Mumbai's suburban mass housing

Urban History ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
FLORIAN URBAN
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Block Type ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Mass Housing ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The Masses

ABSTRACT:In the 1960s and 1970s, the state-operated Maharashtra Housing Board and its successor organization Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority (MHADA) responded to Mumbai's exponential growth with what at the time was internationally considered to be the most effective measure to fight the housing shortage: large estates of standardized apartment blocks. In Mumbai's northern suburbs, housing compounds were built for designated income levels, such as Kannamwar Nagar and Sahyadri Nagar for the ‘low-income group’ and DN Nagar or Sahakar Nagar for the ‘middle-income group’. This article argues that Mumbai's state-sponsored tower blocks adapted an internationally discussed urban design concept to specific local conditions. The designers took up influences from both local Maharashtrian and European housing typologies of the mid-twentieth century, including upper-class art deco apartments, socialist housing compounds and serially built working-class chawls. In contrast to mass housing developments in Chicago, Moscow or Paris, Mumbai's tower blocks were built individually rather than from prefabricated parts, offered rather high standards of living compared to that of the majority and, as a result, became increasingly inhabited by comparably wealthy groups. Since the beginning of economic liberalization in the 1990s, many have been converted into private co-operatives. Once designed to house the masses, they are now visible symbols for a growing minority that constitutes Mumbai's new middle class. At the same time, they are an example for the local evolution of the modernist housing block type that is only apparently similar all over the world.

Inpatients’ experience and the associated factors: A cross-sectional study at Lung hospital, Son La, in 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 05 (04) ◽  
pp. 110-116
Author(s):  
Huu Thang Nguyen ◽  
◽  
Thi Nguyet Minh Doan ◽  
Thanh Huong Tran ◽  
Hai Thanh Pham
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
Middle Income Group

Objectives: Medical facilities with an autonomous tendency always try to serve positive and pleasant experiences to improve the brand name, increase patient satisfaction and loyalty. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 245 inpatients at Lung Hospital in Son La province in 2020. To describe the current situation of the inpatient's experience at Lung Hospital in Son La province by 2020 and its related factors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 245 inpatients at Son La Lung Hospital Results: The study showed that the total score of inpatients’ experience ranged from 22 points to 57 points and the mean of it was 39.7 (6.13) points. Subject's experience scores were divided into 2 groups, the satisfied group accounted for 32.7% and the percentage of the unsatisfied group was 67.3%. As compared to men, a higher total score of women was (OR: 1.134; 95% CI: 0.284-0.997). The urban area group’s score was 1,190 times higher than that of those who live in rural and mountainous areas (95% CI: 1,010 - 1,400). The middle-income group had more positive experience than the low-income group (OR: 1.180; 95% CI: 1.010 - 1.370). Conclusions: Our research showed that gender, living area and economic condition affected the total score of inpatients’ experience at the Lung hospital. Keywords: Patient experiences, inpatient treatment, hospital, associated factors

scholarly journals Role of Public Sector Bank in Financial Inclusion of Low or Middle Income Group in Chennai

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4S3) ◽  
pp. 40-44
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Behavioral Ethics ◽  
Economic Equality ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
The Government

The role of public sector bank, in raising the economic equality on low income or middle income group, the term financial inclusion emphasis on redistribution of income within the same household, the deprive section of society avail the benefit with some standard provided by the government and how the approach have been taken by public sector bank to distribute the same and their behavioral ethics trail over the schemes. The study focused the dominant properties which fabricate imperative on financial inclusion among various categories of customers in public sector banks and also investigated the recognition of public in stand point of financial assistance and financial features offered by public sector bank through correlation statistical analysis with the sample of 200 with Chennai arena..

scholarly journals Trade Costs in the Developing World: 1996–2010

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEAN-FRANÇOIS ARVIS ◽  
YANN DUVAL ◽  
BEN SHEPHERD ◽  
CHORTHIP UTOKTHAM ◽  
ANASUYA RAJ
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Trade Costs ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Very High

AbstractWe use new data on trade and production in 167 countries to infer estimates of trade costs for manufactured goods and agriculture for 1996‒2010. Trade costs are strongly declining in country income level. Among developing countries, only the upper middle income group has been successful in reducing trade costs faster than elsewhere in the world. Sub-Saharan African countries and low income countries remain subject to very high trade costs. Regional trade agreements, maritime transport connectivity, and trade facilitation performance are important determinants of trade costs.

