scholarly journals Global importation and population risk factors for measles in New Zealand: a case study for highly immunized populations

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (9) ◽  
pp. 1875-1885 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. S. HAYMAN ◽  
J. C. MARSHALL ◽  
N. P. FRENCH ◽  
T. E. CARPENTER ◽  
M. G. ROBERTS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Rubella Vaccine ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Measles Outbreaks ◽  
Importation Risk

SUMMARYAs endemic measles is eliminated through immunization, countries must determine the risk factors for the importation of measles into highly immunized populations to target control measures. Despite eliminating endemic measles, New Zealand suffers from outbreaks after introductions from abroad, enabling us to use it as a model for measles introduction risk. We used a generalized linear model to analyze risk factors for 1137 measles cases from 2007 to June 2014, provide estimates of national immunity levels, and model measles importation risk. People of European ethnicity made up the majority of measles cases. Age is a positive risk factor, particularly 0–2-year-olds and 5–17-year-old Europeans, along with increased wealth. Pacific islanders were also at greater risk, but due to 0–2-year-old cases. Despite recent high measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine immunization coverage, overall population immunity against measles remains ~90% and is lower in people born between 1982 and 2005. Greatest measles importation risk is during December, and countries predicted to be sources have historical connections and highest travel rates (Australia and UK), followed by Asian countries with high travel rates and higher measles incidences. Our results suggest measles importation due to travel is seeding measles outbreaks, and immunization levels are insufficient to continue to prevent outbreaks because of heterogeneous immunity in the population, leaving particular age groups at risk.

scholarly journals Trends in Poliovirus Seroprevalence in Kano State, Northern Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S103-S109
Author(s):  
Harish Verma ◽  
Zubairu Iliyasu ◽  
Kehinde T Craig ◽  
Natalie A Molodecky ◽  
Utibeabasi Urua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Parental Consent ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Kano state has been a protracted reservoir of poliovirus in Nigeria. Immunity trends have been monitored through seroprevalence surveys since 2011. The survey in 2015 was, in addition, intended to assess the impact of use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). Methods It was a health facility based seroprevalence survey. Eligible children aged 6-9, 12-15 and 19-22 months of age brought to the paediatrics outpatient department of Murtala Mohammad Specialist Hospital between 19 October and 6 November 2015, were screened for eligibility. Eligible children were enrolled after parental consent, history taken, physical examination conducted, and a blood sample collected to test for neutralizing antibody titres against the three poliovirus serotypes. Results Overall, 365 results were available in the three age groups. In the 6-9-month-old age group, the seroprevalence was 73% (95% confidence interval [CI] 64-80%), 83% (95% CI 75-88%), and 66% (95% CI 57-73%) for serotypes 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In the 12-15- and 19-22-month-old age groups, seroprevalence was higher but still remained <90% across serotypes. Seroprevalence to serotypes 1 and 3 in 2015 was similar to 2014; however, for serotype 2 there was a significant improvement. IPV received in supplemental immunization activities was found to be a significant predictor of seropositivity among 6-9-month-old infants for serotypes 1 and 2. Conclusions Seroprevalence for serotypes 1 and 3 remains low (<80%) in 6-9-month-olds. This poses a significant risk for poliovirus spread if reintroduced into the population. Efforts to strengthen immunization coverage are imperative to secure and sustain high population immunity.

scholarly journals Report of simultaneous measles outbreaks in two different health regions in Portugal, February to May 2017: lessons learnt and upcoming challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonçalo Figueiredo Augusto ◽  
Andreia Silva ◽  
Natália Pereira ◽  
Teresa Fernandes ◽  
Ana Leça ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
First Case ◽  
Rapid Control ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Measles Outbreaks

In Portugal, measles vaccination coverage and population immunity are high, and no endemic measles cases had been reported since 2004. The World Health Organization classified measles as eliminated in the country in 2015 and 2016, based on data from the previous 3 years. However, in a context of increasing incidence in several European countries in 2016 and 2017, Portugal experienced two simultaneous measles outbreaks with a total of 27 laboratory-confirmed cases (0.3 cases/100,000 population) in two health regions between February and May 2017. Nineteen cases (70.1%) were adults, of whom 12 were healthcare workers. Overall, 17 cases (63.0%) were not vaccinated, of whom five were infants younger than 12 months of age. One unvaccinated teenager died. Genotype B3 was identified in 14 cases from both regions. Measles virus sequencing identified different possible origins of the virus in each region affected. Although measles transmission was stopped in less than 2 months from the first case being notified, these outbreaks represent an opportunity to reinforce awareness of measles diagnosis. We highlight the intensity of the control measures taken and their impact on the rapid control of the outbreaks and also the fact that high vaccination coverage was crucial to stop transmission.

scholarly journals Prospective study of patients with membranous patch over the tonsil at GIMS, Kalaburagi

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 2194
Author(s):  
Renuka S. Melkundi ◽  
Siddaram Patil
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
Infected Adult ◽  
Paediatric Age ◽  
The Government

