Systematic detection and association ofEntamoebaspecies in stool samples from selected sites in India

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. NATH ◽  
N. BANYAL ◽  
D. S. GAUTAM ◽  
S. K. GHOSH ◽  
B. SINGHA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Cd4 Cell

SUMMARYThis study developed a fast and high throughput dot-blot technique to evaluate the presence ofEntamoebain stool samples (n = 643) followed by a PCR-based method to validate and differentiate the two speciesE. histolyticaandE. dispar. The prevalence rate of the parasite has been detected in a cross-sectional study carried out in the population of the Eastern and Northern parts of India. Of the various demographic features, prevalence was highest in the monsoon season (P = 0·017), in the <15 years age group (P = 0·015). In HIV-positive individuals, the prevalence rate was significantly high (P = 0·008) in patients with a CD4 cell count <200 as well as in patients without antiretroviral therapy (ART) (P = 0·011). Our analysis further confirmed that risk factors such as toilet facilities, living conditions, hygienic practices, drinking water source, occupation and level of education are important predictors as they were found to contribute significantly in the prevalence of the parasite.

scholarly journals HBV and HEV Co-infections among Animal Handlers and Non-Animal Handlers in Osun State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
I. R. Gidado ◽  
I. O. Okonko ◽  
F. A. Osundare ◽  
O. O. Opaleye
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Blood Screening ◽  
Pork Consumption ◽  
Animal Handlers

Aim: Co-infection of hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses may lead to severe morbidity and mortality. This study was conducted to determine prevalence of co-infection of HBV and HEV among animal and non-animal handlers in Osun State, Nigeria. Study Design:  Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Nigeria, between June 2015 and July 2019. Methods: A total of 180 blood samples were obtained and screened for Hepatitis B and E virus from cohorts of 90 animal handlers and 90 non-animal handlers. Questionnaires on HBV and HEV were administered to obtain a demographic characteristic of the participants. HBsAg and anti-HEV antibodies were screened using HBsAg and HEV ELISA kits. Results: Results showed the overall prevalence of HBV and HEV Co-infection to be 12.2 %. There was variation in the HBV/HEV co-infections rates among the studied population, with a co-infection rates of 15.9%, 14.3% and 7.8% for butchers, pig handlers and non-animal handlers, respectively. Sources of drinking water was the predisposition factor for HBV/HEV coinfections (P=0.02). The results revealed that subjects who used tap and river as a drinking water source had the highest prevalence followed by well and sachet and then all water source. Although results portray no statistically significant association with, frequent washing of hands after, rearing of animal, type of toilet, eating of pork, consumption of grilled meat and cow skin (P> 0.05). Conclusion: This study reported a high prevalence of HBV/HEV coinfections among animal and non-animal handlers in Osun State, Nigeria. There is, therefore, the need to increase health promotion efforts such as immunization, health education, campaign, provision of adequate blood screening equipment and proper hygiene is recommended for further reduction in HBV/HEV transmission. Since the consumption of contaminated water is the main transmission route of HEV, improving the level of public health sanitation in the area should be considered a priority by policymakers. 

scholarly journals Human cytomegalovirus infection, viraemia and retinitis among people living with HIV/AIDS in Kano, North-Western Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2191
Author(s):  
Chinagozi P. Edwin ◽  
Sadiq Hassan ◽  
Philips I. Ebisike ◽  
Saudat G. Habib ◽  
Taiwo G. Amole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Hcmv Infection ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cd4 Cells ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Cd4 Cell

Background: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a leading cause of opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. HCMV viraemia is an active infection marker and prelude to end-organ diseases (EODs), such as retinitis. The aim of the study was to assess the burden and associated factors of HCMV infection, viraemia and retinitis among HIV-infected patients in Nigeria.Methods: Comparative cross-sectional study of 160 HIV-infected adults, comprising 80 participants in each of <100/mm3 and ≥100 cells/mm3 CD4+ cell count groups, who attended HIV clinic at a tertiary hospital located in a major Nigerian city.  A questionnaire was used to collect data from eligible consenting participants and their case files. Sera from all participants were tested for anti-HCMV IgG using ELISA method, and plasma of seropositive participants were subjected to PCR for HCMV viraemia. Participants whose samples were HCMV viraemic were examined for HCMV retinitis using indirect ophthalmoscopy. Data was analyzed using Minitab vs 14.1.1PP.Results: All 160 participants tested positive for anti-HCMV IgG. HCMV viraemia was 14.4% (23 of 160) generally, but comparatively more among <100 CD4 cells/mm3 group (18.8%; 15 of 80) than in ≥100 cells/mm3 patient group (10%; 8 of 80). Only HCMV viraemic patients in <100 CD4 cells/mm3 group (20%; 3 of 15) were diagnosed with HCMV retinitis. WHO stage was associated with HCMV viraemia (χ2= 7.79, p=0.05) and HCMV retinitis (χ2= 4.60, p=0.03). The only predictor of HCMV retinitis was WHO staging I and II [aOR = 0.04, 95%CI (0.01- 0.52)].  Conclusions: Evidence of previous and active HCMV infection is prevalent among PLWHA in Nigeria with WHO staging being associated and a predictor of HCMV viraemia and retinitis, respectively.

