Prevalence and risk factors for Leptospira exposure in New Zealand veterinarians

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (10) ◽  
pp. 2116-2125 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. SANHUEZA ◽  
C. HEUER ◽  
P. R. WILSON ◽  
J. BENSCHOP ◽  
J. M. COLLINS-EMERSON
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Influenza Like Illness

SUMMARYThis study assessed seroprevalence and risk factors for Leptospira (serovars Hardjo, Pomona, Ballum, Copenhageni, Tarassovi) exposure in New Zealand veterinarians. Veterinarians (n = 277) at one of two conferences were voluntarily enrolled and blood samples taken. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) titres ⩾48 were considered seropositive. Fourteen veterinarians (5·1%, 95% confidence interval 2·8−8·3) were seropositive to Leptospira. Home slaughter of cattle or pigs were significant risk factors for Leptospira exposure. There were no clear relationships between the animal species handled at work and serostatus. However, veterinarians spending a ‘mid to high’ proportion of their time (>50% to ⩽75%) with pets had higher odds of being seropositive than those not working with pets. A borderline positive association (P = 0·09) was observed between seropositivity and clinical influenza-like illness (⩾3 days off work) in the 18 months before the study. Assuming causality, this suggests that 8·3% of these cases may be attributed to Leptospira exposure.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors of Neospora caninum infection in ovine flocks of central-western Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Manuel Romo-Gallegos ◽  
Carlos Cruz-Vázquez ◽  
Leticia Medina-Esparza ◽  
Miguel Ramos-Parra ◽  
Dora Romero-Salas
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Caninum Infection ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Western Mexico ◽  
The Mean

This study, carried out in 13 sheep flocks of central-western Mexico, aimed to identify the prevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies, to develop a risk analysis of the infection and to estimate the prevalence of parasite DNA in blood. A total of 368 serum and blood samples were subjected to ELISA and PCR tests, respectively, and the association between the prevalence of antibodies and some management factors was estimated. The overall prevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies was 13.5% [50/368; 95% confidence interval (CI) 10–17], ranging from 2.7 to 90% per flock, and 92% of the farms had seropositive animals. In ewes the prevalence was 14% (48/348, 95% CI 10–17) and in rams 10% (2/20; 95% CI 1– 33). The mean prevalence of Neospora DNA in blood was 27% (99/368, 95% CI 22–31), implying a range between 16 and 82%. In rams, the prevalence was 5% (1/20 95% CI 2–26), while in ewes it was 28% (98/348, 95% CI 23–33). The agreement between the tests was k = 0.19. The presence of other domestic animal species in the farms [odds ratio (OR) 4.4] and the consumption of placental debris, fetuses and stillborn lambs by dogs living in the farms (OR 5.8) were demonstrated to be risk factors.

scholarly journals Smoked Tobacco, Air Pollution, and Tuberculosis in Lao PDR: Findings from a National Sample

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 3059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Berit Petersen ◽  
Natassia Muffley ◽  
Khamphithoun Somsamouth ◽  
Pramil N. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Environmental Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Treatment Programs

In 2017, more than half of the global burden of incident tuberculosis (TB) came from the Western Pacific region. In Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR), the high rates of tobacco use and use of polluting biomass fuels for cooking (e.g., wood, charcoal, crop waste, dung) represent significant risk factors for TB. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between self-reported (1) smoking and TB; and (2) exposure to air pollution (from both cooking fires and environmental tobacco smoke) and TB among adults in Lao PDR. We analyzed data from the 2012 National Adult Tobacco Survey (NATSL) of Lao PDR—a multi-stage stratified cluster sample of 9706 subjects from 2822 households located in all 17 provinces. Utilizing a nationally representative sample and inferential, multivariable methods, we observed a significant increase in odds of self-reported TB among those who smoked tobacco (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = (1.00 to 2.98)). Larger multivariable models identified independent contributions from exposure to tobacco pipes (OR = 21.51, 95% CI = (6.34 to 72.89)) and communal outdoor fires (OR = 2.27, 95% CI = (1.15 to 4.49)). An index measuring combined exposure to smoked tobacco, environmental tobacco smoke in enclosed workspace, indoor cooking fire, trash fires, and other outdoor communal fires also showed a positive association (OR per added exposure = 1.47, 95% CI = (1.14 to 1.89)). The findings of this study underscore the need for multi-sectoral collaboration between tobacco control, environmental health, TB prevention and treatment programs, national authorities, policy makers, civil groups, and the private sector to address the convergence of potential risk factors impacting respiratory health in Lao PDR.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis b infection in HIV infected children seen at national hospital Abuja