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Current study was done to know various clinical aspects of membranous patch over the tonsil.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data for the study were collected from patients who presented with membranous patch over the tonsil in the department of ENT at GIMS, Kalaburagi from January 2019 to December 2019. This is a prospective case study. 225 patients were included in the study. Once patient was presented to us detailed history, examination and necessary investigations were done.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The present study included 225 patients out of which out of which females were 132 (59%) and males were 93 (41%). The predominant clinical features were sore throat (225 cases), fever (212 cases), dysphagia (90 cases) and bull neck (45 cases). The most common cause of membranous patch over tonsil was found to be diphtheria (68%) followed by streptococcal tonsillitis (30%) and others (2%). In our study microbiological investigations like Albert stain was positive in 153 cases and culture was positive in 140 cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It was observed in our study that diphtheria constitutes the majority (68%) and the incidence of adult is almost on par with paediatric age group. Despite of UIP we have seen increased incidence in the adult age group. Hence it requires the health agencies and the Government to increase immunization coverage, as India has witnessed the highest number of cases in the world for the year 2015. As evident from the shift in age groups being infected, adult booster dose has to be introduced at 10 years interval.</p>

The relevance of skilled in-water guides in swim-with wildlife tours

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHANTAL DENISE PAGEL
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Humpback Whales ◽  
Perception Of Safety ◽  
Carcharhinus Leucas ◽  
Fur Seals ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Tourist Behaviour

Commercial in-water interactions (IWIs) with wildlife may hold potential risks for their participants. Precautionary mechanisms for mitigating such risk factors are crucial for safe human-wildlife encounters. One of those tools is the provision of skilled in-water guides, yet across the industry, it is not a standard practice. This paper communicates the relevance of in water guides for the safety and wellbeing of tour participants, substantiated by semi-structured interview data obtained in three case study locations in the South Pacific. Participants interacting with humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) and bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) reported various benefits from the presence of in-water guides, including anxiety relief, elevated confidence and perception of safety, and obtainment of information on animal behaviour. Apart from tourist safety, a deployment of in-water guides would also constitute an effective way of managing inappropriate tourist behaviour. Hence, the results of this study strongly suggest the inclusion of in-water guides in commercial operations for tourist safety and management in future licensing schemes.

scholarly journals Risk factors for measles outbreak in Ataq and Habban districts, Shabwah governorate, Yemen, February to May 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulkareem Ali Hussein Nassar ◽  
Mohammed Abdullah Al Amad ◽  
Mohammed Qasim ◽  
Fekri Dureab
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Measles Outbreak ◽  
Surveillance And Response ◽  
Immunization Services

Abstract Background Recent conflict and war in Yemen lead to collapse of the health system, decrease of immunization coverage and spread of many outbreaks. On May 22, 2018, the surveillance officer in Shabwah governorate reported an increased number of suspected measles. On May 24, 2018, a team from Yemen-Field Epidemiology Training Program was sent to investigate. The aims were to describe the outbreak, determine the risk factors for measles infection and recommend control measures. Methodology A descriptive followed by case-control study design (1:2 ratio) were performed. National Measles Surveillance Program case definition and predesigned questionnaire were used to collect data from 73 cases and 146 controls. Attack rate (AR), adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. P value < 0.05 was considered as the cut point for significant. Epi info version 7.2 was used. Results A total of 73 suspected cases were found. Almost 53% were from Habban district, 63% were males and 56% were among age group < 5 years. The overall AR was 82/100,000 population. Measles was significantly associated with contact with case (aOR = 27.3, 95% CI:1.3–551.7), malnourished children aged 6–60 months (aOR = 24.9, 95% CI;1.9–329.6) and unvaccinated children (aOR = 17.2, 95% CI:2.9–100.7). The six collected blood samples found to be positive for measles IgM. Conclusions Measles outbreak in Ataq and Habban districts was confirmed. Contact with measles cases, malnutrition and un-vaccination were the potential contributing factors of measles outbreak in Shabwah governorate. An urgent vaccination campaign with health education interventions are highly recommended. Reactivation of the outreach immunization services and strengthening surveillance and response systems are top priority to take place at district and governorate levels.

scholarly journals Serosurvey for Toxoplasma gondii in dogs in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
pp. 015-018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Kamani ◽  
Aliyu U Mani ◽  
Hussaini A Kumshe ◽  
Goni I Dogo ◽  
James P Yidawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Significant Statistical Difference ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
National Prevalence

The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) antibodies in dogs in Maiduguri, the capital of Borno State, Nigeria, was determined using the Latex Aagglutination Test (LAT). Antibodies (LAT titer > 1:64) to T. gondii were found in 42 (25%) of the animals examined. Antibody titers in positive dogs ranged from 1:64 (15 dogs) to1:2048 (3 dogs). There was a significant statistical difference (P < 0.05) between age groups of dogs, the prevalence being higher in dogs ≥ 3 years (Χ2 = 13.73 P = 0.0002, OR 2.80 CI95% 1.28-6.13 P = 0.008). Pure Alsatians and their crosses were less likely to be seropositive (OR cross breed 0.28 CI95% 0.13-0.61 P = 0.001, OR Alsatian 0.16 CI95% 0.04-0.58 P = 0.002). The high prevalence of T. gondii infection that we found in dogs suggests a need for a larger survey to determine the national prevalence and identify possible risk factors in different agro-climatic zones. Such a study will help in formulating nation-wide control measures for toxoplasmosis. 

