scholarly journals Interpreting serological surveys using mixture models: the seroepidemiology of measles, mumps and rubella in England and Wales at the beginning of the 21st century

2006 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 1303-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. VYSE ◽  
N. J. GAY ◽  
L. M. HESKETH ◽  
R. PEBODY ◽  
P. MORGAN-CAPNER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Specific Frequency ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Age Range

A mixture modelling technique is applied to age-specific frequency distributions of quantitative results from serological surveys for measles, mumps and rubella using samples collected across the age range in England and Wales in 2000. In accordance with previous studies the analysis suggests that the antibody response to natural infection is stronger than that produced by vaccination, that vaccine-induced antibody levels wane with time and that levels of vaccine-induced antibody response vary for each virus infection being strongest for rubella and weakest for mumps. The current mumps epidemic in the United Kingdom is focused in cohorts born during 1982–1987 who were too old to have received routine MMR vaccination. In the cohort born in 1981–1985 the model estimates that 7·5% have no evidence of mumps specific IgG and 24·9% have the lowest level of detectable antibody. The similar proportions of mumps antibody in these categories among cohorts with opportunity for 1 or 2 doses of vaccine is a concern, as the degree to which these individuals are protected is unclear. Investigations into the efficacy of two doses of a mumps containing vaccine should be a priority during the current epidemic.

scholarly journals COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors: impact of vaccination on antibody levels, breakthrough infections and reinfection rate.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo La Raja ◽  
Monia Pacenti ◽  
Ileana Grimaldi ◽  
Caterina Boldrin ◽  
Margherita Cattai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Antibody Level ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Reinfection Rate ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
The One ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
The Impact

From April 2020 through May 2021 in Padova Province 3395 COVID-19 recovered patients were recruited as potential convalescent plasma donors and tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Since January 2021 COVID-19 vaccination campaign began in Italy, the impact of vaccination on antibody levels and suspect vaccine breakthrough infections in these subjects were investigated. Post-vaccination anti-Sars-Cov-2 antibody level in 54 previously infected subjects had an exponential increase compared to pre-vaccination level regardless of the number of vaccine doses. However after 100 days from vaccination SARS-CoV-2 antibody level tends to decline. Post-vaccination primary infections were detected in 15 cases, with 3 possible breakthrough infections after a full vaccination course. In these cases, antibody response after infection was present but weaker than the one of subjects vaccinated after natural infection. A trend toward stronger antibody response was observed with increasing distance between natural infection and vaccination. Additionally, 2 cases of asymptomatic reinfections are also discussed.

scholarly journals The burden of parvovirus B19 infection in women of childbearing age in England and Wales

2007 ◽  
Vol 135 (8) ◽  
pp. 1354-1362 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. VYSE ◽  
N. J. ANDREWS ◽  
L. M. HESKETH ◽  
R. PEBODY
Keyword(s):  
Parvovirus B19 ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Force Of Infection ◽  
Previous Infection ◽  
Parvovirus B19 Infection ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Made In

SUMMARYA serological survey has been used to investigate the epidemiology of parvovirus B19 infection in England and Wales. A total of 2835 sera representing the complete age range were selected from a convenience collection obtained in 1996 that reflects the general population and screened for parvovirus B19-specific IgG. Antibody prevalence rose nonlinearly with age from 21% in those aged 1–4 years to >75% in adults aged ⩾45 years. Force-of-infection estimates were similar to those previously made in 1991, being highest in those aged <15 years. There was no association between evidence of previous infection and sex or region. Quantitatively strongest antibody responses were found in those aged 15–34 years and IgG levels in females were 28·5% higher than those found in males (P=0·004, 95% CI 8·2–52·6). Applying the upper 95% confidence interval for the force of infection to maternity estimates for England and Wales in 1996, parvovirus infection in pregnancy was estimated to occur on average in up to 1 in every 512 pregnancies each year. This represents 1257 maternal infections, causing up to an estimated 59 fetal deaths and 11 cases of hydrops fetalis annually. An analysis of all available laboratory-confirmed parvovirus infections found a mean of 944 infections per year in women aged 15–44 years highlighting a need for enhanced surveillance of maternal parvovirus B19 infection in England and Wales, including information on both pregnancy and outcome of pregnancy.

