Water use and acute diarrhoeal illness in children in a United States metropolitan area

2010 ◽  
Vol 139 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. GORELICK ◽  
S. L. McLELLAN ◽  
D. WAGNER ◽  
J. KLEIN
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Source Surface ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Gastrointestinal Complaint ◽  
Water Users

SUMMARYWe examined the association between water exposures and acute diarrhoeal illness (ADI) in children under non-outbreak conditions in a major US metropolitan area. We used a nested case-control study of children seen in an urban/suburban emergency department. Cases were those seen for a complaint of diarrhoea, while controls were age-matched children with a non-gastrointestinal complaint. Parents of subjects completed a validated water-use survey. Stratum-specific adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated for the three main water effects: water source [surface vs. ground (well)], drinking-water type (tap vs. bottled), and use of water filters. Of 2472 subjects, 45% drank mostly or only bottled water. Well-water use was associated with increased odds of ADI compared to surface water [aOR 1·38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·01–1·87]. Use of bottled water did not affect the odds of ADI in well-water users, but increased the odds of ADI for surface-water users (aOR 1·27, 95% CI 1·02–1·57). We conclude that well-water use and bottled-water use are associated with increased odds of ADI in children.

Potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated from different tropical waters in Sri Lanka

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1463-1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. G. C. K. Mannapperuma ◽  
C. L. Abayasekara ◽  
G. B. B. Herath ◽  
D. R. I. B. Werellagama
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Source Waters

This study investigated the bacteriological contamination of different water sources in Sri Lanka. Source waters (n = 74) including bottled water, well water and surface water were assessed for enumerating total coliforms and faecal coliforms using the membrane filtration method. The results showed that 18.5 and 14.8% of bottled water samples were contaminated with total coliforms and faecal coliforms, respectively. All the well water and surface water samples exceeded the WHO permitted levels for total coliforms and faecal coliforms. Bacteriological identification using biochemical tests and api 20E identification tests revealed the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in all water sources tested. Bottled water mainly contained three Enterobacter species, while well water samples showed the broadest spectrum of bacteria including eleven coliform species belonging to the genera Klebsiella, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Kluyvera, Pantoea, Rautella, and 10 non-coliform species in the genera Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Salmonella and Acinetobacter. Surface waters contained seven coliform species belonging to the genera Klebsiella, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Rautella and Serratia, and eight non-coliform species in the genera Pseudomonas, Aeromonas and Acinetobacter. Detection of higher bacteriological counts and identification of potentially pathogenic bacteria in different source waters suggest a potential health risk of the water sources used in Sri Lanka.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Focused Water Conservation Messaging in the Clackamas River, OR

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rikki Oden
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Water Users

The Clackamas River in Oregon is a drinking water source for upwards of 300,000 people living in the Portland metro region. This river experiences seasonal low flow during the annual dry season throughout summer and early fall when endangered salmon species return to the river to spawn. This dry season also coincides with the highest period of urban water use. Since precipitation is minimal at this time, water users choose to water their lawns to make up for the lack of rain which contributes to water use tripling during the driest part of the year. To promote local water conservation, the Clackamas River Water Providers (CRWP)—who manage source water protection and public outreach and education around watershed issues, drinking water, and water conservation for the eight water providers on the river—have created a water conservation campaign that they intend to promote each dry season for the next several years. First promoted during the dry season of 2019, the messaging focuses on the flow needs of endangered salmon and asks water users to cease outdoor watering altogether. Through focus group discussion and a survey of water users, this research investigates public perception and opinion of the CRWP’s summer water conservation messaging campaign with the goal of improving the effectiveness of the messaging in future dry seasons.

