Potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated from different tropical waters in Sri Lanka

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1463-1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. G. C. K. Mannapperuma ◽  
C. L. Abayasekara ◽  
G. B. B. Herath ◽  
D. R. I. B. Werellagama
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Source Waters

This study investigated the bacteriological contamination of different water sources in Sri Lanka. Source waters (n = 74) including bottled water, well water and surface water were assessed for enumerating total coliforms and faecal coliforms using the membrane filtration method. The results showed that 18.5 and 14.8% of bottled water samples were contaminated with total coliforms and faecal coliforms, respectively. All the well water and surface water samples exceeded the WHO permitted levels for total coliforms and faecal coliforms. Bacteriological identification using biochemical tests and api 20E identification tests revealed the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in all water sources tested. Bottled water mainly contained three Enterobacter species, while well water samples showed the broadest spectrum of bacteria including eleven coliform species belonging to the genera Klebsiella, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Kluyvera, Pantoea, Rautella, and 10 non-coliform species in the genera Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Salmonella and Acinetobacter. Surface waters contained seven coliform species belonging to the genera Klebsiella, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Rautella and Serratia, and eight non-coliform species in the genera Pseudomonas, Aeromonas and Acinetobacter. Detection of higher bacteriological counts and identification of potentially pathogenic bacteria in different source waters suggest a potential health risk of the water sources used in Sri Lanka.

scholarly journals Dependence of Rural Communities on Unsafe Water Sources - Case study of Tinda Village, Northeastern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-87
Author(s):  
Ojima Z. Wada ◽  
David B. Olawade ◽  
Temitope D. Afolalu ◽  
Charles J. Maihankali ◽  
Adedayo S. Olojo
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Water Services ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
State Of Water ◽  
Rural Dwellers ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Accessibility of rural dwellers, particularly in Northern Nigeria, to basic water services has been a significant challenge over the years, thereby contributing significantly to the high mortality rates associated with waterborne disease recorded in the region. Recent information is required about the state of water facilities in some of these marginalized communities to proffer sustainable solutions. This community-based survey explored the water services available to rural dwellers in Tinda village, Gombe State. Data was collected via participant and community observation. Grab water samples were also obtained and analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological parameters using standard methods. The village lacked an improved drinking water source. The major source present was a dam, while other sources available were a river and an unsanitary well. The surface water samples were turbid and coloured, while the well water was slightly turbid and coloured. The lead, iron, and manganese levels of the surface water samples were above WHO permissible limits. E.coli was detected in both the river and well water samples, while salmonella sp. was detected in all the water sources. Disinfection of the water samples with a water guard (local chlorine disinfectant) significantly reduced the microbial load. However, the water was still unsafe for drinking. The current state of water facilities in Tinda village is deplorable. With the primary water sources polluted with both heavy metals and microbes, the health of rural dwellers remains at stake.

scholarly journals Characterisation of mobile colistin resistance genes (mcr-3 and mcr-5) in river and storm water in regions of the Western Cape of South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolandi Snyman ◽  
Andrew C. Whitelaw ◽  
Jo M. Barnes ◽  
Motlatji R. B. Maloba ◽  
Mae Newton-Foot
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Storm Water ◽  
Gene Variants ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
Three Rivers

Abstract Background Colistin is regarded as a last-resort antimicrobial against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), therefore the dissemination of colistin resistance in the environment is of great concern. Horizontal transfer of mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes to potential pathogens poses a serious problem. This study aimed to describe the presence of colistin resistant GNB and mcr genes in river and storm water in regions of the Western Cape. Methods Water samples were collected from three rivers during May 2019 and January 2020 and two storm water samples were collected in November 2019. Colistin resistant GNB were cultured on MacConkey agar containing colistin and identified by MALDI-TOF. Colistin resistance was confirmed using broth microdilution (BMD). mcr-1-5 genes were detected by PCR performed directly on the water samples and on the colistin resistant isolates. mcr functionality was assessed by BMD after cloning the mcr genes into pET-48b(+) and expression in SHuffle T7 E. coli. Results mcr-5.1 and various mcr-3 gene variants were detected in the Plankenburg-, Eerste- and Berg rivers and in storm water from Muizenberg, and only mcr-5.1 was detected in storm water from Fish Hoek. Colistin resistant GNB were isolated from all of the water sources. Aeromonas spp. were the most common colistin resistant organisms detected in the water sources; 25% (6/24) of colistin resistant Aeromonas spp. isolated from the Berg river contained novel mcr-3 variants; mcr-3.33 (n = 1), mcr-3.34 (n = 1) mcr-3.35 (n = 1) mcr-3.36 (n = 2) and mcr-3.37 (n = 1), which were confirmed to confer colistin resistance. Conclusions The mcr-5.1 and mcr-3 colistin resistance gene variants were present in widely dispersed water sources in regions of the Western Cape. The mcr genes were only detected in water sampled downstream of and alongside communities, suggesting that their presence is driven by human influence/contamination. This is the first documentation of mcr-3 and mcr-5 gene variants in any setting in South Africa. Spill-over of these genes to communities could result in horizontal gene transfer to pathogenic bacteria, exacerbating the challenge of controlling multidrug resistant GNB infections.