Immunologic Response to Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine in Infants

1980 ◽  
Vol 89 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 351-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Sloyer ◽  
Laurel J. Karr ◽  
John H. Ploussard ◽  
Gerald D. Schiffman
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Young Infant ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharides ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Colonization ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Group 1

The serum antibody response to purified pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides (PCP) was determined in four groups of infants ranging in age from 3 to 24 months. Group 1 consisted of eight infants immunized with an octavalent vaccine containing serotypes 1, 3, 6, 7, 14, 18, 19 and 23 (PCP-8). Group 1 received 25 μg of each serotype at 3–6 months of age and again at 18–24 months. The antibody response after the second immunization was compared to a group of nine patients receiving a primary immunization at 18–24 months and to a group of ten age-matched controls receiving saline placebo. There were no significant differences in mean serum antibody levels between the two groups receiving the PCP-8. A fourth group of 44 infants between 6 and 21 months of age received either PCP-7 or PCP-8 and were followed for two years, at which time simultaneous injections of both vaccines were administered. Types 2, 3, 7, and 8 were most immunogenic but levels six months after immunization were approximately the same as for unimmunized controls with the exception of serotypes 3 and 7 which persisted for about two years. The class of antibody induced either by natural infection or by immunization was preferentially IgG and it was more often induced by the former. There were no significant differences between the serotypes of pneumococci isolated from nasopharyngeal cultures regardless of which vaccine was administered. Finally, the least immunogenic serotypes include 4, 6, 14, 19, and 23 and these are the only serotypes thus far associated with otitis media after immunization. The results suggest that PCP do not induce a lasting immune tolerance at the dose administered in this study; PCP are not very immunogenic in the young infant; PCP antibody tends to rise naturally; IgG antibody is preferentially induced; nasopharyngeal colonization is not altered by PCP immunization; and an association may exist between PCP immunogenicity and subsequent onset of otitis media.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Serogroup C Meningococci in England in the Postvaccination Era

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 1694-1698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline L. Trotter ◽  
Ray Borrow ◽  
Jamie Findlow ◽  
Ann Holland ◽  
Sarah Frankland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Mean Concentration

ABSTRACT The United Kingdom introduced meningococcal serogroup C conjugate (MCC) vaccines in 1999, resulting in substantial declines in serogroup C disease and carriage. Here, we measured the age-specific prevalence of serum bactericidal antibodies (SBA) to Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations to serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y in 2,673 serum samples collected in England between 2000 and 2004. We compared the seroprevalence of SBA titers of ≥8 in the postvaccination era with results from an earlier prevaccination study conducted using the same methods. We found that the percentages of individuals with protective SBA titers were higher in 2000 to 2004 in all of the age groups targeted for MCC vaccination. In the postvaccine era, the prevalence of protective titers was high (75%) in children who had recently been offered routine immunization, but this fell to 36% more than 18 months after scheduled immunization. In the cohorts targeted in the catch-up campaign, the percentage achieving SBA titers of ≥8 was higher in children offered the vaccine at ages 5 to 17 years than in children offered the vaccine at ages 1 to 4 years. The geometric mean concentration (GMC) IgG for serogroup C followed a similar pattern, corresponding to the age at and time since scheduled MCC vaccination. Serogroup-specific IgG GMCs for W-135 and Y were low and showed little variation by age. Serogroup A IgG GMCs were higher, possibly reflecting exposure to cross-reacting antigens. Although the incidence of serogroup C disease remains low due to persisting herd effects, population antibody levels to serogroup C meningococci should be monitored so that potentially susceptible age groups can be identified should herd immunity wane.

scholarly journals Neutralising reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant by vaccination status and pre-exposure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Lavezzo ◽  
Monia Pacenti ◽  
Laura Manuto ◽  
Caterina Boldrin ◽  
Margherita Cattai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Vaccination Status ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
The Third ◽  
Antibody Levels

