Lexical stresses in Macedonian and Polish

Phonology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
The Other ◽  
Class I ◽  
The Third ◽  
Strong Claim ◽  
Lexical Accent

SummaryWe have presented two different analyses of stress in Macedonian and Polish: one in terms of CGs and the other in terms of QS/ROB footing. Further, we showed how there were a number of problems with the CG account. We now consider those problems again in light of the latter analyses above.The first problem was that the emergence of unmarked stress under suffixation did not find a uniform explanation in Macedonian and Polish. This is not true of the revised analyses. Both are couched in terms of accent and the reemergence of regular stress in both languages follows as a consequence of distribution of lexical accent. In fact, aside from the contribution of secondary stresses in Polish and their absence in Macedonian, the analyses differ minimally. Footing in Macedonian is QS; footing in Polish is ROB.A second problem for the CG was that the reemergence of unmarked stress in Polish did not find a uniform explanation. Some cases were handled with lexical extrametricality, while others were handled with the special extrametricality rule.(44)This is also not a problem for the revised analysis. Class I and class II now differ minimally in the placement of accent.The third problem discussed above was the ad hoc character of the special extrametricality rule (44). This too is no longer a problem since this rule is no longer a part of the analysis. In fact, perhaps we can make the strong claim that rules of this type are to.be excluded in principle. An even stronger claim which might be supportable, though it would require we reconsider a number of analyses, is that lexical accent can never be marked with extrametricality. We leave this latter hypothesis open.Summarising, the best analysis of Macedonian and Polish requires a theory that makes use of two different kinds of footing – quantity-sensitive (QS) and revised obligatory-branching (ROB) – and that marks accent in terms of a diacritic feature rather than in terms of grid marks without constituency. Only by adopting such a theory can we capture in a satisfying fashion the generalisation exhibited in Macedonian and Polish, that regular stress reemerges when a word with exceptional stress undergoes sufficient affixation.

scholarly journals Aggression towards Referees in Amateur Football in Spain: A Loglinear Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Fuente ◽  
Enrique Cantón ◽  
Francisco Montes ◽  
María Ángeles Sanruperto Abella
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
The Other ◽  
Loglinear Model ◽  
The Third ◽  
Youth Football ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The City

Aggressive behavior towards football referees is becoming increasingly common, and as a result we are getting used to it and coming to see it as an inevitable and intrinsic element of football matches. Spectators, players and coaches are all prone to take this view. This article studies how the types of aggression shown by these three groups towards the referee are related to one another, and how they are perceived by the referee, in amateur football. For this purpose, the phenomenon was assessed, using an ad-hoc form, both by an expert and by the referee, in 119 regional and youth football matches in the city of Valencia and surrounding municipalities. We analysed the data using a loglinear model, which enabled us to establish that from the referee’s perspective pairs of the above-mentioned groups influenced each other regardless of the attitude of the third group. On the other hand, departing from the traditional idea that aggressive behaviour by one of the groups determines the behaviour of the other two, the analysis of the expert’s opinions on the attitudes of the three groups led us to a model in which their respective actions were independent of one another.

Manifest and Projective Anxiety

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 707-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Ong
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Class I ◽  
Tension Reduction ◽  
Projective Test ◽  
Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Manifest Anxiety

When the Taylor Manifest Anxiety scale and the Cassel and Kahn Group Personality Projective Test were administered to 92 college students, no significant correlations among scores were found. Between the Tension Reduction Quotient and the Total score of the GPPT r = .84 (Class I), .98 (Class II). The freshmen scored significantly higher on both tests than the normative groups or the upper classmen. There was no significant difference in MAS variance for the students and the normative group, but 5 of 8 GPPT variances were significantly different for the students and the normative group. Thus, manifest and projective anxiety are different measures. TRQ predicts the Total score of the GPPT pretty well, and freshmen have higher anxiety but not more heterogeneous anxiety than the other groups.

scholarly journals Characterisation and modelling of a polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase fromAquitaleasp. USM4 reveals a mechanism for polymer elongation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aik-Hong Teh ◽  
Nyet-Cheng Chiam ◽  
Go Furusawa ◽  
Kumar Sudesh
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
The Third ◽  
Dimeric Interface ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Polyhydroxyalkanoate Synthase ◽  
Key Residues

AbstractPolyhydroxyalkanoate synthase, PhaC, is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of PHA, a type of bioplastics with huge potential to replace conventional petroleum-based plastics. While two PhaC structures have been determined recently, the exact mechanism remains unclear partly due to the absence of a tunnel for product passage. The PhaC fromAquitaleasp. USM4, PhaCAq, was characterised and showed aKmof 394 µM and akcatof 476.4 s−1on the 3HB-CoA substrate. A model based on the structure of the closely related PhaC fromCupriavidus necator, PhaCCnrevealed a three-branched tunnel at the dimeric interface. Two of the branches open to the solvent and serve as the putative routes for substrate entrance and product exit, while the third branch is elongated in a PhaC1 model fromPseudomonas aeruginosa, indicating a function of accommodating the hydroxyalkanoate (HA) moiety of the HA-CoA substrate. Docking of the two tetrahedral intermediates formed during catalysis suggests a PHA elongation mechanism that requires the HA moiety of the ligand to rotate ~180°. Both classes I and II PhaCs share a common mechanism for polymer elongation, and substrate specificity is determined in part by a bulky Phe/Tyr/Trp residue in the third branch in class I, which is conserved as Ala in class II to create room for longer substrates. The PhaCAqmodel provides fresh insights into a general PhaC mechanism, pinpointing key residues for potential engineering of PhaCs with desirable characteristics.