scholarly journals Effect of Helminth Infestationin Children Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria-Lauretta Chito Orji ◽  
Nnamdi Benson Onyire ◽  
Bede C. Ibe ◽  
Roland Ibekwe
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Helminth Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Stool Analysis ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Cd4 Cell

Introduction: Infection by human immunodeficiency virus results in immune destruction, while studies among the Ethiopian immigrants in Israel showed that chronic helminthiasis induces immune dysregulation. With destruction of CD4+ cell and consequently progression to AIDS, the host may be more susceptible to invading organisms such as helminths. This study was aimed at determining the effect of immune state on the prevalence and intensity of helminth infection in HIV infected children in two hospitals in Abakaliki.Material and Methods: It was a cross sectional study that involved consecutive recruitment of 84 confirmed HIV infected children attending the ART clinic. Stool analysis for subjects was done, using the Kato-Katz technique. Blood sample for estimation of CD4 cell count was carried outusing flow cytometer from the HIV positive subjects.Results: A total of 84 subjects were recruited during the study period, majority were males (58.3%). Male to female ratio was 1.4:1. The age range of participants was 2-17 years, while mean age of subjects infected with helminthiasis was 6.10± 3.34 year. A significant number of subjects in advanced and severe immunological stages had helminthiasis (χ2 =12.49, p=0.001). There was however no significant relationship between intensity of helminthiasis and immunologic stages of subjects.Conclusion: The study suggests that immunodeficiency state may increase the susceptibility of helminth infection in HIV infected children. Hence children with HIV/AIDS may benefit from routine testing and/or de-worming of helminth infection.  

scholarly journals CD4 count and oral health related quality of life of HIV-infected individuals at a tertiary healthcare center in Dharan – A cross-sectional study

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-396
Author(s):  
Ashish Shrestha ◽  
Jyotsna Rimal ◽  
Nimesh Poudyal
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Tertiary Healthcare ◽  
Cd4 Cell

Background & Objective:  Patients with severe immuno-suppression are at risk of having poor oral hygiene and severe periodontal diseases, thus limiting their quality of life. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in patients with HIV/AIDS and its association with the CD4 cell count.Materials & Methods:  A cross-sectional study was conducted using Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) among 122 HIV/AIDS patients visiting the CD4 laboratory at a tertiary healthcare center at Dharan, from January-December 2009. Oral examination and recording of dental indices were done. CD4 cell count was correlated with OHIP-14 and dental indices using Spearman’s rho; p < 0.01 was considered as statistically significant.Results:  Sixty four males and 58 females with median age of 34 years had a mean CD4 cell count of 360.46 cells/mm3 (range=111-1076 cells/mm3). OHRQoL was affected in 25.4% of the individuals with mean OHIP-14 score of 2.5. Most of the individuals (85.7%) were on ART, never used tobacco (68%) or alcohol (74.5%). Mean OHI-S and DMFT were 1.65 and 1.57, respectively and periodontal pocket observed in only 3.3% individuals. The CD4 cell count had no significant positive correlation with OHIP-14 ((rs=0.071; p=0.61), OHI-S (rs=0.21; p=0.127) and DMFT (rs=0.015; p=0.912). There was no significant difference in parameters with regards to gender.Conclusion: Although CD4 cells are an important indicator for clinical aggravation of HIV infection, OHRQoL and oral health as measured by OHI-S, DMFT and CPI are not directly associated to the CD4 cell count.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis among  Children with Diarrhoea Under Five years Admitted to Kosti Teaching Hospital, Kosti City, Sudan.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelhakam Tamomh ◽  
AbdElhadi Agena ◽  
Elham Elamin ◽  
Mohammed Suliman ◽  
Mohammed Elmadani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Coccidian Parasite ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pipe Water ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Children Under 5

