Two Outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis Associated with Monte Cristo Sandwiches

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 1568-1570 ◽  
Author(s):  
RENEE RIDZON ◽  
PATRICIA KLUDT ◽  
JOSEPH PEPPE ◽  
KHALIL SHARIFZADEH ◽  
SUSAN LETT
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Food Preparation ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Safe Food ◽  
Control Study

We report on two outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis which occurred in 1992; both were associated with Monte Cristo sandwiches. The first outbreak, which occurred in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, was investigated as a case-control study, and involved 74 persons. The second outbreak, investigated as a cohort study, occurred in Brewster, Massachusetts, and involved 32 persons. Monte Cristo sandwiches were strongly implicated in both outbreaks; the odds ratio in the case-control study was 43, and the relative risk in the cohort study was 13. Food-preparation procedures were reviewed and food handlers were educated about safe food-preparation practices. Because of the short grilling time for Monte Cristo sandwiches, (usually several minutes) the eggs used in the preparation may only be partially cooked. As a result, this food should be viewed as high risk for S. enteritidis. Pasteurized eggs should be used to prepare Monte Cristo sandwiches, especially in a commercial setting.

First norovirus outbreaks associated with consumption of green seaweed (Enteromorpha spp.) in South Korea

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. PARK ◽  
H. S. JEONG ◽  
J. S. LEE ◽  
S. W. LEE ◽  
Y. H. CHOI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Green Seaweed ◽  
Norovirus Gii ◽  
Control Study

SUMMARYIn February 2012, an outbreak of gastroenteritis was reported in school A; a successive outbreak was reported at school B. A retrospective cohort study conducted in school A showed that seasoned green seaweed with radishes (relative risk 7·9, 95% confidence interval 1·1–56·2) was significantly associated with illness. Similarly, a case-control study of students at school B showed that cases were 5·1 (95% confidence interval 1·1–24·8) times more likely to have eaten seasoned green seaweed with pears. Multiple norovirus genotypes were detected in samples from students in schools A and B. Norovirus GII.6 isolated from schools A and B were phylogenetically indistinguishable. Green seaweed was supplied by company X, and norovirus GII.4 was isolated from samples of green seaweed. Green seaweed was assumed to be linked to these outbreaks. To our knowledge, this is the first reported norovirus outbreak associated with green seaweed.

Risk of pulmonary toxicity of bleomycin and filgrastim

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1638-1644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magali Laprise-Lachance ◽  
Pierre Lemieux ◽  
Jean-Pierre Grégoire
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Pulmonary Toxicity ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Cell Cancer ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Germ Cell Cancer ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Control Study

Objectives To estimate the relative risk of pulmonary toxicity in patients exposed to a bleomycin-based chemotherapy including filgrastim compared to a similar chemotherapy without filgrastim. Methods We conducted a nested case–control study of patients treated with BEP (bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin) for germ cell cancer or with ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine) for Hodgkin’s lymphoma at the Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis Hospital between 31 October 2000 and 30 June 2016. The relative risk was estimated by an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) using a propensity score-adjusted regression analysis. Results Thirteen cases of pulmonary toxicity, representing 14.7% of the 88 patients included in the study, were matched with 65 controls. A higher proportion of women (31.8%) than men (11.3%) developed pulmonary toxicity although the difference was not statistically significant ( P = 0.08). Within the cohort, two deaths related to lung toxicity were observed among cases where no filgrastim was used. The risk of pulmonary toxicity associated with the addition of filgrastim was not statistically significant (aOR = 2.48 95% CI = 0.50 to 12.19). Conclusion The results add further evidence that the concomitant use of filgrastim might not increase the risk of pulmonary toxicity of bleomycin. It also suggests that female patients might be more likely to develop this adverse effect. A clinical trial would be needed to confirm this result.