Effect of water source (ground versus surface) and treatment on nursery pig performance

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Nyachoti ◽  
J. F. Patience ◽  
I. R. Seddon
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Commercial Scale ◽  
Water Well ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Performance Surface

In a commercial-scale study involving 7200 piglets, performance of nursery pigs offered surface water from a dugout was equal to that of piglets offered well water (P > 0.10). Coagulation, acidification, and high chlorination (2 ppm free chlorine) of surface water were without effect on performance (P > 0.10). Key words: Nursery pig performance, Surface water, Well water

Private rights, public interests and water use conflicts: evolving water law and policy in Michigan

Water Policy ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 903-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathew C. Lautenberger ◽  
Patricia E. Norris
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Water Rights ◽  
Water Law ◽  
Court Of Appeals ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Public Rights ◽  
Water Withdrawals ◽  
The Right

Water conflicts are rare across Michigan's history. As a result, water rights have received little attention by courts or the legislature. Traditionally, the common law of water rights in Michigan embraces the riparian doctrine for surface water and provides landowners with the right to use groundwater. However, two recent changes in common and statutory law significantly modify the legal relations among water users and others with a stake in water use decisions. A 2005 Michigan Court of Appeals decision created a new legal relation among riparian and groundwater rights holders. In 2008, Michigan's legislature passed laws aimed at regulating surface water and groundwater withdrawals. As an exercise of police power intended to protect public rights in water and associated environmental quality, the 2008 laws cap total water withdrawals. This program of restricting water withdrawals coexists with the state's common law which provides for reasonable use of surface water by riparian landowners and groundwater by owners of the overlying land. The result is a new set of legal relations, an uncertain legal environment, and a growing likelihood of water use conflicts. Because Michigan's body of water law is unique, neither courts nor legislature can rely on solutions used in other states.

scholarly journals A Retrospective Chart Review Evaluating the Relationship between Cancer Diagnosis and Residential Water Source on the Lower Eastern Shore of Maryland, USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Angela DeRidder ◽  
Sowjanya Kalluri ◽  
Veera Holdai
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Chart Review ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Eastern Shore ◽  
Water Utilization ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Residential Water

Well water contamination in heavily agricultural regions has previously been linked with increased cancer incidence and mortality. The lower Eastern shore of Maryland is a rural, agricultural region with some of the highest rates of cancer in Maryland and the United States. Our study sought to characterize residential private well water use among cancer patients on the lower Eastern shore of Maryland, and to compare private well water utilization between cancer patients and the general regional population. Retrospective chart review was conducted to identify patients diagnosed with colon, lung, melanoma or breast cancer at a regional hospital from 1 January 2017 through 31 December 2018. Residential water source was determined using residential address and municipal water records. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare residential private well water utilization between our study population and the baseline regional population. The majority of cancer patients (57%) lived in homes supplied by private well water (428/746). Cancer patients were more likely to live in homes supplied by private well water compared to individuals in the general regional population (57% vs. 32%, p < 0.001). In conclusion, cancer patients on the lower Eastern shore of Maryland were more likely to live in homes supplied by residential private well water than the regional population. Additional studies are needed to evaluate well water use and cancer risk in this vulnerable region.

Perchlorate, chlorate and bromate in water samples from the South-West coast of India

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 595-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. N. Anupama ◽  
K. Kannan ◽  
P. V. G. Prajeesh ◽  
S. Rugmini ◽  
B. Krishnakumar
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Well Water ◽  
The South ◽  
South West ◽  
South West Coast

Occurrence of perchlorate (ClO4−), chlorate (ClO3−) and bromate (BrO3−) in public drinking, open well and surface water sources at 20 locations in the South-West coastal state of Kerala (India) is reported. The analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography interfaced with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). Irrespective of water source (public tap water, open well water and surface water) all the analyzed samples contained high levels of ClO4−, indicating its contamination throughout the region. The highest ClO4− level found was 91.4 μg/L, which is 3.7 times higher than US EPA recommendations. ClO3− and BrO3− were also detected in the samples, with highest concentrations of 177 and 5.34 μg/L respectively in tap water samples. Regression analysis showed moderate positive correlation between ClO4− and bromide (Br−) in tap water (r2=0.659) and open well water (r2=0.485) samples, respectively. Similar correlation was also observed between ClO4− and Cl− (r2=0.591) concentrations in well water samples, indicating sea water could be one of the probable sources in addition to ClO4− manufacturing in the area. This is the first report of high levels of ClO4− and ClO3− and detectable BrO3− in water samples from anywhere in India.

