N = 1 Research Methodology in Counselling: Focusing upon the Individual Client

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher F. Sharpley
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Health Practitioner ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Single Subject Research ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Individual Client ◽  
The Individual

Although the last 20years have seen a focus upon evidence-based therapies, there are arguments that much of the so-called “evidence” produced is, in fact, irrelevant to the mental health practitioner in the field, principally because of the use of large-scale group designs in clinical controlled studies of the effectiveness of one therapy over another. By contrast, and with particular relevance to the practitioner who is both scientist and therapist, single subject research designs and methodologies for data analysis can be applied in ways that allow for generalisation to everyday practice. To inform the readership, the rationale underlying n = 1 studies is described, with some explanation of the major designs and their application to typical cases in guidance and counselling. Issues of inferential deductions from data, variations of design, data analysis via visual and statistical procedures, and replication are discussed. Finally, a case is argued for the introduction of n = 1 reports within the Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling to better inform the readership about clinical research findings relevant to their practices.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN MEDIA KARTU HURUF HIJAIYAH MENULIS PADA ANAK USIA DINI DI RA ATH-THOHA TASIKMALAYA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Fiani Nurafifah Ardin ◽  
Dian Indihadi ◽  
Taopik Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Writing Skills ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Learning To Read ◽  
Single Subject Research ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Research Findings

The main problem in this research is how the ability of children to write hijaiyah letters before and after using hijaiyah card media, is there any constraints on using hijaiyah card media in writing hijaiyah letters, is there any influence of hijaiyah letter cards on children's ability to write hijaiyah letters. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of children to write Hijaiyah letters before and after using hijaiyah letter media, to find out the constraints in using hijaiyah letter media in writing hijaiyah letters, the influence of hijaiyah letter media on children's ability to write hijaiyah letters. Letter cards are the use of a number of cards as a tool for learning to read by seeing and remembering the shape of letters. This research was conducted in RA Ath Thoha Cipedes Subdistrict, Panglayungan Village which aims to describe differences in the ability to write hijaiyyah letters in the control class and in the experimental class in children aged 5-6 years using hijaiyyah letter cards. Subjects in this study were children aged 5-6 years. This research uses a quantitative approach with the research method in Experimental Design. Data collection techniques used in this study were observation, interviews, documentation, questionnaires. The research findings show that from the results of data analysis the influence of the use of hijaiyyah letter media on early childhood writing skills in RA Ath Thoha Tasikmalaya. Permasalahan pokok dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana kemampuan anak menulis huruf hijaiyah sebelum dan sesudah menggunakan media kartu huruf hijaiyah, adakah kendala penggunakan media kartu huruf hijaiyah dalam menulis huruf hijaiyah, adakah pengaruh media kartu huruf hijaiyah terhadap kemampuan anak menulis huruf hijaiyah. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kemampuan anak menuli huruf hijaiyah sebelum dan sesudah menggunakan media kartu huruf hijaiyah, untuk mengetahui kendala dalam penggunaan media kartu hurufu hijaiyah dalam menulis huruf hijaiyah, adanya pengaruh media kartu huruf hijaiyah terhadap kemampuan anak menulis huruf hijaiyah. Kartu huruf adalah penggunaan sejumlah kartu sebagai alat bantu untuk belajar membaca dengan cara melihat dan mengingat bentuk huruf. Penelitian ini dilakuka di RA Ath Thoha Kecamatan Cipedes, Kelurahan Panglayungan yang bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan perbedaan kemampuan menulis huruf hijaiyyah di kelas kontrol dan dikelas eksperimen pada anak usia 5-6 tahun dengan menggunakan kartu huruf hijaiyyah. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah anak usia 5-6 tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan metode penelitian kuantitatif eksperimen dengan rancangan eksperimen subjek tunggal (Single Subject Research) dengan menggunakan desain  A-B-A. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi.

Meta-Analysis in Single-Subject Evaluation Research

2021 ◽  
pp. 143-154
Author(s):  
Charles Auerbach
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Evaluation Research ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Building Research ◽  
Single Subject Research ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Intervening Variables

Meta-analytic techniques can be used to aggregate evaluation results across studies. In the case of single-subject research designs, we could combine findings from evaluations with 5, 10 or 20 clients to determine, on average, how effective an intervention is. This is a more complex and sophisticated way of understanding differences across studies than reporting those changes qualitatively or simply reporting the individual effect sizes for each study. In this chapter, the authors discuss why meta-analysis is important to consider in single-subject research, particularly in the context of building research evidence. They then demonstrate how to do this using SSD for R functions. Building upon effect sizes, introduced in Chapter 4, the authors illustrate the conditions under which it is appropriate to use traditional effect sizes to conduct meta-analyses, how to introduce intervening variables, and how to evaluate statistical output. Additionally, the authors discuss and illustrate the computation and interpretation of a mean Non-Overlap of All Pairs in situations which traditional effect sizes cannot be used.

scholarly journals Program Pembelajaran Individual: Meningkatkan Keterampilan Mengancingkan Baju pada Anak Disabilitas Intelektual Sedang

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-40
Author(s):  
Dita Lestari ◽  
Budi Andayani
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Individual Learning ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Learning Program ◽  
Single Subject Research ◽  
The Individual