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-65
Author(s):  
O.A. Adeoye ◽  
O. Oniyangi ◽  
I.A. Ojuawo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽  
Rapid Progression ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
National Hospital ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Paediatric Hiv

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus infection remains a global pandemic. Co infection with hepatitis B virus leads to rapid progression to AIDS if not diagnosed and promptly treated or better still prevented. The study aims at determining the prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B infection in HIV infected children being followed up at the Paediatric HIV clinic. Patients and methods: A cross-sectional study of 261 HIV infected children aged eight months to fourteen years to determine the prevalence of Hepatitis B infection and pattern of hepatitis B vaccination was carried out between July and October 2012 at the Paediatric HIV clinic of National Hospital Abuja. Ethical approval was obtained from Ethical Committee of the hospital. Vaccination and transfusion history were obtained from the parents and guardians of the subjects using a proforma after signed informed consent. Blood samples were collected for Hepatitis B surface antigen screening and Hepatitis B screening in those with HBsAg positive blood samples. Results: Only 3 (1.15%) of the 261 HIV infected children had Hepatitis B infection. All the children less than 5 years old in this cohort received hepatitis B vaccination and none of them had Hepatitis B infection. The HIV/HBV co infected children were older than ten years (p = 0.047) and history of blood transfusion (p = 0.003) was also significant. However, scarification (p = 0.996), local circumcision (p = 0.928); uvulectomy (p = 0.898) were not significant risk factors in this cohort. Conclusion: There is need to intensify routine hepatitis B vaccination and routine screening of blood before necessary transfusion. This would further lead to a low prevalence of Hepatitis B in HIV infected children and the general populace at large.

scholarly journals Pigs leptospirosis at the territory of Belgrade

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 331-338
Author(s):  
Dragica Vojinovic ◽  
Ana Vasic ◽  
Dubravka Jovicic ◽  
Bosiljka Djuricic ◽  
Zivka Ilic
Keyword(s):  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
Very High

Examinations of pig blood samples have been carried out at public pig farms in three Belgrade municipalities: Palilula, Surcin and Obrenovac. The number of tested blood serums of pigs at Palilula was 18990, in Surcin 7739 and in Obrenovac it was 8200. The number of positive blood serums on leptospirosis in pigs was 760, and out of that number the most positive samples (496) were in Surcin, followed by Palilula (217), and the least were found in Obrenovac (47). In the period from 2000 to 2009, there were tested 34929 blood serums of pigs from farms located at the territory of Belgrade. For the investigations there was used the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) on seven varieties of L. interrogans: L. pomona, L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. grippotyphosa, L. sejroe, L. canicola, L. bataviae and L. australis. Seropositivity in pigs was determined in 760 blood serums, or in 2.17%. Leptospirosis prevalence was not very high, but it was constant, which indicates that leptospirosis infection maintained at the territory of Belgrade for ten years throughout our continual investigation.

scholarly journals Soil-transmitted helminth infections and nutritional indices among Filipino schoolchildren

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0010008
Author(s):  
Mary Lorraine S. Mationg ◽  
Gail M. Williams ◽  
Veronica L. Tallo ◽  
Remigio M. Olveda ◽  
Eindra Aung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Trial Registration ◽  
Nutritional Indices ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Clinical Trials Registry

