Attachment organization in maltreated preschoolers

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dante Cicchetti ◽  
Douglas Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Strange Situation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Attachment Patterns ◽  
Maltreated Children ◽  
Attachment Relationships ◽  
Longitudinal Investigation ◽  
New Information ◽  
Socioeconomic Strata

AbstractAttachment theory predicts that maltreated children will form insecure patterns of attachment to their caregivers and that attachment relationships are open to change with development. In this cross-sectional/longitudinal investigation, we examined the attachment patterns of 125 maltreated and nonmaltreated preschoolers from the low socioeconomic strata (SES). Maltreated and demographically matched nonmaltreated comparison children were assessed in the Strange Situation at 30, 36, and 48 months of age, along with a subsample of children who were observed longitudinally across a 6- to 18-month period. Attachment relations were classified using a newly developed system for assessing attachment in the preschool years by Cassidy and Marvin (1991). Results revealed that, at each age, maltreated children were significantly more likely to evidence insecure patterns of attachment to their caregivers. The specific types of insecurity demonstrated by children varied with age. Longitudinally, the high percentage of nonmaltreated children who were classified as securely attached were likely to remain securely attached at subsequent assessments. In contrast, the small number of maltreated children who evidenced secure attachments were unlikely to be classified as secure at later assessments. These data provide new information on the patterns of attachment maltreated children exhibit in the preschool years.

The Strange Situation of the Ethological Theory of Attachment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marga Vicedo
Keyword(s):  
Attachment Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Secure Attachment ◽  
Strange Situation ◽  
Attachment Patterns ◽  
History Of

This chapter examines the history of some challenges to John Bowlby’s and Mary Ainsworth’s ethological attachment theory (EAT). Bowlby and Ainsworth argued that the mother-infant relationship is a natural dyad designed by evolution in which the instinctual responses of one party activate instinctual responses in the other, and that secure attachment is an adaptation. This chapter focuses on EAT’s two fundamental tenets: the universality of attachment patterns and the biological foundations of the attachment system. It shows that several scholars have challenged those tenets over the years and argues that attachment researchers have not addressed those challenges successfully.

scholarly journals Contributions of attachment theory and research: A framework for future research, translation, and policy

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (4pt2) ◽  
pp. 1415-1434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jude Cassidy ◽  
Jason D. Jones ◽  
Phillip R. Shaver
Keyword(s):  
School Readiness ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Child Psychopathology ◽  
Adult Attachment Interview ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Translation ◽  
Strange Situation ◽  
Infant Attachment ◽  
Attachment Patterns ◽  
Attachment Research

AbstractAttachment theory has been generating creative and impactful research for almost half a century. In this article we focus on the documented antecedents and consequences of individual differences in infant attachment patterns, suggesting topics for further theoretical clarification, research, clinical interventions, and policy applications. We pay particular attention to the concept of cognitive “working models” and to neural and physiological mechanisms through which early attachment experiences contribute to later functioning. We consider adult caregiving behavior that predicts infant attachment patterns, and the still-mysterious “transmission gap” between parental Adult Attachment Interview classifications and infant Strange Situation classifications. We also review connections between attachment and (a) child psychopathology; (b) neurobiology; (c) health and immune function; (d) empathy, compassion, and altruism; (e) school readiness; and (f) culture. We conclude with clinical–translational and public policy applications of attachment research that could reduce the occurrence and maintenance of insecure attachment during infancy and beyond. Our goal is to inspire researchers to continue advancing the field by finding new ways to tackle long-standing questions and by generating and testing novel hypotheses.

Sources of nutrition information for Indonesian women during pregnancy: how is information sought and provided?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Widya Rahmawati ◽  
Paige van der Pligt ◽  
Jane C. Willcox ◽  
Anthony Worsley
Keyword(s):  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Nutrition Information ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Socioeconomic Strata ◽  
Maternal Overweight