This study aims to observe the effectiveness of Individual Learning Program on improving shirt-buttoning skills among children with moderate intellectual disabilities. This study hypothesizes that the students' ability to button their shirts improved after applying the Individual Learning Program approach to the chaining learning method. The participants of this study were four students with moderate intellectual disabilities ranging in age from 10-12 years. The four participants were selected based on interviews with the homeroom teacher and parents as well as observations that showed that participants had low skills in buttoning up their clothes. This research is a quasi-experimental study with a single subject research design in which data analysis uses descriptive statistical analysis consisting of two steps: (1) analysis in two conditions and (2) analysis between conditions. This study's data were analyzed using visual image data analysis techniques. The results showed that the Individual Learning Program with chaining learning strategies, both backward and forward, and the total task presentation could effectively improve buttoning skills in children with intellectual disabilities.

scholarly journals Effects of Corrective Feedback on Students’ Linguistic Errors

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Nirwana AR
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Corrective Feedback ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Single Subject Research ◽  
Permanent Effect ◽  
Writing Accuracy

The research aimed at finding out (i) Whether corrective feedback could minimize students’ linguistic error; (ii) Which type of corrective feedback had more permanent effect on students’ writing accuracy. The research applied single-subject experiment design. Data analysis in single-subject research typically was based on visual inspection and analysis of graphic presentation. The step are writing test, ratio, scoring and compare. In this study, six treatment groups and no control group were used. All treatment groups received in different types of CF on their writing tests. Treatment 1 (T1) received Direct CF, treatment 2 (T2) received indirect CF, treatment 3 (T3) received metalinguistic CF, treatment 4 (T4) received reformulation CF, treatment 5 (T5) received focused CF, Treatment 6 (T6) received unfocused CF. The findings indicated that (i) CF could minimize students’ linguistic errors except focused CF on vocabulary; (ii) Based the result of the data analysis using analytic rating scale and composite rating scale showed that direct CF had the most effective in minimizing students’ linguistic error in vocabulary, language use and mechanics than the other types of CF, so direct CF could be categorized having more permanent effect on students’ writing accuracy.

SSD for R

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Auerbach ◽  
Wendy Zeitlin
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Single Subject Research ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Statistical Programming

Single-subject research designs have been used to build evidence to the effective treatment of problems across various disciplines, including social work, psychology, psychiatry, medicine, allied health fields, juvenile justice, and special education. This book serves as a guide for those desiring to conduct single-subject data analysis. The aim of this text is to introduce readers to the various functions available in SSD for R, a new, free, and innovative software package written in R, the robust open-source statistical programming language written by the book’s authors. SSD for R has the most comprehensive functionality specifically designed for the analysis of single-subject research data currently available. SSD for R has numerous graphing and charting functions to conduct robust visual analysis. Besides the ability to create simple line graphs, features are available to add mean, median, and standard deviation lines across phases to help better visualize change over time. Graphs can be annotated with text. SSD for R contains a wide variety of functions to conduct statistical analyses traditionally conducted with single-subject data. These include numerous descriptive statistics and effect size functions and tests of statistical significance, such as t tests, chi-squares, and the conservative dual criteria. Finally, SSD for R has the capability of analyzing group-level data. Readers are led step by step through the analytical process based on the characteristics of their data. Numerous examples and illustrations are provided to help readers understand the wide range of functions available in SSD for R and their application to data analysis and interpretation.

Moving to Educational Validity: A Reply to Test, Spooner, and Cooke

1987 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian M. Evans ◽  
Luanna H. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Severe Disabilities ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Single Subject Design ◽  
Single Subject Research ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Students With Severe Disabilities

Our article on educational validity summarized the major questions to be addressed for the evaluation of educational outcomes in programs for students with severe disabilities (Voeltz & Evans, 1983). In particular, we argued that the predominant emphasis upon single-subject research designs and the demonstration of the internal validity of intervention experiments were not sufficient for educational validity—a concept that requires systematic attention to larger issues of meaning-fulness in relationship to criterion environments. In this paper we respond to the arguments of Test, Spooner, and Cooke (1987) that single-subject design methodologies are capable of expansion to address educational validity. Based upon both theory and empirical data, we maintain that the serious limitations of the existing traditional methodologies continue to be problematic, so that we encourage movement toward a more comprehensive evaluative framework. Such a framework is critical to ensure that services and practices for persons with severe disabilities will be guided by research findings as well as social values.

Group Designs in Clinical Research

1987 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald M. Siegel ◽  
Martin A. Young
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Research ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Research Strategies ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Single Subject Research ◽  
Group Research ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
The Individual

Single-subject research designs, with their concentration on the individual subject over extended time durations, are similar in form to the design of therapy and have been represented as the best, if not the only, appropriate method for carrying out clinical research. Despite the similarity between single-subject research sessions and clinical sessions, it is argued that such designs are not intrinsically more appropriate than group designs for clinical research. Single-subject and group research strategies are alternative and often competing approaches to the same research question, and the choice resides as much in the predilections of the researcher as in any intrinsic advantage in one or the other research strategy.

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