Abstract Background: Cryptosporidiosis is a disease caused by infection with an intestinal coccidian parasite Cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidium species are the second leading cause of diarrheal disease and death in children in developing countries. Until now, no data have been available or published on its prevalence rate among children with diarrhoea in Sudan. This paper was therefore, designed to determine the prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium among diarrhoeic children under 5 years admitted to Kosti Teaching Hospital. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study including children with ages under 5 years old admitted to the paediatric section of the hospital between September 2020 and December 2020. A total of one-hundred and fifty stool samples were collected. All stool samples were examined using the modified Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) staining technique, and examined microscopically for Cryptosporidium infection. Results: A total of 150 children were examined out of which 70 presented with diarrhoea. A greater prevalence of 19/70 (27.1%) of Cryptosporidium was observed in children with diarrhoea than children without diarrhoea 7/80 (8.8%). There was a significant relationship between the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and the presence of diarrhoea in children under 5 years in Kosti Teaching Hospital(P<0.05). It was found that a higher prevalence was registered among children using pipe water for drinking.Conclusions: The overall prevalence of parasite detected was 17.3% among children admitted to Kosti Teaching Hospital. The prevalence rate of the infection among Children with diarrhoea was 27.1%. Studying the prevalence rate of cryptosporidiosis among diarrheic children may predict their health status, leading to a better diagnosis, treatment, and therefore, patients' status improvement.

Association between Sex, CD4 Cell Counts, Antiretroviral Medications, and Olfactory and Gustatory Functions of HIV-Infected Adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayotunde James Fasunla ◽  
Ukamaka Nwankwo ◽  
Ayodeji Matthew Adebayo ◽  
Onyekwere George Nwaorgu
Keyword(s):  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell

Objective To investigate the olfactory and gustatory functions of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected adults in Ibadan, Nigeria. Study Design A cross-sectional study of olfactory and gustatory functions of HIV-infected adults between March 2015 and December 2015. Setting Tertiary health institution. Subjects and Methods A structured questionnaire was administered to participants to obtain relevant sociodemographic and clinical information. Participants’ nadir and most recent CD4 cell count and viral loads were obtained from their medical records. Participants’ body mass indices were determined, and each subjectively rated their olfactory and gustatory performances. Objective olfactory and gustatory functions were determined using validated “Sniffin’ Sticks” and “Taste Strips” impregnated with 4 different concentrations of sucrose, quinine hydrochloride, sodium chloride, and citric acid. Results In total, 135 HIV-infected adults, comprising 41 (30.4%) men and 94 (69.6%) women, were evaluated. Their ages ranged from 20 to 70 years, mean 43.4 ± 10.4 years. Participants were on highly active antiretroviral therapy for a mean duration of 75.8 ± 36.9 months. The proportions of male participants in HIV stages 1, 2, and 3 were 18 (43.9%), 19 (46.3%), and 4 (9.8%), respectively, while female participants were 46 (48.9%), 41 (43.6%), and 7 (7.4%), respectively. Participants’ mean olfactory threshold, discrimination, identification, and TDI scores were 8.0 ± 4.9, 9.9 ± 4.7, 8.8 ± 4.5, and 26.7 ± 11.1, respectively, while total taste score was 25.1 ± 5.7. Conclusion HIV-infected adults have tendency to develop hyposmia and hypogeusia. These are worse with advanced stage of HIV infection.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in HIV-Infected Patients in Rome, Italy during the COVID-19 Outbreak

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1154
Author(s):  
Francesca Lombardi ◽  
Rosalba Ricci ◽  
Simone Belmonti ◽  
Massimiliano Fabbiani ◽  
Alberto Borghetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Confirmatory Test ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Chemiluminescent Immunoassay ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Cd4 Cell

Background: this study aimed to determine the proportion of people living with HIV (PLWH) with anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in a large sample from a single HIV referral center in Rome, Italy; the time-frame included both the first and the second wave of the Italian COVID-19 pandemic; Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional study on stored cryopreserved samples from 1 March 2020 to 30 November 2020. Total antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were preliminarily tested using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. Positive results were re-tested with an ELISA assay as an IgG confirmatory test; Results: overall, 1389 samples were analyzed from 1106 PLWH: 69% males, median age 53 years, 94% on antiretroviral treatment, 93% with HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL, median CD4 cell count 610 cell/µL. Our analysis revealed a total of n = 8 patients who tested IgG positive during the study period. Seroprevalence was equal to 0% in the first months (March–June); this started to increase in July and reached a maximum rate of 1.59% in October 2020. The overall seroprevalence was 0.72% (8/1106, 95% CI 0.37–1.42). Conclusion: our findings from this setting show a low IgG SARS-CoV-2 prevalence among PLWH as compared to data available from the general population.