Background Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are still prevalent among schoolchildren in the Philippines. We evaluated the risk factors associated with STH and the relationship between STH and nutritional indices among schoolchildren aged 9–10 years in Laguna province, the Philippines. Methods We used the baseline data from 40 schools enrolled in a randomised controlled trial of the Magic Glasses Philippines health education package. Data on demographic and socio-economic variables, and STH related knowledge, attitudes and practices, were obtained through a questionnaire. Stool samples were collected and assessed for STH egg presence using the Kato-Katz technique. Haemoglobin levels and height and weight of study participants were also determined. The generalized estimating equations approach was used to construct logistic regression models to assess STH-associated risk factors, and the association between any STH infection and anaemia, child stunting, wasting and being underweight. The trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12616000508471). Findings Among 1,689 schoolchildren, the prevalence of any STH was 23%. The prevalence of anaemia, stunting, being underweight and wasting was 13%, 20.2%, 19% and 9.5%, respectively. Age, socio-economic status, rural/urban classification of schools and knowledge of STH were significant risk factors for acquiring a STH infection. Moreover, infections with any STH were significantly associated with stunting (P = <0.001) and being underweight (P = <0.003), but not wasting (P = 0.375) or anaemia (P = 0.462) after controlling for confounding covariates. Conclusion The study findings emphasise the need for sustainable deworming in tandem with other measures such as the provision of health education, improvements in sanitation and hygiene, and nutritional programs in order to control STH infections and improve morbidity outcomes in schoolchildren. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12616000508471).

Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seropositivity in Pediatric Emergency Room Patients Undergoing Phlebotomy

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 660-665
Author(s):  
Paula J. Schweich ◽  
Patricia D. Fosarelli ◽  
Anne K. Duggan ◽  
Thomas C. Quinn ◽  
James L. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Hiv Seropositivity ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Information on the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among children and adolescents requiring medical care is sparse. A small but significant risk of seroconversion occurs in health care workers who handle blood and body fluids of patients infected with HIV. The prevalence of HIV seropositivity in children who had phlebotomy as part of emergency care was measured. Of 749 blood samples, 21 (2.8%) tested positive for HIV antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western Blot analysis: 14 samples from 6 patients with hemophilia, 6 from 3 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex, and 1 from a patient with asthma. Of these 21 blood samples, 10 were from 4 children previously known to be HIV positive, 4 were from patients with a known parental risk factor, and 16 were from patients with known history of blood transfusion. One sample was from a children with unknown HIV status and no documented risk factors. Procedures included 9 venipunctures, 17 intravenous line placements, 1 lumbar puncture, and 1 pelvic examination. Most patients with HIV seropositivity had been known to be HIV seropositive or at significant risk for HIV seropositivity. Although the potential risk to health care workers from children without known risk factors for HIV seropositivity was small in this population, the currently recommended infection-control precautions should always be observed.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors to Leptospira sp. infection in dogs attended at veterinary clinics in João Pessoa, Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. e144154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Willian De Lima Brasil ◽  
Diego Figueiredo Da Costa ◽  
Carla Lauise Rodrigues Menezes Pimenta ◽  
Roberta Nunes Parentoni ◽  
Clebert José Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Cutoff Point ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The City

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Leptospira sp. in dogs attended at veterinary clinics in the city of João Pessoa, State of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil.  A total of 384 blood samples from dogs from 34 veterinary clinics were used from April 2015 to May 2016. The diagnosis of Leptospira sp. was carried out through Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT), using a collection of 20 pathogenic antigens and adopting a 1: 100 dilution as cutoff point. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied to the owners of the animals to obtain data to be used in the analysis of risk factors. The prevalence of seropositive animals was 11.7% (45/384), with reactions for serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae (62.3%), Grippotyphosa (22.2%), Canicola (13.3%), Djasiman 2%) and Pomona (2.2%). The following risk factors were identified: age from 49 to 72 months (odds ratio = 2.74), Age > 72 months (odds ratio = 3.22), and monthly cleaning of the environment where the animals are kept (odds ratio = 10,70). It is concluded that dogs attended at veterinary clinics in João Pessoa are exposed to infection by Leptospira sp., with predominance of serogroups kept by wild animals, and it is suggested that the periodic cleaning of the environment where the animals are kept.

scholarly journals Epidemiological, Morphological, and Morphometric Study on Haemonchus spp. Recovered From Goats in Egypt

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Gareh ◽  
Nagwa M. Elhawary ◽  
Amin Tahoun ◽  
Amany M. Ramez ◽  
Dina M. M. EL-shewehy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Epidemiological Pattern

