Law and the Politics of the Past: Legal Protection of Cultural Heritage in Greece

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphne Voudouri
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Cultural Nationalism ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
International Experience ◽  
The Past ◽  
Source Countries ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Of Greece

AbstractThis article examines the main lines of Greek legislation on antiquities and on cultural heritage in general, in the course of its history, with an emphasis on the innovations and continuity of the current Law 3028 of 2002. It attempts to place the Greek case in the context of the relevant international experience and the broader debate about ownership of the past. It throws light on the relationship between the legal framework of antiquities and the formation and fostering of national identity in Greece, and on their close connection with the state, while at the same time criticizing the view that opposes a “cultural internationalist” approach to heritage to the “cultural nationalism” of Greece and other source countries.

scholarly journals Fascism, National Socialism, and the 1939 New York World’s Fair

Fascism ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-218
Author(s):  
James J. Fortuna
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
National Socialism ◽  
World's Fair ◽  
Economic Pressure ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Form Function ◽  
New York World's Fair ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This article considers the involvement of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany at the 1939 New York World’s Fair. It considers the form, function, and content of the Italian Pavilion designed for this fair and asserts that the prefabricated monumental structure would be best interpreted, not in isolation, but as an element of the larger architectural conversation which continued to unfold across contemporary fascist Europe. Such reconsideration of this building makes it possible to evaluate the relationship between Fascist design, the assertion of political will, and the articulation of national identity and cultural heritage within a larger, transnational context. The author also investigates the American exhibition committee’s earnest and persistent, yet ultimately unheeded, solicitation of Nazi German participation and argues that motives behind German withdrawal from this event had as much to do with the threat of popular protest as economic pressure.

scholarly journals Treatment of names in Zambia and Estonia: A comparative analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-247
Author(s):  
Osward Chanda ◽  
Peeter Päll
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Place Names ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Colonial Experience ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Estonian Language

Names constitute a key component of the cultural heritage of any region. Though geographically, culturally and linguistically apart, Estonia and Zambia share some elements and motivations in naming. Zambia’s British colonial experience and Estonia’s Danish, German, Polish, Swedish and Russian/ Soviet influence in the past made significant changes to personal and place names in both regions. Following independence, both states made strides in the indigenisation of names for promoting local heritage and national identity. Zambia predominantly focused on changing the names of some towns, and of the country (from Northern Rhodesia to Zambia). On the other hand, the Estonian onomastic experience has been more comprehensive – regulating both personal and place names, enacting corresponding laws and maintaining the Institute of the Estonian Language to oversee language and name planning, among other responsibilities. Kokkuvõte. Osward Chanda ja Peeter Päll: Nimekorraldus Sambias ja Eestis: võrdlev analüüs. Artikkel vaatleb Sambia ja Eesti nimesituatsiooni erinevusi ja sarnasusi. Sambia on mitmekeelne maa, ametikeel on inglise; Eesti on ametlikult ükskeelne maa, praktikas käibivad eesti keele kõrval ka vene ja inglise keel. Sambia isikunimedes on perekonnanimed valdavalt kohalikku päritolu, eesnimed enamjaolt euroopalikud; kohanimed on valdavalt ühekordsed. Sambias ei ole erinevalt Eestist nimeseadusi isiku- ja kohanimede reguleerimiseks. Ühine on mõlema maa puhul asjaolu, et ajaloos on varem domineerinud võõrvõimud, mis on jätnud jälje nimepilti. Kui proovida sõnastada universaalseid nimekorralduspõhimõtteid, siis võiksid need olla 1) nimede kui kultuuripärandi kaitse; 2) kohalike nimekujude eelistamine; 3) nimede keeleline korrektsus, 4) oma kultuuriidentiteedi hoidmine, 5) nimede pragmaatiliste aspektide (eristatavus, nimeinfo kättesaadavus jm) arvestamine.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of information tendency and application features for projection mapping technologies at cultural heritage sites

