A multifaceted approach to evaluating expert systems

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard Adelman ◽  
James Gualtieri ◽  
Sharon L. Riedel
Keyword(s):  
Expert Systems ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Multifaceted Approach ◽  
Different Types

AbstractA multifaceted approach to evaluating expert systems is overviewed. This approach has three facets: a technical facet, for “looking inside the black box”; an empirical facet, for assessing the system’s impact on performance; and a subjective facet, for obtaining users’ judgments about the system. Such an approach is required to test the system against the different types of criteria of interest to sponsors and users and is consistent with evolving lifecycle paradigms. Moreover, such an approach leads to the application of different evaluation methods to answer different types of evaluation questions. Different evaluation methods for each facet are overviewed.

Performance Evaluation Methods for Microgrippers

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Ruggeri ◽  
Gianmauro Fontana ◽  
Irene Fassi ◽  
Giovanni Legnani
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Performance Assessment ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Preliminary Survey ◽  
Quantitative Methodology ◽  
Performance Indices ◽  
Task Requirements ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Definition Of

In precise manipulation and assembly of components with sub-millimetric dimensions, the role of the gripping tools is fundamental. In the literature, many different types of the so-called microgrippers have been presented, based on different working principles, to cope with the issues related to the gripping, the handling and the release of different micro-components. Depending on the component properties, the task requirements and the system constraints, a microgripper could be more suitable than another and allow the achievement of higher performance. However, the performance assessment of the microgrippers lacks of a standardized and quantitative methodology. Many authors declare the good capabilities of their tools in a qualitative way or according to the results obtained executing specific and different tasks. For this reason, it is often difficult to compare different microgrippers and estimate the actual results that can be obtained e.g. in the gripping or the release of a component. In this context, after a preliminary survey of the adopted approaches in literature and of their meaning, this paper investigates the conception and formalization of methods and procedures to evaluate the performance of a generic microgripper and the definition of standard performance indices to support the presentation of the microgripper characteristics.

scholarly journals Opening the black box of data-based school monitoring: Data infrastructures, flows and practices in state education agencies

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 205395171985331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrid Hartong ◽  
Annina Förschler
Keyword(s):  
Black Box ◽  
School Governance ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Critical Data ◽  
State Education Agencies ◽  
State Education ◽  
The Us ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Data Infrastructures ◽  
Education Agencies

Contributing to a rising number of Critical Data Studies which seek to understand and critically reflect on the increasing datafication and digitalisation of governance, this paper focuses on the field of school monitoring, in particular on digital data infrastructures, flows and practices in state education agencies. Our goal is to examine selected features of the enactment of datafication and, hence, to open up what has widely remained a black box for most education researchers. Our findings are based on interviews conducted in three state education agencies in two different national contexts (the US and Germany), thus addressing the question of how the datafication and digitalisation of school governance has not only manifested within but also across educational contexts and systems. As our findings illustrate, the implementation of data-based school monitoring and leadership in state education agencies appears as a complex entanglement of very different logics, practices and problems, producing both new capabilities and powers. Nonetheless, by identifying different types of ‘doing data discrepancies’ reported by our interviewees, we suggest an analytical heuristic to better understand at least some features of the multifaceted enactment of data-based, increasingly digitalised governance, within and beyond the field of education.

scholarly journals Discursive Power in Contemporary Media Systems: A Comparative Framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Jungherr ◽  
Oliver Posegga ◽  
Jisun An
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
Media System ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Contemporary Media ◽  
Media Systems ◽  
Discursive Power ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

Contemporary media systems are in transition. The constellation of organizations, groups, and individuals contributing information to national and international news flows has changed as a result of the digital transformation. The “hybrid media system” has proven to be one of the most instructive concepts addressing this change. Its focus on the mutually dependent interconnections between various types of media organizations, actors, and publics has inspired prolific research. Yet the concept can tempt researchers to sidestep systematic analyses of information flows and actors’ differing degrees of influence by treating media systems as a black box. To enable large-scale, empirical comparative studies aimed at identifying interdependencies and power relationships in contemporary media systems, we propose the concept of discursive power. This describes the ability of contributors to communication spaces to introduce, amplify, and maintain topics, frames, and speakers, thus shaping public discourses and controversies that unfold in interconnected communication spaces. We also provide a theoretical framework of how structural features of organizations and media systems contribute to the emergence of discursive power for different types of actors in various contexts. This adds to the theoretical toolkit available to researchers interested in the empirical analysis of contemporary media systems.