scholarly journals Quality of Drinking Water in the Balkhash District of Kazakhstan’s Almaty Region

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabir Nurtazin ◽  
Steven Pueppke ◽  
Temirkhan Ospan ◽  
Azamat Mukhitdinov ◽  
Timur Elebessov
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Chemical Impurities ◽  
Tube Wells ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Growth Economic

The thinly populated Balkhash District of Kazakhstan’s Almaty Region lies in the lower reaches of the Ili-Balkhash basin, which is shared by China and Kazakhstan. The district is arid and heavily dependent on inflows of surface water, which are threatened by the effects of upstream population growth, economic development, and climate change. The quality of drinking water from centralized water systems and tube wells in nine villages of the district was analyzed, and the organoleptic properties of water from these sources was also assessed by an expert and via surveys of local residents. Although most samples met governmental standards for the absence of chemical impurities, high concentrations of mineralization, chlorides, boron, iron, and/or uranium were present in some well water samples. Levels of these pollutants were as much as 4-fold higher than governmental maxima and as much as 16-fold higher than concentrations reported previously in surface water. All centralized water samples met standards for absence of microbial contamination, but total microbial counts in some well water samples exceeded standards. Organoleptic standards were met by all the water from five villages, but centralized water from one village and well water from four villages failed to meet standards based on expert judgment. Residents were, for the most part, more satisfied with centralized rather than well water, but there was no obvious relationship between the failure of water to meet standards and the locations or populations of the settlements. This is the first comprehensive assessment of groundwater used for drinking in the lower Ili-Balkhash basin, and although it relies on a limited number of samples, it nevertheless provides evidence of potentially serious groundwater contamination in the Balkhash District. It is thus imperative that additional and more detailed studies be undertaken.

scholarly journals Hand-pumps as reservoirs for microbial contamination of well water

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 708-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Ferguson ◽  
Brian J. Mailloux ◽  
Kazi M. Ahmed ◽  
Alexander van Geen ◽  
Larry D. McKay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Contaminated Aquifer ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Hand Pump ◽  
Elastomeric Materials ◽  
The Village

The retention and release of total coliforms and Escherichia coli was investigated in hand-pumps removed from tubewells tapping a faecally contaminated aquifer in Matlab, Bangladesh, and from a new hand-pump deliberately spiked with E. coli. All hand-pumps were connected to reservoirs of sterile water and flushed. Faecal coliforms were observed in the discharge from all three of the previously used hand-pumps, at concentrations comparable to levels measured in discharge when they were attached to the tubewells. During daily flushing of one of the previously used hand-pumps, the concentration of total coliforms in the discharge remained relatively constant (≈103 MPN/100 mL). Concentrations of E. coli in the pump discharge declined over time, but E. coli was still detectable up to 29 days after the start of flushing. In the deliberately spiked hand-pump, E. coli was observed in the discharge over 125 days (t50 = 8 days) and found to attach preferentially to elastomeric materials within the hand-pump. Attempts to disinfect both the village and new hand-pumps using shock chlorination were shown to be unsuccessful. These results demonstrate that hand-pumps can act as persistent reservoirs for microbial indicator bacteria. This could potentially influence drinking water quality and bias testing of water quality.

scholarly journals Detection of Bacteriological Contaminants in Hand-Pump Fitted Borehole Water from a Residential Suburb in Ringim Local Government, Jigawa State