Abstract Objective: Adequate and appropriate nutrition education is expected to contribute toward preventing risk of child stunting and maternal overweight/obesity. Understanding women’s information seeking behaviours is an important key step for health professionals and departments of health in order to improve the development of optimal and targeted nutrition education during pregnancy. This study investigated the experience of Indonesian women in seeking and receiving nutritional information during pregnancy and its relationship to women’s sociodemographic and pregnancy characteristics. Design: An online cross-sectional study. Setting: Malang City, Indonesia. Participants: Women who had given birth within the past two years (n 335). Results: All women in this study sought or received food and nutrition information from multiple sources, including social and health professional contacts and media sources. The women frequently discussed nutrition issues with their family, particularly their husband (98‧2%), mother or mother-in-law (91‧6%). This study identified four groups of sources based on women’s search habits. Women from high socioeconomic strata were more likely to have discussed issues or received nutrition information from obstetricians, their family or online sources (adjusted R2 = 26‧3%). Women from low socioeconomic strata were more likely to receive nutrition information from midwives, health volunteers and Maternal and Child Health (MCH) books (adjusted R2 = 14‧5%). Conclusions: A variety of nutrition information sources needs to be provided for women from different socioeconomic strata. Involvement of family members in antenatal nutrition education may improve the communication and effectiveness of young mothers’ dietary and nutrition education.

scholarly journals Ocular morbidity in the rural areas of Allahabad, India

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Singh ◽  
S Dwivedi ◽  
SB Dabral ◽  
V Bihari ◽  
AK Rastogi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Socioeconomic Strata ◽  
Ocular Morbidity ◽  
Spss Software

Background: Although there has been a considerable reduction in the infective causes of ocular morbidity, the global burden of blindness has not significantly altered for over a decade. Objectives: To find the extent of ocular morbidity in different subgroups of the rural population and to study the factors associated with ocular morbidity. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Jasra and Saidabad blocks of Allahabad District. A total of eight villages were selected by multistage random sampling technique. The data were analyzed with SPSS Software. Results: Among 9,736 people surveyed, 931 cases of eye diseases were identified. Ocular morbidity was highest (40.92 %) among those aged above 60 years. A higher morbidity was also observed among females (53.60 %), illiterates (69.50 %) and those belonging to low socioeconomic strata (42.86 %). The main causes of ocular morbidity in the study population were cataract (41.89 %), uncorrected refractive errors (21.59 %), xerophthalmia (10.20 %) and glaucoma ( 4.83 %). Conclusions: Programs for cataract surgery, detection and treatment of glaucoma, correction of refractive errors and vitamin A prophylaxis for xerophthalmia need to be targeted to further reduce the burden of ocular morbidity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v4i1.5850 NEPJOPH 2012; 4(1): 49-53

Psychiatric staff as attachment figures

1998 ◽  
Vol 172 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwen Adshead
Keyword(s):  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Psychiatric Care ◽  
Psychological Development ◽  
Therapeutic Relationships ◽  
Attachment Patterns ◽  
Attachment Relationships ◽  
Anxiety States ◽  
Care Givers ◽  
Clinical Strategies ◽  
Psychiatric Staff

BackgroundAttachment theory argues that psychological development and functioning are affected by our earliest attachments to care-givers. Failed or pathological attachment in childhood may give rise to repetition of maladaptive attachment patterns in adulthood.MethodAnalysis of therapeutic relationships in the light of attachment theory.ResultsRelationships between patients and both psychiatric care-givers and institutions may resemble attachment relationships.ConclusionAn attachment perspective may be useful for understanding common behavioural disturbances in general psychiatric settings, and support the use of clinical strategies which focus on containment of arousal and the management of anxiety states.

Adolescent Suicidality as Seen in Rural Northeastern Uganda

Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Kinyanda ◽  
Ruth Kizza ◽  
Jonathan Levin ◽  
Sheila Ndyanabangi ◽  
Catherine Abbo
Keyword(s):  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Psychosocial Risk ◽  
Psychiatric Nurses ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Sub Saharan

Background: Suicidal behavior in adolescence is a public health concern and has serious consequences for adolescents and their families. There is, however, a paucity of data on this subject from sub-Saharan Africa, hence the need for this study. Aims: A cross-sectional multistage survey to investigate adolescent suicidality among other things was undertaken in rural northeastern Uganda. Methods: A structured protocol administered by trained psychiatric nurses collected information on sociodemographics, mental disorders (DSM-IV criteria), and psychological and psychosocial risk factors for children aged 3–19 years (N = 1492). For the purposes of this paper, an analysis of a subsample of adolescents (aged 10–19 years; n = 897) was undertaken. Results: Lifetime suicidality in this study was 6.1% (95% CI, 4.6%–7.9%). Conclusions: Factors significantly associated with suicidality included mental disorder, the ecological factor district of residence, factors suggestive of low socioeconomic status, and disadvantaged childhood experiences.

