Salmonellosis and charter tourism: epidemiology and trends of imported human cases to Norway from the Canary Islands and Thailand, 1994–2008

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (9) ◽  
pp. 1655-1662 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. EMBERLAND ◽  
K. NYGÅRD ◽  
P. AAVITSLAND
Keyword(s):  
Canary Islands ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
Related Disease ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Outbreak Investigations ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
Future Outbreak

SUMMARYMore than 70% of reported human Salmonella infections in Norway are infected abroad. The Canary Islands and Thailand are two of the most popular charter tourist destinations for Norwegians. Using surveillance data for the years 1994–2008, and denominator data on travel to the Canary Islands 2000–2008 and to Thailand 1997–2008, we present the epidemiology and trends of Salmonella infections in Norwegian tourists to these destinations. We found a declining trend in risk of salmonellosis in tourists returning from the Canary Islands, and a change in serovar distribution in travellers to Thailand with more S. Enteritidis infections, similar to that observed in Western European countries. The use of denominator data is important when studying risk of travel-related disease, as surveillance data tend to reflect travel activity more than the risk. Infections among tourists do not always affect the local residents and therefore may not be detected by local public health authorities. Sharing knowledge on the epidemiology of infections in tourists could be useful for observation of changes in trends in the countries visited, and in future outbreak investigations.

scholarly journals First report of an outbreak of cerebral coenurosis in Dhofari goats in Oman

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Shaban El-Neweshy ◽  
Reda Elbastawisy Khalafalla ◽  
Mohamed Mohamed Sayed Ahmed ◽  
Julanda Hamad Al Mawly ◽  
El-Sayed Mohamed El-Manakhly
Keyword(s):  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Clear Fluid ◽  
Neuronal Necrosis ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
First Report ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Coenurus Cerebralis ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Cerebral Coenurosis

Abstract This study documented the first outbreak of cerebral coenurosis in goats in Salalah, southern Oman. Deaths of 130 (16.6%) adult native goats in a herd (n=780) were reported from January to June 2017. Affected goats showed various nervous signs ended by death. Investigations for thiamine deficiency, polioencephalomalacia, caprine arthritis encephalitis, and listeriosis were negative. Upon necropsy, multiple (1-4) thin-walled cysts 2-3.5 cm in diameter containing clear fluid with numerous clusters of protoscolices in the cerebrum and cerebellum had replaced the brain parenchyma, causing space-occupying lesions. Parasitologically, the recovered cysts were Coenurus cerebralis, based on the arrangement of protoscolices, and the number and size of their hooks. Morphologically, each protoscolex had four suckers and a rostellum with double-crown hooks. The large and small hooks were 157.7±0.5 µm and 115±0.6 µm in length, respectively. Histopathologically, the parasite destroyed the affected tissues associated with multifocal to diffuse lymphocytic, non-suppurative meningoencephalitis; ischemic neuronal necrosis; and malacia. This is the first report of cerebral coenurosis in livestock in Oman, which should alert the local public health authorities for the application of prevention and control measures.

Smallpox

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Smith
Keyword(s):  
Viral Antigen ◽  
Definitive Diagnosis ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
Smallpox Virus ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Initial Release ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Symptoms of the smallpox virus include fever and a progressive papular rash that becomes vesicular and then pustular. A systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) leads to septic shock and death in 30% of cases. The definitive diagnosis can be confirmed via blood samples, lesion contents, or scrapings from crusts analyzed using electron microscopy, viral antigen immunohistochemistry, or polymerase chain reaction. The suspicion of a single smallpox case should lead to immediate notification of local public health authorities and the hospital epidemiologist. Because the disease does not exist in nature, smallpox should be considered the result of a bioterrorist attack until proven otherwise. An epidemiologic investigation is essential for determining the perimeter of the initial release so that tracking and quarantine of those exposed can be completed. Patients are extremely contagious and must be placed on contact, droplet, and airborne precautions in a negative pressure room.

scholarly journals Impact of data accuracy on the evaluation of COVID-19 mitigation policies