Abstract In February and March 2020, one of the first Italian clusters of SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected in the municipality of Vo’. Positive subjects were followed up at 2 and 9 months post-infection with different immuno-assays and a micro-neutralisation test. Here we report on the results of the third serosurvey conducted in the same population in June 2021, 15 months post-infection, when we tested 61% of the infected individuals (n=76). Antibodies against the spike (S) antigen significantly decreased (P<0.006, Kruskal-Wallis test) among unvaccinated subjects (n=35) and increased (P<0.0001) in vaccinated individuals (n=41), whereas those against the nucleocapsid (N) decreased in the whole cohort. From the comparison with two control groups (naïve Vo’ inhabitants (n=20) and healthcare workers (HCW, n=61)), subjects vaccinated post exposure (hybrid immunity) had higher antibody levels (P<0.0001) than subjects vaccinated when naïve. Two doses of vaccine elicited stronger anti-S antibody response than natural infection (P<0.0001). Finally, the neutralising reactivity of sera against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) was lower than compared to the B.1 strain (median 1:320 versus 1:1280 1/dil, P<0.0001, and 1:640 versus 1:2560 1/dil, P=0.0014, after one or two vaccine doses, respectively), although subjects with hybrid immunity maintained neutralising titres above 1:40 1/dil.

The burden of infection with cytomegalovirus in England and Wales: how many women are infected in pregnancy?

2008 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
pp. 526-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. VYSE ◽  
L. M. HESKETH ◽  
R. G. PEBODY
Keyword(s):  
Serological Survey ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Cmv Infection ◽  
Antibody Prevalence ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Age Range

SUMMARYA serological survey was used to investigate the epidemiology of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in England and Wales. A total of 5237 sera representing the complete age range were used reflecting the general population. The sera were collected in 1991 and 2002, and screened for CMV-specific IgG by ELISA. Antibody prevalence increased with age from ~15% in those aged 1–4 years to ~80% in those aged ⩾65 years with no association with gender or region. Analysing by common birth cohort demonstrated that between 1991 and 2002 incidence was highest in children born 1985–1989 (1·62% per year, 95% CI 0·86–2·35), lower in older children and younger adults born 1950–1984 (0·75% per year, 95% CI 0·29–1·19) with little evidence of infection in older adults born pre-1950 (0% per year, 95% CI 0–0·64). Application to population and live-birth estimates for England and Wales suggested that between 1991 and 2002, 159 996 (95% CI 67922–278277) CMV infections occurred annually with an annual average of 2133 (95% CI 816–3435) infections affecting pregnant females.

scholarly journals Distinct SARS-CoV-2 antibody reactivity patterns elicited by natural infection and mRNA vaccination

npj Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Assis ◽  
Aarti Jain ◽  
Rie Nakajima ◽  
Algis Jasinskas ◽  
Saahir Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Orange County ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Finger Stick ◽  
Antibody Levels

AbstractWe analyzed data from two ongoing COVID-19 longitudinal serological surveys in Orange County, CA., between April 2020 and March 2021. A total of 8476 finger stick blood specimens were collected before and after a vaccination campaign. IgG levels were determined using a multiplex antigen microarray containing antigens from SARS-CoV-2, SARS, MERS, Common CoV, and Influenza. Twenty-six percent of specimens from unvaccinated Orange County residents in December 2020 were SARS-CoV-2 seropositive; out of 852 seropositive individuals 77 had symptoms and 9 sought medical care. The antibody response was predominantly against nucleocapsid (NP), full length, and S2 domain of spike. Anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) reactivity was low and not cross-reactive against SARS S1 or SARS RBD. A vaccination campaign at the University of California Irvine Medical Center (UCIMC) started on December, 2020 and 6724 healthcare workers were vaccinated within 3 weeks. Seroprevalence increased from 13% pre-vaccination to 79% post-vaccination in January, 93% in February, and 99% in March. mRNA vaccination induced higher antibody levels than natural exposure, especially against the RBD domain and cross-reactivity against SARS RBD and S1 was observed. Nucleocapsid protein antibodies can be used to distinguish vaccinees to classify pre-exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Previously infected individuals developed higher antibody titers to the vaccine than non pre-exposed individuals. Hospitalized patients in intensive care with severe disease reach significantly higher antibody levels than mild cases, but lower antibody levels compared to the vaccine. These results indicate that mRNA vaccination rapidly induces a much stronger and broader antibody response than SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Specific IgG Antibodies Persist Over a 12-Month Period in Oral Mucosal Fluid Collected From Previously Infected Individuals