Attachment Theory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn Watson
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Insecure Attachment ◽  
Parent Attachment ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Attachment Relationships ◽  
John Bowlby ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mary Ainsworth

The origins of attachment theory and the work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth are described. Four types of child–parent attachment relationships—secure, insecure/anxious, insecure/ambivalent, and insecure/disorganized—are outlined along with the ways each type might manifest itself in the classroom. A longitudinal study, conducted by Alan Sroufe and his colleagues, of the development and effects on learning and interpersonal relationships of different child–parent attachment relationships is described. Teachers too have a history of attachment relationships that can affect how they relate to their students. The chapter describes adult attachment and how one’s attachment history might, positively or negatively, affect one’s ability to build positive, nurturing relationships with students. Specific examples of ways teachers can offset the negative effects of a student’s or their own history of insecure attachment are described.

A pilot study of attachment relationships, psychological problems and negative automatic thoughts among college students in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siddrah Irfan ◽  
Nor Sheereen Zulkefly
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Peer Attachment ◽  
Automatic Thoughts ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attachment Relationships ◽  
Automatic Thought ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Negative Automatic Thoughts

AbstractObjectivesThe present pilot study examined the associations between attachment relationships, psychological problems, and negative automatic thoughts among late adolescents in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.SubjectsA total of 98 participants (male = 49, female = 49) were recruited from government colleges in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.MethodsThe measures used to assess the research variables of this cross sectional study were the Inventory of Parent-Peer Attachment (IPPA-Urdu), Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-Urdu), and the Automatic Thought Questionnaire (ATQ-Urdu).ResultsAll of these measures had good reliabilities. Findings of the correlation analyses demonstrated that maternal, paternal and peer attachment relationships were negatively related to symptoms of depression and anxiety as well as to negative automatic thoughts. On the other hand, depressive and anxiety symptoms were positively associated with negative automatic thoughts. Additionally, findings suggested that future studies must investigate adolescents from two-parent households and exclude those with only one living parent.ConclusionThe results underscored the need for further investigations of the linkages between attachment relationships, negative automatic thoughts and psychological problems on larger samples.

scholarly journals Association between the Sociodemographic Characteristics of Parents with Health-Related and Lifestyle Markers of Children in Three Different Spanish-Speaking Countries: An Inter-Continental Study at OECD Country Level

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2672
Author(s):  
Cristian Álvarez ◽  
Iris Paola Guzmán-Guzmán ◽  
Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román ◽  
Juan Párraga-Montilla ◽  
Constanza Palomino-Devia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
After School ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Socioeconomic Level ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Spanish Speaking

The purpose of this cross-cultural study was to determine the association between the sociodemographic background of a child’s parents (i.e., their socioeconomic level, marital status, and educational level) with the child’s lifestyle (i.e., Mediterranean diet (MD), physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST)), and health markers. Material: This cross-sectional study included 1273 children, from Chile (n = 496), Colombia (n = 340), and Spain (n = 437). The sociodemographic information together with the lifestyle and health markers of the children were measured. There was an inverse association between a low or medium-low socioeconomic level for the parents of Chilean children and handgrip strength (β −0.61, p < 0.001); meanwhile, for Spanish children, an inverse association between a low or medium-low socioeconomic level and PA after school (β −0.58, p = 0.016), lifestyle (β −0.74, p = 0.015), and with MD adherence (β −0.86, p = 0.004) was found. The risk (i.e., by odd ratios (OR)) of being divorced/separated parents marital status showed an inverse association with abdominal obesity (OR 0.21, p = 0.045) in Spanish children; however, the parent’s marital status and a low educational level were risk factors for the suffering of a low nutritional level in Colombian children (OR 2.02, p = 0.048; OR 2.49, p < 0.001, respectively). On the other hand, a low educational level for parents reported for Chilean children had a positive association with ST of ≥4 h per day (OR 1.82, p = 0.020). In conclusion, in Spanish-speaking children, the lifestyle and health markers of the children are affected by the sociodemographic background of their parents; however, these effects could be moderated by the socio-cultural and economic status of their countries as members of the OCDE; therefore, it is essential to develop policies that decrease these gaps, so that children who are under-resourced can reach their full potential.

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