Data & Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Starnini ◽  
Alberto Aleta ◽  
Michele Tizzoni ◽  
Yamir Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Inaccurate Data ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Nonpharmaceutical Interventions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Extreme Care

Abstract Evaluating the effectiveness of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic is crucial to maximize the epidemic containment while minimizing the social and economic impact of these measures. However, this endeavor crucially relies on surveillance data publicly released by health authorities that can hide several limitations. In this article, we quantify the impact of inaccurate data on the estimation of the time-varying reproduction number $ R(t) $ , a pivotal quantity to gauge the variation of the transmissibility originated by the implementation of different NPIs. We focus on Italy and Spain, two European countries among the most severely hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. For these two countries, we highlight several biases of case-based surveillance data and temporal and spatial limitations in the data regarding the implementation of NPIs. We also demonstrate that a nonbiased estimation of $ R(t) $ could have had direct consequences on the decisions taken by the Spanish and Italian governments during the first wave of the pandemic. Our study shows that extreme care should be taken when evaluating intervention policies through publicly available epidemiological data and call for an improvement in the process of COVID-19 data collection, management, storage, and release. Better data policies will allow a more precise evaluation of the effects of containment measures, empowering public health authorities to take more informed decisions.

scholarly journals Scabies: Application of the Novel Identify-Isolate-Inform Tool for Detection and Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tabitha Cheng ◽  
Bandr Mzahim ◽  
Abdulrahman Alsugair ◽  
Abdussalam Al-Wabel ◽  
Bandar Almutairi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Skin To Skin ◽  
Refugees And Asylum Seekers

Scabies is a highly contagious, globally prevalent, parasitic skin infestation caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, also known as the itch mite. There have been outbreaks not only in the developing world, but also in the developed world among refugees and asylum seekers. Once infested with scabies mites, symptomatic patients, as well as asymptomatic carriers, quickly spread the disease through direct skin-to-skin contact. Typically, symptoms of scabies are characterized by an erythematous, papular, pruritic rash associated with burrows. Treatment of scabies involves using topical or systemic scabicides and treating secondary bacterial infections, if present. Given the prevalence and contagiousness of scabies, measures to prevent its spread are essential. Through application of the novel Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool, emergency medical providers can readily identify risk factors for exposure and important symptoms of the disease, thus limiting its spread through prompt scabicide therapy; isolate the patient until after treatment; and inform local public health authorities and hospital infection prevention, when appropriate. Ultimately, these three actions can aid public health in controlling the transmission of scabies cases, thus ensuring the protection of the general public from this highly contagious skin infestation.

Chikungunya in Guerrero, Mexico, 2019 and Evidence of Gross Underreporting in the Region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Nunez-Avellaneda ◽  
Chandra Tangudu ◽  
Jacqueline Barrios-Palacios ◽  
Ma. Isabel Salazar ◽  
Carlos Machain-Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
True Number ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Sera Samples

The local public health authorities reported nine cases of chikungunya in Mexico in 2019, none of which occurred in Guerrero, a coastal state in the southwest. To test the hypothesis that chikungunya is grossly underreported in Mexico, acute sera were collected from 639 febrile patients from low-income households in Guerrero in 2019 and serologically assayed for chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Analysis of the sera by plaque reduction neutralization test revealed that 181 (28.3%) patients were seropositive for CHIKV. To identify patients with acute CHIKV infections, a subset of sera samples were tested for CHIKV-specific IgM by ELISA. Sera samples from 21 of 189 (11.1%) patients were positive. These patients met the chikungunya case definition established by the WHO. In conclusion, we provide evidence that CHIKV remains an important public health problem in Mexico and that the true number of cases is severely underestimated.