Personnel Costs and Internal Communication

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-49
Author(s):  
Шонохова ◽  
E. Shonokhova
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Internal Communication ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Personnel Costs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Communication Links ◽  
The Cost

The article describes the features of personnel costs. Also different types of costs on workers are revealed. The features of the cost of the development of communication links within the organization are allocated. The types of economic indicators and evaluation methods of personnel costs are identified.

scholarly journals Opening the ‘black box’: liaison psychiatry services and what they actually do

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elspeth Guthrie ◽  
Aaron McMeekin ◽  
Rachel Thomasson ◽  
Sylvia Khan ◽  
Sally Makin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medication Management ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Case Note ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Liaison Psychiatry ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Service Setting ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Case Note Review

Aims and methodTo develop a simple, pragmatic typology to characterise the nature of liaison interventions delivered by a liaison service in a National Health Service setting. We carried out a retrospective electronic case-note review of referrals to a ward-based liaison psychiatry service.ResultsThree hundred and forty-four patients were referred to the service over a 12-month period. Ten different types of liaison interventions were identified, with the most common interventions being diagnosis (112 patients, 32.6%), medication management (57 patients, 16.6%), risk assessment and treatment (56 patients, 16.3% each). Mental Health Act work accounted for the greatest number of contacts per patient (median 7).Clinical implicationsThere are inherent limitations in any single-site observational study, as site-specific results cannot be generalised to other liaison services. The intervention categories we developed, however, are easy to use and will provide a way of comparing and benchmarking the range of interventions delivered by different liaison psychiatry services.

scholarly journals ‘Virtuous’ and ‘Vicious’ Circles? Adults’ Participation in Different Types of Training in the UK and Its Association with Wages

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daria Luchinskaya ◽  
Peter Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Health And Safety ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes ◽  
Occupational Standards ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Wage Increases ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Training

The relationship between education, skills and labour market outcomes is becoming an increasingly pressing issue in many countries. In the UK, recent changes in education and skills funding structures and the ongoing consequences of the 2008 recession may have affected participation in training. ‘Virtuous’ and ‘vicious’ circles of learning may exist, whereby access to training is associated with social advantage, and training begets more training. We explore workers’ participation in different types of training and how this is associated with wages using the UK Household Longitudinal Study. Our exploratory findings suggest that those working in lower-level occupations may not only be less likely to undertake training in general, but also less likely to have done types of training associated with wage increases (e.g., to meet occupational standards), and more likely to have done training associated with no or negative changes in wages (e.g., health and safety) compared to those working in higher-level occupations. We suggest that further research is needed to unpack the ‘black box’ of training and its impacts upon different groups of people. We discuss the implications of our findings to help break the ‘vicious’ circles.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF EVALUATION ON STUDENTS’ MOTIVATION TO LEARN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-578
Author(s):  
Biljana Ivanova ◽  
Dragana Kuzmanovska ◽  
Snezana Kirova ◽  
Violeta Dimova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
English Language ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Language Knowledge ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Initial Hypothesis ◽  
Level Of Motivation

Motivation has inspired а lot of authors to identify its characteristics. It has also inspired students and teachers to learn and teach foreign languages through its different types and provide different results in teaching and learning the language. This is closely connected to how evaluation has the potential to influence students and motivate them to learn a foreign language and how teachers should find easier or more difficult ways of evaluating them depending on what kind of motivation is involved during the class. This paper deals with the issue of how different evaluation methods provide opportunities for students to meet different motives. The students do that by answering a questionnaire, which is the initial hypothesis of it. The target groups are third year students, 15 of each one, from the departments of English language and literature, German language and literature, and Macedonian language and literature at the Faculty of Philology, Goce Delcev University – Stip. The students answer 15 questions concerning the different methods they are evaluated by. They provide their answers by answering the questions and they give their opinion about the different types of evaluation methods. The results are used to give us an insight into the influence of the different evaluation methods on students’ motivation, so we can see whether they are actually the main reason why students learn or do not learn foreign languages and an inspiration to teachers to be familiar with which types of evaluation methods decrease or increase the level of motivation while learning a foreign language. As a result of that they are able to use those methods in future in order to improve the level of foreign language knowledge that the students should possess and gain.

scholarly journals SISTEMA WEB RESPONSABLE, PARA LA INSCRIPCIÓN Y MATRICULACIÓN EN LÍNEA , DE ESTUDIANTES EN EL DEPARTAMENTO DE POSGRADO DE LA UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL DE BOLÍVAR.