scholarly journals Bragg resonance of waves in a two-layer fluid propagating over bottom ripples. Part I. Perturbation analysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 624 ◽  
pp. 191-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
MOHAMMAD-REZA ALAM ◽  
YUMING LIU ◽  
DICK K. P. YUE
Keyword(s):  
Internal Wave ◽  
Internal Waves ◽  
Incident Wave ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Bragg Resonance ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Third Order ◽  
The Third ◽  
Bragg Resonances

We investigate, via perturbation analyses, the mechanisms of nonlinear resonant interaction of surface-interfacial waves with a rippled bottom in a two-layer density-stratified fluid. As in a one-layer fluid, three classes of Bragg resonances are found to exist if nonlinear interactions up to the third order in the wave/ripple steepness are considered. As expected, the wave system associated with the resonances is more complicated than that in a one-layer fluid. Depending on the specifics of the resonance condition, the resonance-generated wave may be a surface or internal mode and may be transmitted or reflected. At the second order, class I Bragg resonance occurs involving two surface and/or internal waves and one bottom-ripple component. The interaction of an incident surface/internal wave with the bottom ripple generates a new surface or internal wave that may propagate in the same or the opposite direction as the incident wave. At the third order, class II and III Bragg resonances occur involving resonant interactions of four wave/ripple components: two surface and/or internal waves and two bottom-ripple components for class II resonance; three surface and/or internal waves and one bottom-ripple components for class III resonance. As in class I resonance, the resonance-generated wave in class II resonance has the same frequency as that of the incident wave. For class III resonance, the frequency of the resonant wave is equal to the sum or difference of the two incident wave frequencies. We enumerate and represent, using Feynman-like diagrams, the possible cases and combinations for Bragg resonance up to the third order (in two dimensions). Analytical regular perturbation results are obtained and discussed for all three classes of Bragg resonances. These are valid for limited bottom patch lengths and initial/finite growth of the resonant waves. For long bottom patches, a uniformly valid solution using multiple scales is derived for class I resonance. A number of applications underscoring the importance and implication of these nonlinear resonances on the evolution of ocean waves are presented and discussed. For example, it is shown that three internal/surface waves co-propagating over bottom topography are resonant under a broad range of Bragg conditions. The present study provides the theoretical basis and understanding for the companion paper (Alam, Liu & Yue 2008), where a direct numerical solution for the general nonlinear problem is pursued.

scholarly journals Dehiscence and fenestration in skeletal Class I, II, and III malocclusions assessed with cone-beam computed tomography

2011 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Yagci ◽  
İlknur Veli ◽  
Tancan Uysal ◽  
Faruk Izzet Ucar ◽  
Törün Ozer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
The Other ◽  
Class I ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Dental Malocclusion

Abstract Objective: To test the null hypothesis that the presence of dehiscence and fenestration was not different among patients with skeletal Class I, II, and III malocclusions. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, a total of 123 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were obtained with an iCAT scanner (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, Pa). Patients with normal vertical patterns were classified according to dental malocclusion and ANB angle. Class I comprised 41 patients—21 girls and 20 boys (mean age, 22.4 ± 4.5 years); Class II comprised 42 patients—22 girls and 20 boys (mean age, 21.5 ± 4.2 years); and Class III comprised 40 subjects—22 girls and 18 boys (mean age, 22.1 ± 4.5 years). A total of 3444 teeth were evaluated. Analysis of variance and Tukey's test were used for statistical comparisons at the P < .05 level. Results: Statistical analysis indicated that the Class II group had a greater prevalence of fenestration than the other groups (P < .001). No difference was found in the prevalence of dehiscence among the three groups. Although fenestration had greater prevalence in the maxilla, more dehiscence was found in the mandible for all groups. In Class I, alveolar defects (dehiscence, fenestration) were matched relatively in both jaws. Furthermore, Class II and Class III subjects had more alveolar defects (41.11% and 45.02%, respectively) in the mandible. Dehiscences were seen with greater frequency in the mandibular incisors of all groups. Conclusion: The null hypothesis was rejected. Significant differences in the presence of fenestration were found among subjects with skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusions. Fenestrations had greater prevalence in the maxilla, but more dehiscences were found in the mandible.