scholarly journals Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among children with diarrhoea under five years admitted to Kosti teaching hospital, Kosti City, Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelhakam G. Tamomh ◽  
AbdElhadi M. Agena ◽  
Elham Elamin ◽  
Mohammed A. Suliman ◽  
Mohammed Elmadani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Coccidian Parasite ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Children Under 5

Abstract Background Cryptosporidiosis is a disease caused by infection with an intestinal coccidian parasite Cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidium species are the second leading cause of diarrheal disease and death in children in developing countries. Until now, no data have been available or published on its prevalence among children with diarrhea in Sudan. Therefore, this paper was designed to determine the prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium among children with diarrhea under 5 years who were admitted to Kosti Teaching Hospital. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study including children under 5 years old admitted to the pediatric section of the hospital between September 2020 and December 2020. A total of one-hundred and fifty stool samples were collected. All stool samples were examined using the modified Ziehl Neelsen (mZN) staining technique and then examined microscopically for Cryptosporidium infection. Results A total of 150 children were examined out of which 70 presented with diarrhea. A greater prevalence of 19/70 (27.1%) of Cryptosporidium was observed in children with diarrhea than children without diarrhea 7/80 (8.8%). There was a significant relationship between the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and the presence of diarrhea in children under 5 years in the Kosti Teaching Hospital(P < 0.05). It was found that a higher prevalence was registered among children using piped-water sources for drinking. Conclusions The overall prevalence of parasite detected was 17.3% among children admitted to Kosti Teaching Hospital. The prevalence rate of the infection among Children with diarrhoea was 27.1%. Studying the prevalence rate of cryptosporidiosis among diarrheic children may predict their health status, leading to a better diagnosis, treatment, and, therefore, patients’ status improvement.

scholarly journals Giardia duodenalis infection: risk factors for children living in sub-standard settlements in Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1489-1493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Júlio César Teixeira ◽  
Léo Heller ◽  
Mauricio L. Barreto
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Minas Gerais State ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Infection Risk Factors ◽  
Stool Samples

The objective of the present study was to characterize Giardia duodenalis infection among children living in sub-standard settlement areas in the municipality of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The cross-sectional epidemiological study included 590 children from 1 to 5 years of age. Data were collected from one child per selected family through home interviews with the parent or guardian and parasitological examination of stool samples. Thirty-one putative risk factors concerning family structure, socioeconomic status, and environmental factors were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Prevalence of G. duodenalis infection was 18% (106 children). Four potential risk factors were heavily associated with G. duodenalis infection: number of under-five children in the same household, index child's birth order, existence of a bathroom in the home, and drinking water source.

scholarly journals Prevalence and CD4 Cell Count Pattern of TB Co-infection Among HIV Infected Individuals In Nepal

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
Surya Raj Niraula ◽  
SP Barnawal ◽  
AK Agrahari ◽  
N Bista ◽  
DK Yadav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Ciency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodefi Ciency Virus ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cd4 Cell

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodefi ciency Virus (HIV) infections are two major public health problems in many parts of the world, particularly in developing counties like Nepal. The objective of the study is to find out prevalence and clinical presentation of the TB co-infection among HIV infected individuals and pattern of CD4 cell count in relation to types of TB and response of ART. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study carried out in three VCT clinics from Dharan and Kathmandu from April 2010 to March 2011. The appropriate samples, 313 HIV individuals were taken as study sample. Results: The study revealed that more than 36% of individuals were co-infected with TB. Among them, nearly 65% had pulmonary TB, more than one-forth had gland TB. There is signifi cant association of TB co-infection among male compared to females (P=0.021). Fever, weight loss and cough were found to have signifi cant symptoms associated with TB-HIV co-infection. The average CD4 count among TB co-infected population was signifi cantly less compared to uninfected ones just before starting ART (P=0.022) and even after six months (P=0.001). After one year of ART continuation, there was no signifi cant association on average CD4 count among the two groups. But then, the mean CD4 count became more in TB co-infected individuals compared to those who had no TB co-infection. Conclusion: TB-HIV co-infection is an emerging medical issue in Nepal. More than one third of HIV patients are co-infected with TB. Consideration of TB need to be made while caring patients with HIV infection and vice versa. ART plays very important role in increasing CD4 cell count among TB-HIV coinfected patients. SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases & HIV/AIDS; 2013; X(1); 27-36 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v10i1.8674

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document