Case-Control Studies

2019 ◽  
pp. 169-186
Author(s):  
Daniel Westreich
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Control Study

In contrast to an observational cohort study in which participants are identified, exposures are measured, and then outcomes status is measured after follow-up, a case-control study is an observational study in which researchers sample participants based on their outcome status, often only after all outcomes have already occurred. This chapter echoes the structure of the previous two chapters in the discussion of case-control studies. In this chapter, the author’s focus is on understanding the relationship between cohort studies and case-control studies and on how the interpretation of the odds ratio estimated from the case-control study depends on the relationship of the case-control study to a cohort study.

The Case-Control Study in Psychiatry

1990 ◽  
Vol 157 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glyn Lewis ◽  
Anthony J. Pelosi
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Control Study

Case-control studies involve ‘cases' being compared to ‘controls' with respect to ‘exposures', possible aetiological (or associated) factors. Associations between a disease and an exposure can be explained by chance, reverse causality, confounding and biases or, lastly, by causality. However, confounders as well as information and selection biases can be adjusted for at the design (or analysis) stage of the study. The strength of an association can be measured by means of relative risk, calculated indirectly using the odds ratio. Well conducted control studies should produce accurate estimates of relative risks in many psychiatric investigations.

scholarly journals Salmonella enteritidis outbreak in a restaurant chain: the continuing challenges of prevention

1993 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Vugia ◽  
B. Mishu ◽  
M. Smith ◽  
D. R. Tavris ◽  
F. W. Hickman-Brenner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Plasmid Profiles ◽  
Handling Practices ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Restaurant Chain

SUMMARYIn 1990, a Salmonella enteritidis (SE) outbreak occurred in a restaurant chain in Pennsylvania. To determine its cause(s), we conducted a case-control study and a cohort study at one restaurant, and a survey of restaurants. Egg dishes were associated with illness (P = 0.03). Guests from one hotel eating at the restaurant had a diarrhocal attack rate of 14%, 4.7-fold higher than among those not eating there (P = 0.04). There were no differences in egg handling between affected and unaffected restaurants. Eggs supplied to affected restaurants were medium grade AA eggs from a single farm, and were reportedly refrigerated during distribution. Human and hen SE isolates were phage type 8 and had similar plasmid profiles and antibiograms. We estimate the prevalence of infected eggs during the outbreak to be as high as 1 in 12. Typical restaurant egg-handling practices and refrigeration during distribution appear to be insufficient by themselves to prevent similar outbreaks.

scholarly journals Cluster of Salmonella Enteritidis in Sweden 2005-2006 – suspected source: almonds

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 9-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Ledet Muller ◽  
M Hjertqvist ◽  
Lara Payne ◽  
H Pettersson ◽  
A Olsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Logistic Model ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Conditional Logistic Model ◽  
Control Study

Previous outbreaks of Salmonella Enteritidis in Canada and the United States have been associated with the consumption of almonds. From December 2005 to August 2006 a cluster of 15 cases of Salmonella Enteritidis NST 3+ was reported in Sweden. A case-control study was performed to identify the source of transmission. Three controls per case were randomly selected, matched on sex, age and place of residence. Cases and controls were interviewed by telephone and data were analysed with a conditional logistic model. The results showed that eating almonds was a risk factor for infection with Salmonella Enteritidis NST3+ (unmatched odds ratio 45.0, 95% confidence interval: 4.8-421.8). No Salmonella was isolated from almonds tested in the study. In conclusion, almonds could be the source of the outbreak and should be considered when investigating outbreaks as well as sporadic cases of Salmonella Enteritidis.

scholarly journals A Case-Control Study on the Association between Salmonella Bacteriuria and Cystoscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-214
Author(s):  
Eugene Y. H. Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Published Report ◽  
Urological Procedures ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Control Study

