scholarly journals Environmental shielding is contrast preservation

Phonology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliet Stanton
Keyword(s):  
South American ◽  
Essential Component ◽  
Nasal Vowels ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Explicit Reference ◽  
Contrast Preservation ◽  
Successful Analysis

The term ‘environmental shielding’ has been used to refer to a class of processes in which the phonetic realisation of a nasal stop depends on its vocalic context. In Chiriguano, for example, nasal consonants are realised as such before nasal vowels (/mã/ → [mã]), but acquire an oral release before oral vowels (/ma/ → [mba]). Herbert (1986) claims that shielding protects a contrast between oral and nasal vowels: if Chiriguano /ma/ were realised as [ma], [a] would likely carry some degree of nasal coarticulation, and be less distinct from nasal /ã/. This article provides new arguments for Herbert's position, drawn from a large typological study of South American languages. I argue that environmental shielding is contrast preservation, and that any successful analysis of shielding must make explicit reference to contrast. These results contribute to a growing body of evidence that constraints on contrast are an essential component of phonological theory.

scholarly journals NOTES ON THE BREEDING BIOLOGY OF THE TUMBESIAN AVIFAUNA IN SOUTHWEST ECUADOR AND NORTHWEST PERU

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-54
Author(s):  
Harold Francis Greeney ◽  
Fernando Angulo P. ◽  
Robert C. Dobbs ◽  
S. Crespo ◽  
Eliot T. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
South American ◽  
Nest Architecture ◽  
Avian Reproduction ◽  
Growing Body

This paper contributes to the growing body of literature on the reproductive biology of South American birds by providing 823 records of reproduction for 197 species breeding within the Tumbesian biome of Peru and Ecuador. Where applicable, we include notes on adult behaviour, nest architecture, eggs, nestlings, and fledglings. In general, our observations support previous reports of the seasonal nature of avian reproduction in the region.

A Principle of Maximum Plastic Resistance

1943 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. A65-A68
Author(s):  
M. A. Sadowsky
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Flow ◽  
New Method ◽  
Plastic Body ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Inner Pressure ◽  
Explicit Reference ◽  
Complete Determination ◽  
Successful Analysis ◽  
Principle Of Maximum

Abstract Heretofore a complete determination of stresses in a plastic body has been dependent upon a successful analysis of deformation in plastic flow, the method of computation being essentially based on Nadai’s stress-strain relations. The principle of maximum plastic resistance, as introduced in this paper, establishes a new method of computation of stresses only, without any explicit reference to deformation. Formally, the principle is progressive, since it supplies equations sufficient for solution; intrinsically and physically, the principle treats the plastic body as a reacting medium automatically producing maximum values of resultant reaction. Combined plastic tension, torsion, and inner pressure (in a boiler) are chosen as cases in which to apply the principle. The results are condensed in the relative diagram accompanying the paper.

scholarly journals Diversity and disparity of sparassodonts (Metatheria) reveal non-analogue nature of ancient South American mammalian carnivore guilds

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1870) ◽  
pp. 20172012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darin A. Croft ◽  
Russell K. Engelman ◽  
Tatiana Dolgushina ◽  
Gina Wesley
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
South American ◽  
Guild Structure ◽  
Historical Contingency ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Terrestrial Carnivore ◽  
Do So

This study investigates whether terrestrial mammalian carnivore guilds of ancient South America, which developed in relative isolation, were similar to those of other continents. We do so through analyses of clade diversification, ecomorphology and guild structure in the Sparassodonta, metatherians that were the predominant mammalian carnivores of pre-Pleistocene South America. Body mass and 16 characters of the dentition are used to quantify morphological diversity (disparity) in sparassodonts and to compare them to extant marsupial and placental carnivores and extinct North American carnivoramorphans. We also compare trophic diversity of the Early Miocene terrestrial carnivore guild of Santa Cruz, Argentina to that of 14 modern and fossil guilds from other continents. We find that sparassodonts had comparatively low ecomorphological disparity throughout their history and that South American carnivore palaeoguilds, as represented by that of Santa Cruz, Argentina, were unlike modern or fossil carnivore guilds of other continents in their lack of mesocarnivores and hypocarnivores. Our results add to a growing body of evidence highlighting non-analogue aspects of extinct South American mammals and illustrate the dramatic effects that historical contingency can have on the evolution of mammalian palaeocommunities.

Deficits in Selective Attention Alter Gait in Frail Older Adults

GeroPsych ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Cornu ◽  
Jean-Paul Steinmetz ◽  
Carine Federspiel
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Nursing Home ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Nursing Home Residents ◽  
Gait Rehabilitation ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Task Conditions

Abstract. A growing body of research demonstrates an association between gait disorders, falls, and attentional capacities in older adults. The present work empirically analyzes differences in gait parameters in frail institutionalized older adults as a function of selective attention. Gait analysis under single- and dual-task conditions as well as selective attention measures were collected from a total of 33 nursing-home residents. We found that differences in selective attention performances were related to the investigated gait parameters. Poorer selective attention performances were associated with higher stride-to-stride variabilities and a slowing of gait speed under dual-task conditions. The present findings suggest a contribution of selective attention to a safe gait. Implications for gait rehabilitation programs are discussed.

How Do People Share Their Positive Events?

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 250-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cara A. Palmer ◽  
Meagan A. Ramsey ◽  
Jennifer N. Morey ◽  
Amy L. Gentzler
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Big Five Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Positive Events ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Sharing Patterns ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract. Research suggests that sharing positive events with others is beneficial for well-being, yet little is known about how positive events are shared with others and who is most likely to share their positive events. The current study expanded on previous research by investigating how positive events are shared and individual differences in how people share these events. Participants (N = 251) reported on their likelihood to share positive events in three ways: capitalizing (sharing with close others), bragging (sharing with someone who may become jealous or upset), and mass-sharing (sharing with many people at once using communication technology) across a range of positive scenarios. Using cluster analysis, five meaningful profiles of sharing patterns emerged. These profiles were associated with gender, Big Five personality traits, narcissism, and empathy. Individuals who tended to brag when they shared their positive events were more likely to be men, reported less agreeableness, less conscientiousness, and less empathy, whereas those who tended to brag and mass-share reported the highest levels of narcissism. These results have important theoretical and practical implications for the growing body of research on sharing positive events.

‘The well-known, old, but still unbeaten track’: Women Poets and Irish Periodical Culture in the Mid-Twentieth Century

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Mulhall
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Literary Culture ◽  
Woman Writer ◽  
Double Bind ◽  
Women Poets ◽  
Substantial Body ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
Irish Women ◽  
Under Construction

While neglected Irish male poets of the mid century have seen some recuperation in recent decades, the work of Irish women poets still languishes in obscurity. A growing body of scholarship has identified the need to bring critical attention to bear on this substantial body of work. In this essay I explore the positioning of Irish women poets in mid-century periodical culture, to flesh out the ways in which the terms of this ‘forgetting’ are already established within the overwhelmingly masculinist homosocial suppositions and idioms that characterized contemporary debates about the proper lineage and aesthetic norms for the national literary culture that was then under construction. Within the terms set by those debates, the woman writer was caught in the double bind that afflicted any woman wishing to engage in a public, politicized forum in post-revolutionary Ireland. While women poets engage in sporadic or oblique terms with such literary and cultural debates, more often their voices are absent from these dominant discourses – the logic of this absence has continued in the occlusion of these women poets from the national poetic canon.

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