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
A.O. Adeleye ◽  
B. Kabiru ◽  
A.O. Amoo ◽  
F.K. Amoo ◽  
M. Raji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
World Health ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Hand Pump ◽  
Quality Of Water

Water from borehole source can be contaminated due to indiscriminate waste disposal. This pilot study was conducted to assess the bacteriological quality of water from five (5) hand-pump-fitted borehole sources present in Sabon Gari quarters in Ringim Local Government Area of Jigawa State. Presumptive, confirmed and completed tests were employed to determine total and faecal coliforms from the water samples using most probable number (MPN) technique. Bacterial isolates were identified by standard microbiologicalmethods. Results obtained indicate that all the water samples across all the dilution strengths tested recorded substantial growth of total coliforms at 37.3°C while faecal coliforms were observed at 44°C after incubation for 48 h. Using the MPN table, the five water samples assayed recorded 50 MPN/100mL, 14 MPN/100mL, 3 MPN/100mL, 5 MPN/100mL and 1 MPN/100mL. Results were also positive for gas and acid production in all samples collected characteristic of presence of E. coli. The results obtained in this study show bacterial contamination of the water from the boreholes which may constitute a public health risk. It is therefore recommended that the water pumped from these boreholes should be subjected to  adequate treatment to meet World Health Organization (WHO) required  standard for potable water meant for drinking. Keywords: Boreholes, hand pump, most probable number, total coliforms and faecal coliforms.

scholarly journals The occurrence of Aeromonas spp. in the bottled mineral water, well water and tap water from the municipal supplies

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1049-1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise de Oliveira Scoaris ◽  
Fernando Cezar Bizerra ◽  
Sueli Fumie Yamada-Ogatta ◽  
Benício Alves de Abreu Filho ◽  
Tânia Ueda-Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Mineral Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Water Well ◽  
Artesian Water ◽  
Bottled Mineral Water

The aim of this work was to study the occurrence of Aeromonas sp in the bottled mineral water, well water and tap water from the municipal supplies. Positive samples were found for Aeromonas spp. 12.7% from the mineral water, 8.3% from the artesian water and 6.5% from the tap water. The recovery of Aeromonas spp. was significantly higher in the bottled mineral and artesian water than in the tap water from municipal supplies. The occurrence of the Aeromonas spp. did not correlate significantly with the contamination indicator bacteria (i.e. total coliforms) in the artesian water samples. However, a significant correlation was found between Aeromonas spp. and total coliforms in the both mineral water and tap water samples. The presence or absence of a correlation between the indicator bacteria and Aeromonas could reflect the occasional appearance of the pathogen in the drinking water and the different rates of survival and recovery of these agents compared with those fecal indicators. The finding that 41.6, 14.8 and 9.0 % of the artesian water, bottled mineral water and tap water, respectively, sampled in the current study failed to meet the Brazilian standard for total coliforms in the drinking water should therefore be of concern.

scholarly journals Diversity, virulence and antibiogram traits of Escherichia coli recovered from potable water sources in Gharbia, Egypt

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-438
Author(s):  
Walid Elmonir ◽  
Etab Mohamed Abo Remela ◽  
Yasmine Alwakil
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Well Water ◽  
E Coli

Abstract This study aimed to assess the public health risk of coliforms and Escherichia coli contamination of potable water sources in Egypt. A total of 150 water samples (100 tap and 50 well) were collected from five districts in Gharbia governorate, Egypt. High rates of coliforms contamination were recorded in 52 and 76% of examined tap and well water samples, respectively. E. coli strains were detected in 16% of the water samples (15% tap water and 18% well water; 23.7% rural and 8.1% urban). Rural water sources were 3.5 times more likely to be contaminated than urban sources (P = 0.01). Eight (33.3%) E. coli isolates were Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Multiple drug resistance (MDR) was observed for 62.5% of the isolates. Seven (29.2%) E. coli isolates harboured at least one of the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes. The majority (87.5%) of the STEC isolates were MDRs and harboured ESBL genes. STEC isolates were significantly more likely to resist six classes of antibiotics than non-STEC isolates. This is the first report of potable water contamination with MDR-STEC in Egypt. This study highlights an alarming public health threat that necessitates preventive interventions for public and environmental safety.

scholarly journals Abundance of pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Vibrio cholerae in Nkonkobe drinking water sources

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maggy N. B. Momba ◽  
Veronica K. Malakate ◽  
Jacques Theron
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Drinking Water Sources