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-101
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Veloz ◽  
◽  
Verónica Veloz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Black Box ◽  
License Plate ◽  
State University ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Online System ◽  
Web System ◽  
Maintenance Time ◽  
Fourth Level ◽  
Different Types

The enrollment and enrollment of students in the different programs offered by the Postgraduate Department of the Bolívar State University are requirements to begin with professional training in the fourth level academic offers; The present investigation identified that the information is kept manually which causes difficulties in its processes, for which it seeks to improve the administrative and academic processes that will allow the progress of functions associated with strategic tasks and decision-making, allowing to store and organize the information in such a way that efficient searches and specific reports can be carried out according to the needs within the aforementioned department, through the migration of manual processes to an automated online system - responsive web system, using Open Source tools according to to the needs of the Department (PHP Programming Language, MySql Database Manager, Netbeans Framework 11.0, JavaScript, Buml 7.9, additional tools and technologies.), in addition, Software Engineering techniques were applied to obtain a reliable and quality system , an adequate collection of information to capture the requirements Functional and non-functional requirements of the web system, reducing development, operation and maintenance time, the aforementioned web system was subjected to different types of tests such as white box, which resulted in a reduction in the number of errors in the software and A black box that focused on the inputs and outputs of the system based on the functional requirements and specifications of the system, will offer a license plate in an interactive and dynamic way with an easy-to-use interface.

scholarly journals Is the Naturalization of the Townscape a Condition of De-Industrialization? An Example of Bytom in Southern Poland

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 838
Author(s):  
Maksymilian Solarski ◽  
Robert Krzysztofik
Keyword(s):  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
Shrinking Cities ◽  
Multifaceted Approach ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Southern Poland ◽  
Mining City ◽  
Degree Of Naturalization ◽  
Different Types

A characteristic element of the transformations of cities in Central and Eastern Europe after 1990 was the emergence of shrinking cities. The main problem related to shrinking cities is around how this process developed as a result of rapidly intensifying de-industrialization. While many studies in this area are devoted to demographic, social, and economic issues, relatively few studies address the spatial dimension. In this article, the example of spatial development in the (post-) mining city of Bytom in southern Poland is discussed, pointing to the need for a multifaceted approach to this issue. This article begins with an attempt to contextualize this issue within a broader time perspective. Such an analysis makes it possible to better situate contemporary changes in the context of the processes that were visible in previous periods. Next, these changes are described using two methods. The basis of the first method is comparisons between the different types of land use. The second method, which is emphasized, is the method of A. Macias, which indicates the degree of naturalization/anthropogenization of space. Macias’ method is crucial in the context of discussions about the future of post-mining towns, where attention is paid, among other things, to the issue of sustainable development.

A SURVEY ON THE PARALLEL DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING OF PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

1992 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 279-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW SOHN ◽  
JEAN-LUC GAUDIOT
Keyword(s):  
Expert Systems ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Parallel Implementation ◽  
Distributed Processing ◽  
Parallel Distributed Processing ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Software And Hardware ◽  
Implementation Level ◽  
Algorithm Level

The importance of production systems in artificial intelligence (AI) has been repeatedly demonstrated by a large number of expert systems. As the number and size of expert systems grow, there has however been an emerging obstacle in such AI applications: the large processing time. The need for faster execution of production systems has spurred research in both the software and hardware domains, including connectionist architectures. This paper surveys various aspects of parallel distributed processing of production systems. Approaches taken to date to solve the problems associated with production systems are classified here into three levels: the algorithmic level, the parallel implementation level, and the connectionist level. Several pattern matchers and multiple rule firing principles are presented to demonstrate the algorithm level improvement. Several parallel implementation efforts are surveyed along with experimental results on real machines or with simulators. The presentation of three different types of connectionist production systems (local, distributed, and hierarchical representation) completes this survey. Finally, we explore some potential avenues towards the implementation of a true asynchronous parallel production system.

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