To date, there is only one published report of an outbreak of urinary tract infections by Salmonella species after cystoscopy. Disinfection procedures for cystoscope have come into question. The current study aimed to determine the odds of developing Salmonella bacteriuria after cystoscopy. A retrospective case-control study was conducted on all patients with Salmonella species in urine (case) and blood (control) from 2017 to 2019 in 16 hospitals in Eastern Ontario, Canada. Eight of the 11 patients had cystoscopy prior to Salmonella bacteriuria; three of the 74 patients had urological procedures prior to Salmonella bacteremia, but none of their procedures were cystoscopy. The odds ratio of urological procedures with Salmonella bacteriuria was 63.1 (95% CI 10.9 to 366.6; p < 0.0001). In the bacteriuria group, the most frequently identified isolates were Salmonella enteritidis (n = 8), followed by Salmonella oranienburg, and Salmonella heidelberg. Seven of the S. enteritidis isolates had identical susceptibilities (ampicillin-sensitive; sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim-sensitive; ciprofloxacin intermediate). In the bacteremia group, the most frequently identified isolates were S. enteritidis (n = 22), followed by Salmonella typhi, S. heidelberg, S. oranienburg, and Salmonella typhimurium. The result suggested cystoscopy is a risk factor for Salmonella bacteriuria. Identification of Salmonella bacteriuria should prompt public health investigations of linkage between cystoscopy and Salmonella bacteriuria.

scholarly journals A case–control study in France showing that a pro-inflammatory diet is associated with a higher risk of breast cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariem Hajji-Louati ◽  
Emilie Cordina-Duverger ◽  
Nasser Laouali ◽  
Francesca-Romana Mancini ◽  
Pascal Guénel
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Breast Cancer Subtype ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Tumor Subtype ◽  
Control Study

AbstractDietary regimens promoting inflammatory conditions have been implicated in breast cancer development, but studies on the association between pro-inflammatory diet and breast cancer risk have reported inconsistent results. We investigated the association between the inflammatory potential of diet and breast cancer risk in a case–control study in France including 872 breast cancer cases and 966 population controls. All women completed a food frequency questionnaire that was used to compute a Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) based on the inflammatory weight of 33 dietary components. The DII ranged from a median of − 3.22 in the lowest quartile (anti-inflammatory) to + 2.96 in the highest quartile (pro-inflammatory). The odds ratio contrasting quartile 4 to quartile 1 was 1.31 (95% CI 1.00, 1.73; p-trend = 0.02). Slightly higher odds ratios were observed in post-menopausal women, particularly those with body mass index > 25 kg/m2 (odds ratio 1.62; 95% CI 0.92, 2.83; p-trend = 0.02), and among ever smokers (odds ratio 1.71; 95% CI 1.11, 2.65; p-trend 0.01). The analyses by breast cancer subtype showed that the DII was associated with breast tumors that expressed either the estrogen (ER) or progesterone (PR) hormone receptors or the Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 (HER2), but no association was seen for the triple negative breast tumor subtype. Our results add further evidence that a pro-inflammatory diet is associated with breast cancer risk with possible effect variation according to tumor subtype.

scholarly journals Plasma acylcarnitines and risk of lower-extremity functional impairment in older adults: a nested case–control study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Félix Caballero ◽  
Ellen A. Struijk ◽  
Alberto Lana ◽  
Antonio Buño ◽  
Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractElevated concentrations of acylcarnitines have been associated with higher risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between L-carnitine and acylcarnitine profiles, and 2-year risk of incident lower-extremity functional impairment (LEFI). This case–control study is nested in the Seniors-ENRICA cohort of community-dwelling older adults, which included 43 incident cases of LEFI and 86 age- and sex- matched controls. LEFI was assessed with the Short Physical Performance Battery. Plasma L-carnitine and 28 acylcarnitine species were measured. After adjusting for potential confounders, medium-chain acylcarnitines levels were associated with 2-year incidence of LEFI [odds ratio per 1-SD increase: 1.69; 95% confidence interval: 1.08, 2.64; p = 0.02]. Similar results were observed for long-chain acylcarnitines [odds ratio per 1-SD increase: 1.70; 95% confidence interval: 1.03, 2.80; p = 0.04]. Stratified analyses showed a stronger association between medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines and incidence of LEFI among those with body mass index and energy intake below the median value. In conclusion, higher plasma concentrations of medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines were associated with higher risk of LEFI. Given the role of these molecules on mitochondrial transport of fatty acids, our results suggest that bioenergetics dysbalance contributes to LEFI.

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