A retrospective chart review evaluating the relationship between cancer diagnosis and drinking water source on the Lower Eastern Shore of Maryland.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e13587-e13587
Author(s):  
Angela Marie DeRidder ◽  
Sowjanya Kalluri ◽  
Veera Holdai
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Chart Review ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Eastern Shore ◽  
Cancer History ◽  
County Population

e13587 Background: The lower Eastern Shore of Maryland is an agricultural and rural region with high cancer rates. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine if cancer patients on the lower Eastern Shore utilize higher rates of well water compared to individuals in the general county population. Methods: A retrospective chart review of all cases of colon, lung, melanoma and breast cancer diagnosed at Peninsula Regional Medical Center in 2017 was completed. Demographic and clinical information including family, smoking and prior cancer history, as well as residential water source were recorded. Individuals with residential addresses outside of Wicomico, Worcester and Somerset counties were excluded. Overall well water use for each county was determined using U.S. 2010 census data. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare well water utilization rates in cancer patients and the overall county population. Results: 631 patient cases were reviewed and 384 patients were identified for data analysis. The majority of patients were white (81%), diagnosed with breast cancer (41%), and used well water (52%, n = 209). Cancer patients in the three counties combined were significantly more likely to use well water than individuals in the general county population (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 2.11, 3.16). In Wicomico county, 61% of cancer patients used well water (n = 140). Wicomico cancer patients were more likely to use well water than individuals in the general Wicomico county population (OR = 4.4, 95% CI 3.41, 5.78). No significant findings were observed for patients living in Worcester and Somerset counties. No differences in family, smoking or prior cancer history in patients using well water versus municipal water were identified. Conclusions: Cancer patients on the lower Eastern Shore of Maryland used well water more than municipal water. Cancer patients also utilized higher rates of well water compared to individuals in the general county population. Interpretation is limited by small sample size and lack of causality, however the results signal a need for additional studies evaluating well water use and cancer risk in this region.

scholarly journals Overview of Toxic Contaminants in Ground Water Origin, Transport, and Treatment

1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brannon H. Wilder
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Lake County ◽  
Limestone Aquifer ◽  
The Road ◽  
Water Origin ◽  
Cap Rock

Introduction: Most of you are primarily interested in ground water, by that I mean well water. I don’t believe anyone here uses a surface water source for either product water or in plant drinking water or so you think. I have had some surprises from Florida ground water acting like surface water. When hunting for reasons it was explained that water perculating through your soil acts almost like a huge lake or river with varying levels of naturally occuring contaminants and man made pollutants present depending on location and magnitude of source. I have had trouble with this since during the depression when my family lived on a grove in Lake County. Our well was driven into the limestone aquifer and my father was firmly convinced this was the best water in the entire State of Florida. In retrospect, I can never recall tasting better water, however it was hard as a rock and during the “monsoons” that occasionally came our way the well water took on a brown color just like the lake and cat-tail swamp across the road. Wells driven into the limestone aquifer, even in the artisian region below impermiable cap rock may be subject to significant surface intrusion. Paper published with permission.

Experimental investigation on water quality standard of Yangtze River water source heat pump

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 1103-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenghu Qin ◽  
Mingwei Tong ◽  
Lin Kun
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
Water Conditions

Due to the surface water in the upper reaches of Yangtze River in China containing large amounts of silt and algae, high content of microorganisms and suspended solids, the water in Yangtze River cannot be used for cooling a heat pump directly. In this paper, the possibility of using Yangtze River, which goes through Chongqing, a city in southwest China, as a heat source–sink was investigated. Water temperature and quality of the Yangtze River in the Chongqing area were analyzed and the performance of water source heat pump units in different sediment concentrations, turbidity and algae material conditions were tested experimentally, and the water quality standards, in particular surface water conditions, in the Yangtze River region that adapt to energy-efficient heat pumps were also proposed. The experimental results show that the coefficient of performance heat pump falls by 3.73% to the greatest extent, and the fouling resistance of cooling water in the heat exchanger increases up to 25.6% in different water conditions. When the sediment concentration and the turbidity in the river water are no more than 100 g/m3 and 50 NTU respectively, the performance of the heat pump is better, which can be used as a suitable river water quality standard for river water source heat pumps.

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