In order to study the prevalence of enteric pathogens capable of causing infection and disease in the rural communities of Nkonkobe, bacterial isolates were collected from several surface water and groundwater sources used by the community for their daily water needs. By making use of selective culture media and the 20E API kit, presumptive Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio cholerae isolates were obtained and then analysed by polymerase chain reaction assays (PCR). The PCR successfully amplified from water samples a fragment of E. coli uidA gene that codes for β-D-glucuronidase which is a highly specific characteristic of enteropathogenic E. coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli and entero-invasive E. coli. The PCR also amplified the epsM gene from water samples containing toxigenic V. cholerae. Although E. coli was mostly detected in groundwater sources, toxigenic V. cholerae was detected in both surface and groundwater sources. There was a possibility of Salmonella typhimurium in Ngqele and Dyamala borehole water samples. The presence of these pathogenic bacteria in the above drinking water sources may pose a serious health risk to consumers.

scholarly journals Vulnerability of Drinking-Water Wells in La Crosse, Wisconsin, to Enteric-Virus Contamination from Surface Water Contributions

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 5937-5946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Borchardt ◽  
Nathaniel L. Haas ◽  
Randall J. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Water Wells

ABSTRACT Human enteric viruses can contaminate municipal drinking-water wells, but few studies have examined the routes by which viruses enter these wells. In the present study, the objective was to monitor the municipal wells of La Crosse, Wisconsin, for enteric viruses and determine whether the amount of Mississippi River water infiltrating the wells was related to the frequency of virus detection. From March 2001 to February 2002, one river water site and four wells predicted by hydrogeological modeling to have variable degrees of surface water contributions were sampled monthly for enteric viruses, microbial indicators of sanitary quality, and oxygen and hydrogen isotopes. 18O/16O and 2H/1H ratios were used to determine the level of surface water contributions. All samples were collected prior to chlorination at the wellhead. By reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), 24 of 48 municipal well water samples (50%) were positive for enteric viruses, including enteroviruses, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and noroviruses. Of 12 river water samples, 10 (83%) were virus positive by RT-PCR. Viable enteroviruses were not detected by cell culture in the well samples, although three well samples were positive for culturable HAV. Enteroviruses detected in the wells by RT-PCR were identified as several serotypes of echoviruses and group A and group B coxsackieviruses. None of the well water samples was positive for indicators of sanitary quality, namely male-specific and somatic coliphages, total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, and fecal enterococci. Contrary to expectations, viruses were found in all wells regardless of the level of surface water contributions. This result suggests that there were other unidentified sources, in addition to surface water, responsible for the contamination.

scholarly journals Effects of surface gold mining on surface and groundwater bodies in Bibiani, Ghana

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-24
Author(s):  
F. N. Gyawu-Asante ◽  
S. Aikins ◽  
R. B. Voegborlo
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Gold Mining ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Dug Wells

A study of the water sources from Bibiani and its environs was conducted between November, 2009 and April, 2010 to determine whether contamination (of water sources) from (these parameters) physical, chemical and trace metal in Bibiani is as a result of mining or geochemicaland biochemical processes within the environment. This was done by collecting water samples from two streams, two rivers, three boreholes (BHs) and three hand dug wells (HDWs). These were analysed in the laboratory. Levels of Arsenic (As), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), pH, TotalDissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Temperature, Alkalinity, Hardness, Phosphate (P) and Cyanide (CN) in water sources were determined. Mining related contaminants detected in water samples were As, CN, Mn and Fe. It was observed that surface water pH values were generally higher than that of groundwater samples. As concentrations in surface water samples were higher compared to that of groundwater samples. Also, CN concentration in ground water samples was higher than that of surface water. Ground water contained higher concentration of Mn than surface water; the opposite can be said of Fe concentration in surfacewater which was higher than that of ground water. The study also observed that pH, TDS, EC, total alkalinity, total hardness , Arsenic and total cyanide levels in the HDW and BH samples showed 100% compliance with the WHO and EPA limits while Mn and Fe levels indicated traces of non – compliance. Compared to WHO / EPA guidelines, few water sources had one or moretrace metal (Fe, As and Mn) levels outside acceptable limits for drinking. However, most of the levels were safe for human consumption.Keywords: Surface, gold mining, quality, degradation, Bibiani

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