CLINICAL PROFILE OF 2D ECHO CARDIOGRAPHY AT THE CARDIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CHL MULTISPECIALTY HOSPITAL AND RESEARCH CENTRE.

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-69
Author(s):  
Anil Mane ◽  
Rohan Ainchwar ◽  
Harshawardhan Dhanraj Ramteke
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systolic Function ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Age Group ◽  
2D Echocardiography ◽  
Cardiology Department ◽  
Valve Function ◽  
Proper Diagnosis

Introduction:Echocardiography is the basic and important imaging technique used for the diagnosing the various numbers of Cardiac Conditions. This helps clinicians for diagnosing a various number of clinical variations. This functional data is needed to care for patients with many pathologies and used to diagnose a number of diseases. Trans-Thoracic Echocardiography is the most common Echocardiography done in every Cardiology Department of Centre. The use of 2D Echo provides the proper and fast diagnosis and allows the clinicians to make further diagnosis. In this study, we focus on Current Clinical Prole of the distributed Age Groups along with risk factors and advised recommendations with comparison of Diagnosis. Methods: In this case study, total of 1447 patients were divided in 6 Age Groups, proled for the outcomes of the 2D Echocardiography. We aimed to determine the Current Clinical Prole with the Diagnosis, Risk Factors and Advised Recommendations in each age group in a Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (CICU) in CHL Multispeciality Hospital and Research Center, Chandrapur using a prospective observational study. Patients: All consecutive patients followed up for 2D Echocardiography at the Cardiology Department between April 2021 and August 2021 were included if they were aged more than 18 years. Patients eligible for the study were evaluated for the current prole of the patient, risk factors and Advised Recommendations in each Age group. Results: In the study conducted, the clinical prole had a good result in suggesting that most of the patients in all age groups had the diagnosis of Good biventricular systolic function, No RWMA, Normal chamber dimension & Valve function. Uncontrolled Sugars and Accelarated Hypertension made worse for patient's cardiac management. Some Results of 2D Echo were also affected because of the emergency in the CICU, for which 2D Echo was postponed later or after stability of the patient. Past Medical History had the signicant role. The clinical prole helped us understand the proper diagnosis and recommendations done

Why do the design stage elemental cost plan and final tender sum differ in New Zealand?

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnson Adafin ◽  
James O.B. Rotimi ◽  
Suzanne Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Risk Identification ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Information Quantity ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Cost Plan

Purpose – The aim of this study is to investigate the reasons for disparity between design stage elemental cost plan and final tender sum (contract sum) in building procurement. A number of risk factors responsible for such variation were identified through case study projects from which data were extracted. Design/methodology/approach – Literature review determined the risk factors inherent in the preparation of design stage elemental cost plan. Interviews and thematic analysis identified the risk factors responsible for the disparity between design stage elemental cost plans and final tender sums. Analysis of documents obtained from the archives of study participants (consultant quantity surveyors) complemented responses from the interviews. Findings – The review revealed a number of inherent risks in the design stage elemental cost plan development. The interviews further indicated that risks have an impact on and are responsible for the deviations experienced. The assessment of these risk elements could assist in determining the final tender sum from cost plans. Research limitations/implications – Findings revealed disparity between elemental cost plans and final tender sums in the region of −14 and +16 per cent. The risk factors identified were responsible for the deviations observed. With this information, Quantity Surveyors are more able to accurately forecast final tender sums of building projects from cost plans through proper risk identification and analysis, thus increasing the accuracy of design stage elemental costing. Originality/value – To the best of the knowledge of the researchers, there is no recent documentary evidence of an investigation into the reasons for disparity between design stage elemental cost plan and final tender sum in traditional building procurement in New Zealand construction.

Family-, Media-, and School-Related Risk Factors of Video Game Addiction

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Rehbein ◽  
Dirk Baier
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
School Life ◽  
Video Game Addiction ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Game Addiction

In recent years, a variety of epidemiological studies have provided empirical data on the prevalence of video game addiction (GA) in different age groups. However, few studies investigated the causes of GA and could explain why video game playing as a widespread phenomenon leads to a comparatively small percentage of addicted players. Additionally, the existing longitudinal studies mainly consider psychological trait variables and neglect the possible explanatory value of predictors in socialization regarding media availability, media use, and family and everyday school life. In this paper, the results of a two-wave longitudinal study comprising a sample of students from Grades 4 to 9 (N = 406) are presented. The data show that 15-year-old video game addicts had already exhibited a number of specific risk factors at the age of 10. Students from single-parent families seem to be particularly at risk, as are students with low experienced school well-being and with a weaker social integration in class. The data also indicate that problematic use of video games in childhood increases the risk of GA in adolescence. Male students are especially vulnerable for developing GA. The results of this study are an important contribution to understanding risk factors for GA in adolescents, thereby laying the groundwork for effective prevention measures.

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