Housing delivery to the low income in Botswana

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 356-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnson Kampamba ◽  
Simon Kachepa ◽  
Boipuso Nkwae ◽  
Ntombi Godiraone Matlhogojane ◽  
Tuelo Outule
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Method Approach

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the housing delivery to the low income through the Self Help Housing Agency (SHHA) in Gaborone, Botswana. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected through the use of questionnaire, interviews, records searches and observations using the mixed-method approach to establish why people sale houses. Proportionate and simple random sampling was used to obtain a sample size of 93 plots for both new SHHA areas and old SHHA areas at 90 per cent confidence level. For each plot, data pertaining to plot allocation, plot ownership, exchange of ownership over the years were collected. Findings The findings revealed that the programme has been hit by challenges emanating from the low-income group selling their houses to middle-income group which is predominant in the area thus leading to gentrification. It was also established that the number of sales in SHHA areas were increasing as evidenced from the transfers that were taking place. This could be influenced by the increasing demand for housing due to a growing population in Gaborone. The findings also revealed that demand is one of the determinants of rising prices, thus an incentive to the low-income group to sell their houses at higher prices. Research limitations/implications The implication of these findings is that the low income will be displaced and might become homeless in future thus creating an opportunity for illegal settlements to develop. Originality/value The study has provided a context in which housing delivery to the low-income group can be safe guarded.

Association of Malnutrition and Socioeconomic Status in Dental Caries – A Cross Sectional Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
VC Punitha ◽  
P Sivaprakasam
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Middle Income Group

ABSTRACT The objective Of this study was to assess the association of nutritional status and socio economic status in dental caries among rural children. Methods Children of age 6 – 10 yrs (n = 120) from government schools in two villages of Kanchipuram district were the study subjects. The children's nutritional status was assessed by means of anthropometric measurements. Body Mass Index using weight and height of children was evaluated using the reference standard of the WHO 2007. The socioeconomic status was assessed based on education, occupation and material possession. The children's oral cavity was screened for decayed and filled teeth (dft index) Results Nutritional assessment showed that 66.7% were malnourished. Female children (71.7%) were more malnourished than males (62.2%) with no significant difference between them. Children belonging to the low income group were more malnourished (74.7%) than children of middle income group (53.3%) (p = 0.01). The prevalence of caries in this population was 60% with mean dft index score of 1.7. Caries occurrence was more in the low income group (61.3%) than middle income group (57.8%) with no significant difference between the two groups (p=0.70). Comparing the caries occurrence between the malnourished children and the normal weight children it was seen that the caries occurrence was less in the malnourished children (p=0.23) Conclusion This cross sectional study concludes that malnutrition is not associated with dental caries and socioeconomic status influences nutritional status of a child in this rural population.

scholarly journals Diversity in food consumption: Evidences from urban Kerala

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-126
Author(s):  
N Karunakaran ◽  
P. K. Retheesh ◽  
R. Santhosh
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Food Diversity ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
Food Expenditure

Food is fundamental to human survival and it appears to be the first item of the family budget allocation of all irrespective of class to which they belong. Kerala ranks top among the major States of India in the MPCE on food in the post liberalized era. A perusal of NSS data exhibits that, MPCE of urban Kerala is ahead of the rural for the last few decades, however, a sharp decline is noted in the last decade (2001-2011). Along with an increase in MPCE on food, an increase in food diversity is being expected. The study probe into the extent of food diversity among different income strata of urban Kerala with the unit-level data from NSS 68 consumer expenditure survey. The findings indicate that the share of expenditure on cereal in total food expenditure is high in the low-income class and low in the high-income group. The state of Kerala has high food diversity across all income classes signals a better diet quality of people. It is revealed that food diversity is low in the high and low-income groups compared to middle-income group.

scholarly journals Economic Polarization in Madhya Pradesh: A District Wise Analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164
Author(s):  
Rekha Acharya ◽  
Sweksha mahendra Khobragade
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Madhya Pradesh ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

Economic polarization among different regions is common phenomenon in literature and it results into unequal growth and income inequalities within regions. Economists points out that whenever economies achieve higher growth they presumed that it would automatically trickle down to poor. Anderson (1964) and Aaron (1977) pointed out that there is an inverse relationship between economic growth and income distribution. So in this present paper we analyze economic polarization in Madhya Pradesh over the two decades 2000 and 2011 using per capita consumption expenditure (PCCE) and work participation rate (WPR). We show that multidimensional polarization (on rural-urban and region) has increased since the 2000. Overall, our results suggest that high growth witnessed by Madhya Pradesh since the bifurcation of it in the year 2000 has been associated with widening disparities within districts. Out of total 50 districts, same 15 numbers of districts is in high and middle income group and 20 are in low income group. Comparing MPCE and WPR trends, we find similarities but also some differences; our study contributes to the study of polarization in one of the grooming Bimaru state.      