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hengyi Li ◽  
Hiromu Ito
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Interactive Technologies ◽  
Projection Mapping ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
The Past ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Information Characteristics ◽  
Digital Projection ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractWith the rapid development of interactive technologies using projection mapping (PJM), these digital technologies have introduced new interpretative possibilities for the presentation of cultural heritage sites. PJM attracts more visitors with greater expectations to cultural heritage sites through its excellent visual effects and guidance capabilities. In the past decade, especially after 2015, design events have frequently introduced digital projections to cultural heritage sightseeing spots worldwide. However, this trend has also led to the emergence of many digital projection events that merely exhibit beautiful projection effects on buildings and neglect to show the history and value of the cultural heritage site. Based on this phenomenon, this study compiled and analyzed 45 related cases of PJM applications at cultural heritage sites around the world from the past 5 years. These 45 examples were studied by disassembling the projection content, analyzing the information characteristics exhibited in each projection video, and arranging the obtained data on a timeline chart for analysis. According to the data, two information characteristics of PJM at cultural heritage sites can be observed: “the relationship between projection content and heritage” and “information tendency.” The advantages and limitations of these characteristics were distinguished and suggestions for the application of PJM on cultural heritage sites were derived. These results can be used as a reference for other research studies on visitors to cultural heritage sites and improving digital interpretation and presentation designs.

scholarly journals Protection of traditional medical knowledge under intellectual property law

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Alexandrou ◽  
Alkinoos Athanasiou ◽  
Panagiotis D Bamidis
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Traditional Knowledge ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Ip Law

Intellectual Property (IP) Law constitutes the legal framework that ensures the protection of original creations of the mind against their illicit use and misappropriation. Providing the original creator with his rights constitutes a problem in cases such as traditional knowledge and cultural expressions since the rights over a practice cannot be traced back to specific individuals. Traditional Medical Knowledge (TMK) describes the practices and knowledge gained by native indigenous populations which is passed on from generation to generation and which is conducive towards the development of medicinal research. These forms of medical know-how are multidimensional and are often closely linked to the cultural practices and the national identity of many indigenous populations. The lack of a means of legal protection for this source of knowledge is an issue that touches both upon economic and moral grounds. The industrial exploitation of TMK native to a country may not only undermine that country’s economy and facilitate misappropriation; it may also have a negative impact on matters of national identity. This is an issue of ongoing importance, which has not yet been adequately met. Patents (a significant IP protection in the medical field) have little application to TMK. Trade secrets and geographical indications are other such solutions of limited usefulness in the protection of TMK but have been used in some countries alongside with sui generis systems and customary laws or practices. A possible solution example can be examined at initiatives such as the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library, which aims at documenting traditional medical literature on ancient Indian therapeutic practices. It is necessary that based upon current IP resolution methods a new means of protection is provided for that will enable all nationalities to safeguard their cultural diversity whilst respecting medical knowledge dissemination within the framework of a digital era.

Living the past? Do historical legacies moderate the relationship between national chauvinism/cultural patriotism and xenophobic attitudes toward immigrants

2021 ◽  
pp. 002071522110615
Author(s):  
Gal Ariely
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Historical Legacy ◽  
Attitudes Toward Immigrants ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Longevity Index ◽  
Historical Legacies

This study seeks to understand how national chauvinism and cultural patriotism are related to xenophobic attitudes toward immigrants. It does this by examining the extent to which historical legacy, in terms of geopolitical threats and national identity, moderates this relationship. A multilevel analysis across 24 European countries combines measures of national chauvinism, cultural patriotism, and xenophobic attitudes at the individual level with historical data, the geopolitical threat scale, and the national identity longevity index at the country level. Findings demonstrate that, according to these measures, historical legacies of threats and conflicts do not have an interaction effect, but the longevity of national identity moderates the relationship between national chauvinism/cultural patriotism and xenophobic attitudes. That is, in countries with greater national identity longevity, the positive relations between national chauvinism and xenophobic attitudes are weaker, but the negative relations between cultural patriotism and xenophobic attitudes are stronger. These findings contribute to the understanding of national identity by suggesting how it is related to a nation’s historical legacy.

scholarly journals The Changing Dynamics of Religion and National Identity: Greece and the Republic of Ireland in a Comparative Perspective

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 302-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphne Halikiopoulou
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Republic Of Ireland ◽  
Threat Perceptions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractWhereas most of Western Europe experienced a separation between the political and religious spheres in the past decades, in Greece and the Republic of Ireland the process of secularisation has been inhibited due to close association between religion and national identity. This paper examines these countries in a comparative perspective and argues that the process of secularisation in Ireland has been explicitly linked to a shift in national identity, a development which has not taken place in Greece. The relationship between religion and national identity is contingent on two factors: internally, the degree in which a church obstructs the modernisation process and, externally, the level of threat perceptions.

scholarly journals The Emerging International Architecture of Indigenous Rights: The Interaction between Global, Regional, and National Dimensions

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem van Genugten ◽  
Camilo Perez-Bustillo
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Indigenous Rights ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Indigenous Movements ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Legal Processes