National Health Planning in the United States: Prospects and Portents

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard S. Rosenfeld ◽  
Irene Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Health ◽  
Health Planning ◽  
The United States ◽  
Complete Coverage ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Set Up

The National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 in the United States demonstrates a growing determination in Congress to motivate the system of health services toward greater efficiency in utilization of resources. The Act was designed to overcome some of the weaknesses in earlier planning legislation. More complete coverage and more functional local jurisdictions for planning should result. The Act provides better financial support, and more effective incentives and inducements to assure adherence to plans. Concern is expressed about aspects of the legislation which the authors feel may deserve consideration. The principle of delegating responsibility to voluntary agencies for disbursement of public funds is questioned, and the authors suggest that local public health authorities apply for designation as planning agencies. Reservation is expressed about the adequacy of regional organization as provided by the Act to accomplish its purposes, and the authors recommend demonstrations of regional administrative agencies to implement plans developed by Health Systems Agencies. Failure to incorporate the provision of the House planning bill to set up a national health policy council in the Act is considered unfortunate. Persistence in pursuing the course outlined in the Act is urged.

scholarly journals Control of Raw Pork Liver Sausage Production Can Reduce the Prevalence of HEV Infection

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Paolo Ripellino ◽  
Enea Pianezzi ◽  
Gladys Martinetti ◽  
Cinzia Zehnder ◽  
Barbara Mathis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
The Public ◽  
Pork Liver ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Public Health Authorities

After an acute hepatitis E (HEV) outbreak in Southern Switzerland, in January 2017 the local public health authorities started an active program of food chain control and public education. In this retrospective study, we analysed all laboratory-confirmed acute cases of HEV infection diagnosed between 2014 and 2020. In the period before the public health intervention, the number of cases increased steadily from 2014 (4 of 40 tests, 10%) reaching a peak in the last quarter of 2016 (42 of 285 tests, 14.7 %). Afterwards, the number of positive cases decreased steadily, reaching its lowest value (0.3%) in the second quarter of 2019. There was a statistically significant difference between the frequency of positive cases and period of testing, i.e., before and after the introduction of the public health interventions. Our study shows that active public health measures to control sausages containing raw pork liver can reduce the prevalence of HEV infection.

scholarly journals Outbreak of Q fever in workers at a meat processing plant in Scotland, July 2006

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (34) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Donaghy ◽  
H Prempeh ◽  
N. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Meat Processing ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
Influenza Like Illness ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

On 9 July 2006, local public health authorities became aware of an increase of influenza-like illness in people who worked at a meat processing plant where cattle and sheep were slaughtered

scholarly journals Survei Entomologi, Kerentanan Aedes aegypti terhadap Insektisida Organofosfat, dan Identifikasi Gen VGSC di Dusun Malangrejo, Sleman, Yogyakarta

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Novyan Lusiyana ◽  
Siti Fitiah ◽  
Andrias Atmaja Putri ◽  
Muthia Tsabita Rahmi ◽  
Dian Maknalia Ilham
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Organophosphate Insecticide ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Dengue Control ◽  
Enzyme Detection

Control and prevention effort of dengue haemorhagic fever relies on the application of insecticidesto control vector mosquito. In Indonesia, application of organophosphate insecticide (temephos andmalathion), and pyrethroid is a key part of the dengue control strategy. This study aimed to determine theentomological survey, susceptibility of Aedes aegypti against organophosphate insecticide and identificationof VGSC gene in Dusun Malangrejo, Sleman Yogyakarta. This study is an observational with a cross sectionaldesign. The entomology survey procedure used a single larvae technique, biological susceptibility test of Ae.aegypti against organophosphate insecticides using WHO (temephos), CDC (malathion), biochemistry andVGSC genes detection using PCR method. Results of this study showed that bath tub was potential breedingplace for Ae. aegypti. Susceptibility status of temephos was still tolerant (95.4%), while malathion showsresistance (13.75%). Bioassay and biochemical test shows potential resistant to insecticides due to elevatedactivity of esterase non specific enzyme. Detection of the VGSC gene shows positive for both genes (V1016G;S989P) and F1534C. Furthermore, regularly assessment of insecticide resistance status will hopefully assistthe local public health authorities to assign policy for managing mosquito control such as by rotation ofdifferent routinely used insecticide to delay Ae. aegypti resistance development.

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