Does Lottery Advertising Exploit Disadvantaged and Vulnerable Markets?

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary O. Borg ◽  
Harriet A. Stranahan
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Public ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
Low Income Groups

Abstract:Is it unethical to advertise lotteries? Many citizens think that states should not be actively promoting and encouraging the public to spend hard-earned dollars on a bet that they are virtually guaranteed to lose. Perhaps more importantly, business ethicists are concerned that lottery advertising may be targeting the most vulnerable markets: households with the lowest income and education levels. If this were true, then it would increase the already disproportionately large burden of lottery taxes on the poor. Fortunately, our research finds no evidence to support the contention that advertising is responsible for high rates of lottery participation and expenditures by lower income groups or that low-income groups are more affected by advertising than high-income groups. On the contrary, awareness of lottery advertising seems to be associated with a higher probability to play Lotto only for the middle income group. This means that lottery advertising may actually reduce the regressivity of lottery taxes.

Trapped in the Middle?

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Global Population

There is growing evidence that overcoming the low-income threshold and reaching middle-income status is not sufficient for countries to converge toward high-income levels. Few middle-income countries have successfully completed that transit in recent decades, with the majority remaining in the middle-income group, and so facing what has come to be called"the middle-income trap". It is therefore essential to explore whether middle-income traps really exist and, if they do, how these pitfalls are manifested, what their causes are, what economic policy measures are required to escape from them, and what international cooperation can do to support this process. Trapped in the Middle? brings together diverse perspectives on these important questions, providing new evidence and analytical approaches to enrich the debate on the domestic and international challenges faced by a significant number of middle-income countries, in which over three-quarters of the global population live.

scholarly journals Screening of School Children for Operable Congenital Heart Diseases in Dhaka city

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
SJ Urmi ◽  
MM Rahman ◽  
M Alimuzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Congenital Heart Diseases ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Group

Background: As there is no basic epidemiological study of congenital heart disease in Bangladesh, so this work was designed by the study group and was supported by Bangladesh Medical Research Council. Methods: Cross-sectional study of school going children, age ranging from 6-16 of Dhaka City were physically examined in addition to history and when required special investigation such as echocardiography was done. Results: A random sample of 5900 school-going children in the age group of 6-16 years from public and private schools of Dhaka city were screened for the prevalence of operable congenital heart diseases (CHD) during a period of 1 year. Congenital heart diseases were diagnosed, preliminary on the basis of clinical history and/or clinical examination, then confirmed by supportive investigations, such as echocardiography. Out of examined sample, 112 were found suffering from CHD, giving an overall prevalence of 19.0/1000 (16.2/1000 in boys and 22.2/1000 in girls), far greater than that of the figures recorded in available literatures for other countries. The prevalence rate was higher in girls than that of boys in the present study, which may indicate a negligence of caring towards female children in the family. In consistent, children from lower income group had a higher prevalence rate compared to their middle income group counterparts (Low income group vs middle income group: 24.5/1000 vs 13.0/1000).Poor income group had less antenatal checkup which could detect congenital heart disease earlier. Fifty three children were found to be suffering from definite operable CHD giving a prevalence of 8.98 per thousand, where, again, girls were the main victims (girls vs boys: 12.0/1000 vs 6.4/1000). Atrial septal defect was the commonest lesion 7.6%) with a prevalence of 76 per thousand followed by ventricular septal defect (4.7%) with a prevalence of 47 per thousand. Five (9.4%) cases had a family history of CHD. History of rheumatic fever and/or rheumatic heart disease were found to have a significant prevalence among cases with CHD (11.9%) as compared to children without CHD (0.9%). Conclusion: The findings of the present survey suggest the need of more frequent antenatal checkup especially in low income group large scale screening of apparently healthy children for CHD, and family members of those suffering from CHD, and that special attention be paid to the occurrence of rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease in cases of CHD. Key words: Congenital heart disease. DOI: 10.3329/cardio.v3i1.6422Cardiovasc. j. 2010; 3(1): 22-25

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