AbstractThe article gives an overview of the current status of human rights and poverty in the context of the contemporary struggles of indigenous peoples. It aims to describe the framework of indigenous rights as constituted by, and constitutive of, the relationship between legal processes at the international, regional and national levels. The article also makes links to broader issues such as the racial, ethnic, linguistic and cultural human rights instruments, as well as to the important linkage to international poverty law. It outlines the current status of international legal protection for indigenous peoples before giving different cases in which these legal mechanisms have been used and questioned at the regional and national levels. The article concludes by arguing that indigenous rights standards play an important role in terms of serving as 'ceilings' or 'floors' between which indigenous movements and supporting NGOs can mobilize and find a legal framework to form their case.

scholarly journals Identity and Conflict: Cultural Heritage, Reconstruction and National Identity in Kosovo

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Françoise Morel
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
The Other ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Hundredth Anniversary ◽  
The Past ◽  
Slobodan Milosevic

The year 1989 marked the six hundredth anniversary of the defeat of the Christian Prince of Serbia, Lazard I, at the hands of the Ottoman Empire in the “Valley of the Blackbirds,” Kosovo. On June 28, 1989, the very day of the battle’s anniversary, thousands of Serbs gathered on the presumed historic battle field bearing nationalistic symbols and honoring the Serbian martyrs buried in Orthodox churches across the territory. They were there to hear a speech delivered by Slobodan Milosevic in which the then-president of the Socialist Republic of Serbia revived Lazard’s mythic battle and martyrdom. It was a symbolic act aimed at establishing a version of history that saw Kosovo as part of the Serbian nation. It marked the commencement of a violent process of subjugation that culminated in genocide. Fully integrated into the complex web of tragic violence that was to ensue was the targeting and destruction of the region’s architectural and cultural heritage. As with the peoples of the region, this heritage crossed geopolitical “boundaries.” Through the fluctuations of history, Kosovo’s heritage had already become subject to divergent temporal, geographical, physical and even symbolical forces. During the war it was to become a focal point of clashes between these forces and, as Anthony D. Smith argues with regard to cultural heritage more generally, it would be seen as “a legacy belonging to the past of ‘the other,’” which, in times of conflict, opponents try “to damage or even deny.” Today, the scars of this conflict, its damage and its denial are still evident. However, there are initiatives that are now seeking to use heritage – architectural and otherwise – as a way of fostering respect and dialogue between the cultures still reeling from the effects of the conflict. Having been seen as an originating factor in the conflict and made into a target for attack during the war, heritage is now seen as a facilitator for peacekeeping. As is to be expected, this is a complex, polemic, fraught and contested process.

Kulturgüter als Quasi-Subjekte. Herausforderung des Kulturgüterschutzes durch Terrorismus

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-384
Author(s):  
Leva J. Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Cultural Property ◽  
Legal Person ◽  
Cultural Objects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Material Substance ◽  
The Hague ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractOver the past decades, cultural heritage has increasingly become a primary target of terrorist destruction. As such attacks not only hit the cultural objects themselves, but also people and societies inherently associated with them, this article calls for a shift of emphasis in protection of cultural property from mere material substance protection to the relationship between humans and cultural objects. To this end, the present work rethinks cultural heritage as a hybrid entity between legal object and legal person, i. e., as material agency. The article takes a critical view of the traditional juridical distinction between legal object (res) and legal person (persona), and of material and immaterial cultural heritage. By taking full advantage of the legal potential of these four aspects, and reflecting on the recent ruling of the International Criminal Court in The Hague regarding the terrorist destruction of Timbuktu, the article provides a springboard toward an anthropological transformation of the protection of cultural property.

scholarly journals Between truth and memory: images in Lithuanian historical documentaries in post-communist transformation period

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-101
Author(s):  
Rūta Šermukšnytė
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
National Narrative ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical Images ◽  
Historical Films ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In ◽  
Transformation Period

The goal of this paper is to reveal how and why the circulation of the same historical images takes place; whose values and, simultaneously, memory are conveyed through these images; what is the relationship between the audiovisual representation of the past and collective memory? The article states that manifestations of the visual stereotypes of Lithuania history in post-communist transformation period (1988–2004) are mainly based on certain cinematic tendencies. Historical films that are considered to be an adaptation of the national narrative cinematography have been predominant since 1988. This kind of narration is characterized by validation of history as a national value, formation of national identity and its stabilization rather than diversification and correction of the collective memory or the development of critical thinking. The current documentary material that is based on the understanding of history as a myth of the nation’s history is not aimed at creating a new visual and verbal narration about the realities of the past, but rather at recognizing what has been said and made in the previous works.

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