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prithivi Chellamuthu ◽  
Aaron N. Angel ◽  
Melanie A. MacMullan ◽  
Nicholas Denny ◽  
Aubree Mades ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Less Invasive ◽  
Epidemiological Tool ◽  
High Throughput Method ◽  
Specific Igg

BackgroundDeveloping an understanding of the antibody response, seroprevalence, and seroconversion from natural infection and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 will give way to a critical epidemiological tool to predict reinfection rates, identify vulnerable communities, and manage future viral outbreaks. To monitor the antibody response on a larger scale, we need an inexpensive, less invasive, and high throughput method.MethodsHere we investigate the use of oral mucosal fluids from individuals recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection to monitor antibody response and persistence over a 12-month period. For this cohort study, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to quantify anti-Spike(S) protein IgG antibodies in participants who had prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and regularly (every 2-4 weeks) provided both serum and oral fluid mucosal fluid samples for longitudinal antibody titer analysis.ResultsIn our study cohort (n=42) with 17 males and 25 females with an average age of 45.6 +/- 19.3 years, we observed no significant change in oral mucosal fluid IgG levels across the time course of antibody monitoring. In oral mucosal fluids, all the participants who initially had detectable antibodies continued to have detectable antibodies throughout the study.ConclusionsBased on the results presented here, we have shown that oral mucosal fluid-based assays are an effective, less invasive tool for monitoring seroprevalence and seroconversion, which offers an alternative to serum-based assays for understanding the protective ability conferred by the adaptive immune response from viral infection and vaccination against future reinfections.

scholarly journals Elevated SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Distinguish Severe Disease in Early COVID-19 Infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie S. Haddad ◽  
Doan C. Nguyen ◽  
Merin E. Kuruvilla ◽  
Andrea Morrison-Porter ◽  
Fabliha Anam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Multiplex Immunoassay ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Critical Patients ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractBackgroundSARS-CoV-2 has caused over 36,000,000 cases and 1,000,000 deaths globally. Comprehensive assessment of the multifaceted anti-viral antibody response is critical for diagnosis, differentiation of severe disease, and characterization of long-term immunity. Initial observations suggest that severe disease is associated with higher antibody levels and greater B cell/plasmablast responses. A multi-antigen immunoassay to define the complex serological landscape and clinical associations is essential.MethodsWe developed a multiplex immunoassay and evaluated serum/plasma from adults with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections during acute illness (N=52) and convalescence (N=69); and pre-pandemic (N=106) and post-pandemic (N=137) healthy adults. We measured IgA, IgG, and/or IgM against SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid (N), Spike domain 1 (S1), receptor binding domain (S1-RBD) and S1-N-terminal domain (S1-NTD).ResultsTo diagnose infection, the combined [IgA+IgG+IgM] or IgG for N, S1, and S1-RBD yielded AUC values −0.90 by ROC curves. From days 6-30 post-symptom onset, the levels of antigen-specific IgG, IgA or [IgA+IgG+IgM] were higher in patients with severe/critical compared to mild/moderate infections. Consistent with excessive concentrations of antibodies, a strong prozone effect was observed in sera from severe/critical patients. Notably, mild/moderate patients displayed a slower rise and lower peak in anti-N and anti-S1 IgG levels compared to severe/critical patients, but anti-RBD IgG and neutralization responses reached similar levels at 2-4 months.ConclusionThis SARS-CoV-2 multiplex immunoassay measures the magnitude, complexity and kinetics of the antibody response against multiple viral antigens. The IgG and combined-isotype SARS-CoV-2 multiplex assay is highly diagnostic of acute and convalescent disease and may prognosticate severity early in illness.One Sentence SummaryIn contrast to patients with moderate infections, those with severe COVID-19 develop prominent, early antibody responses to S1 and N proteins.

TBE in United Kingdom

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Probable Case ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
South West ◽  
Louping Ill ◽  
The Uk ◽  
North And South ◽  
South West England

Until 2019, TBE was considered only to be an imported disease to the United Kingdom. In that year, evidence became available that the TBEV is likely circulating in the country1,2 and a first “probable case” of TBE originating in the UK was reported.3 In addition to TBEV, louping ill virus (LIV), a member of the TBEV-serocomplex, is also endemic in parts of the UK. Reports of clinical disease caused by LIV in livestock are mainly from Scotland, parts of North and South West England and Wales.4

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