scholarly journals University Students’ Emotions When Using E-Portfolios in Virtual Education Environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6973
Author(s):  
Emilio Crisol Moya ◽  
Vanesa Gámiz Gámiz Sánchez ◽  
María Asunción Romero Romero López
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Student Motivation ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Virtual Education ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clear Relationship ◽  
Degree Programs ◽  
The Third

This paper is based on a study that aims to understand the emotions students feel when they use the e-portfolio to manage their learning and assessment. The sample was composed of 358 students, and the instrument used was an ad hoc questionnaire. The students were asked to indicate the degree to which they experienced a set of emotions when using the e-portfolio. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that positive emotions are foremost and above average, ranked as follows from strongest to weakest: freedom, motivation, curiosity, and inquiry. The students evaluated negative emotions (disorientation and waste of time) as experienced less strongly. The results point out that younger students feel more comfortable with the use of technologies and specifically with the e-portfolio. In addition, men experienced the emotion “freedom” more than women. On the other hand, students in the third year of their respective degree programs experienced “freedom”, “curiosity”, and “inquiry” when using the e-portfolio to manage their learning. A clear relationship thus exists between emotions, motivation, and e-portfolio use, which appears to confirm that work in virtual contexts with this strategy stimulates student motivation.

scholarly journals A daytime climatological distribution of high opaque ice cloud classes over the Indian summer monsoon region observed from 25-year AVHRR data

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Devasthale ◽  
H. Grassl
Keyword(s):  
Summer Monsoon ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Deep Convection ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
The Other ◽  
Class I ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Convective Activity ◽  
Radiative Balance ◽  
Ice Cloud

Abstract. A daytime climatological spatio-temporal distribution of high opaque ice cloud (HOIC) classes over the Indian subcontinent (0–40° N, 60° E–100° E) is presented using 25-year data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRRs) for the summer monsoon months. The HOICs are important for regional radiative balance, precipitation and troposphere-stratosphere exchange. In this study, HOICs are sub-divided into three classes based on their cloud top brightness temperatures (BT). Class I represents very deep convection (BT<220 K). Class II represents deep convection (220 K≤BT<233 K) and Class III background convection (233 K≤BT<253 K). Apart from presenting finest spatial resolution (0.1×0.1 degrees) and long-term climatology of such cloud classes from AVHRRs to date, this study for the first time illustrates on 1) how these three cloud classes are climatologically distributed during monsoon months, and 2) how their distribution changes during active and break monsoon conditions. It is also investigated that how many overshooting convective clouds reach the tropopause layer during individual monsoon months. It is seen that Class I and Class II clouds dominate the Indian subcontinent during monsoon. The movement of monsoon over continent is very well reflected in these cloud classes. During monsoon breaks strong suppression of convective activity is observed over the Arabian Sea and the western coast of India. On the other hand, the presence of such convective activity is crucial for active monsoon conditions and all-India rainfall. It is found that a significant fraction of HOICs (3–5%) reach the tropopause layer over the Bay of Bengal during June and over the north and northeast India during July and August. Many cases are observed when clouds penetrate the tropopause layer and reach the lower stratosphere. Such cases mostly occur during June compared to the other months.

The classification and representation of main group element compounds that feature three-center four-electron interactions

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (47) ◽  
pp. 18784-18795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm L. H. Green ◽  
Gerard Parkin
Keyword(s):  
Class Ii ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Group Element ◽  
Class I ◽  
The Third ◽  
Main Group Element ◽  
Electron Interactions

Compounds that feature 3-center 4-electron interactions may be classified in terms of the number of electrons that each atom contributes to the interaction: Class I are those in which two atoms provide one electron each and the third atom provides a pair of electrons, while Class II are those in which two atoms each provide a pair of electrons.

Electron microscopy analysis of degenerating pancreatic ß cells in transgenic mice expressing the MHC Class I antigen Dd

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-549
Author(s):  
T. A. Stewart ◽  
D. Liggitt ◽  
S. Pitts ◽  
L. Martin ◽  
M. Siegel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Type I ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Mhc Molecules ◽  
Endogenous Insulin ◽  
Class Ii Mhc ◽  
Ifn Γ

Insulin-dependant (Type I) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a metabolic disorder resulting from the lack of endogenous insulin secretion. The disease is thought to result from the autoimmune mediated destruction of the insulin producing ß cells within the islets of Langerhans. The disease process is probably triggered by environmental agents, e.g. virus or chemical toxins on a background of genetic susceptibility associated with particular alleles within the major histocompatiblity complex (MHC). The relation between IDDM and the MHC locus has been reinforced by the demonstration of both class I and class II MHC proteins on the surface of ß cells from newly diagnosed patients as well as mounting evidence that IDDM has an autoimmune pathogenesis. In 1984, a series of observations were used to advance a hypothesis, in which it was suggested that aberrant expression of class II MHC molecules, perhaps induced by gamma-interferon (IFN γ) could present self antigens and initiate an autoimmune disease. We have tested some aspects of this model and demonstrated that expression of IFN γ by pancreatic ß cells can initiate an inflammatory destruction of both the islets and pancreas and does lead to IDDM.

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