nature, which is likely resulting in detectable genetic footprints of three-phase transitions to reproductive isolation occurring in nature.

scholarly journals A Three-Phase Multiobjective Mechanism for Selecting Retail Stores to Close

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong-Chang Chen ◽  
Shu-Ping Suen
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Information System ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Retail Store ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Three Phase

To operate a successful and growing business, a retail store manager has to make tough decisions about selectively closing underperforming stores. In this paper, we propose using a three-phase multiobjective mechanism to help retail industry practitioners determine which stores to close. In the first phase, a geographic information system (GIS) andk-means clustering algorithm are used to divide all the stores into clusters. In the second phase, stores can be strategically selected according to the requirements of the company and the attributes of the stores. In the third phase, a neighborhood-based multiobjective genetic algorithm (NBMOGA) is utilized to determine which stores to close. To examine the effectiveness of the proposed three-phase mechanism, a variety of experiments are performed, based partly on a real dataset from a stock-list company in Taiwan. Results from the experiments show that the proposed three-phase mechanism can help efficiently decide which store locations to close. In addition, the neighborhood radius has a considerable influence on the results.

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