Goats can be infected by multiple groups of external and internal parasites. Haemonchus spp. are among abomasal parasites that can result in higher mortality and several considerable economic losses in goats. Early detection of parasites and better understanding of the major risk factors associated with infection are among the main strategies for controlling the infection. Considering this, information on hemonchosis in goats from Egypt, and the contribution of goats in the maintenance of the epidemiological foci of the disease is limited. This study investigated the prevalence of Haemonchus species among 240 abomasum samples collected during postmortem examination of goat carcasses from Assiut Governorate, Egypt. Moreover, the association of the major risk factors to describe the epidemiological pattern of the disease was explored. This study demonstrated that 16.66% of abomasa samples harbored Haemonchus species. Additionally, age, sex, and sampling season were the most significant risk factors associated with infection. Following the variable factors under study, goats aged 1 year or older were at higher risk, with an infection rate of 22.14% (31 of 140), than those younger than 1 year (9%) [p = 0.008; odds ratio (OR) = 2.87; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.30–6.35]. The infection rate was 25% (19 of 76) in males and 12.8% (21 of 164) in females [p = 0.024; odds ratio (OR) = 2.26; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.13–4.53]. Moreover, the exposure to infection was higher in summer (22.22%) than in winter (8.33%) (p = 0.007; odds ratio (OR) = 0.318; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.139–0.725). More importantly, three species of the parasite—Haemonchus contortus, Haemonchus placei, and Haemonchus longistipes—were identified for the first time, and the confirmation of the identification and morphological characterization of the worms was performed using light microscopy and SEM. Collectively, this study reveals interesting epidemiological, morphological, and morphometric findings associated with the occurrence of hemonchosis among goats in Egypt. This study suggests further research for exploring the major circulating species of the parasite in Egypt, which is mandatory for controlling the disease.

Characteristics of Female Youth Offenders in New Zealand

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey Lim ◽  
Ian Lambie ◽  
Annik van Toledo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
School Behavior ◽  
Youth Offenders ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Female Youth ◽  
Nonviolent Offenders ◽  
Mental Health Difficulties

Female youth offending is poorly understood, despite increased rates of such offending. Research indicates there are a range of factors that have a causal impact on the development of offending in young people. This study investigated risk factors using a retrospective file audit of 184 female youth offenders in New Zealand. The findings were classified using Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model, which highlights the different contextual levels that influence behavior, including individual, family, peer, school, community, and cultural factors. The results indicate that there are significant risk factors for female youth offenders. There were high rates of mental health difficulties, drug use, histories of maltreatment, family stressors, peer issues, and school behavior problems in the cohort. There was very little difference between violent and nonviolent offenders. All the young women had risk factors affecting them at many levels. Targeted, multisystemic intervention and prevention programs are therefore needed to address female youth offending.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Exposure of Baerveldt Glaucoma Drainage Implants: A Case-Control Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayaka Edo ◽  
Koji Jian ◽  
Yoshiaki Kiuchi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Implant Surgery ◽  
Implant Exposure ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

Abstract Background: Glaucoma drainage implant exposure is one of the serious complications after glaucoma drainage implant surgery. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the risk factors for exposure of the device after implantation of a Baerveldt glaucoma drainage implant.Methods: This is a retrospective review of the medical records of all patients who underwent Baerveldt glaucoma drainage implant surgery at the Hiroshima University Hospital between April 1, 2012 and October 31, 2016, and who were followed for at least 6 months after surgery. We examined the risk factors for implant exposure based on data obtained from the medical records, with particular focus on the differences in implant models.Results: A total of 80 eyes from 80 patients were identified; all patients were Japanese. In this study, the rate of Baerveldt glaucoma drainage implant exposure was 15.0% (12 of 80). The exposure rate of the BG 102-350 was tended to be higher than that for the BG 101-350 and BG 103-250 (p=0.092; adjusted odds ratio=3.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.82–13.58). In the patients who had diabetic mellitus, the BG 102-350 showed a significant risk of implant exposure (p=0.038; adjusted odds ratio =15.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.17–202.59).Conclusions: In Baerveldt glaucoma drainage implant surgery in patients with diabetes, using the BG 102-350 was associated with greater risk of implant exposure compared with using BG 101-350 or BG 103-250.

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