Rethinking early Carthaginian coinage

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 7-29
Author(s):  
Paolo Visonà
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
The Political ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Linear Path ◽  
Careful Scrutiny ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Punic Wars

The coins minted by the Carthaginians in silver, gold, electrum, billon and bronze comprise one of the largest coinages that circulated in the W Mediterranean before the Roman conquest. They provide essential information on both the history and economy of Carthage and on Carthaginian interactions with their neighbors, allies and adversaries. Carthaginian bronze coins, in particular, are frequently found throughout the Punic world, in each of its core regions (N Africa from Tripolitania to Algeria, Sicily, Sardinia, Ibiza and the southernmost Iberian peninsula), as well as in Italy. Yet few accounts of Carthage and the Punic Wars take Carthaginian coinage into consideration, and an emphasis on Greek and Latin literary sources continues to drive the narrative. Of course, in evaluating the political and economic implications of numismatic evidence one needs to distinguish from the start between the issues of the Carthage mint and those of other mints that struck coins under Carthaginian authority. Carthaginian coinage did not follow a linear path of development. As the Carthaginians began to produce coins in Sicily earlier than in N Africa, the start of minting at Carthage deserves careful scrutiny. This essay, based upon an ongoing study of Carthaginian bronze and billon coins, will review the history of modern scholarship and current research on Carthaginian coinage, focussing upon the formative period of the Carthage mint between c.350 and 300 B.C. in order to define the main aspects of its output, its relevance for the monetization of the Carthaginian homeland, and the sequence of the earliest issues.

scholarly journals Counsel and the King’s Council in England, c.1340–c.1540

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Watts
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
The Political ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
History Of

The later Middle Ages are generally seen as a formative period in the history of the English king’s council. Beyond this, however, there is confusion and disagreement, much of it centring on two questions — first, whether there were revolutionary — or even evolutionary — changes in the king’s council in this period, and if so, when they occurred and what caused them; and second, how important ‘the council’ was in realising the functions and principles associated with ‘counsel’. This chapter re-examines these questions, surveying the historiography, considering some of the problems facing the historian of counsel and discussing the political needs that the king’s council was required to meet. If conciliar arrangements are placed in their political and constitutional setting, it becomes possible to see them in fresh ways — first, as consistently multi-faceted, and second, as subject to change in response to the altered conditions of the later fifteenth and the sixteenth century.

Roman Spain

Classics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott De Brestian
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
International Schools ◽  
Roman History ◽  
The Political ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Second Punic War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Severan Dynasty ◽  
Roman Spain

Spain was one of Rome’s first overseas provinces beyond the Italian islands (Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica) and remained under Roman control for longer than most parts of the Western Empire, with northeastern Spain under at least nominal Roman control until 474 ce. From its earliest days Roman Spain (or Hispania) was divided into two or more provinces, eventually encompassing all of the modern countries of Spain and Portugal (although for convenience, the term “Roman Spain” generally includes both). This article therefore will focus on the mainland territory of those two countries, leaving aside Spain’s Mediterranean and African possessions (Balearic and Canary Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla), which will be treated elsewhere. Traditionally the study of Roman Spain is divided into three chronological periods: the Roman Republic, which extends from Rome’s first dealings in Spain at the start of the Second Punic War to the rise of Augustus as first emperor in 27 bce, although this period is sometimes extended to the end of the Cantabrian Wars in 19 bce, which mark the completion of the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. The Early Empire spans the period from the late 1st century bce to the 3rd century ce. No universally acknowledged date marks the end of this period, although the end of the Severan dynasty in 235 ce or the Frankish invasion of 258 ce is sometimes used; this article employs the former. The Late Empire stretches from the 3rd century to the invasions of 409 ce or the final conquest of Spain by the Visigoths in 474 ce, depending on the region being discussed. Roman Spain has often been somewhat neglected by scholars outside the peninsula, due to the political history of Spain and the lack of a large number of prominent international schools, as are found in Italy and Greece, although the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut in Madrid and the French-sponsored Casa de Velázquez are important exceptions. The result is that scholars working in other parts of the Roman world are not as acquainted with Roman Spain as its importance in Roman history would otherwise merit.

Anglicisms in French—Notes on their Chronology, Range, and Reception

PMLA ◽  
1947 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1153-1177
Author(s):  
Stephen de Ullmann
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
The Political ◽  
Careful Scrutiny ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Europe

The large volume of literature on foreign elements in English has not been matched so far by enquiries on a comparable scale into the history of English words abroad. The disproportion is indeed so great that it is apt to give an erroneous idea of the balance sheet of linguistic debit and credit. Studies of lexicological expansion are still in their infancy; and in this particular case, the chronology and character of the process may have acted as a deterrent. England's prestige and influence began to make themselves felt at the very end of the seventeenth century and quickly reached a climax in the eighteenth. By that time, however, all Western languages had developed too far, and their speakers had become too language conscious, for the newcomer to make any lasting and decisive impression. Most Anglicisms would seem at first sight superficial, easy to detect, and without any serious problems for the student of diachronistic linguistics. Nevertheless, a synthesis is urgently required, for the late inception of the process does not lessen in any way its paramount significance in the political and cultural history of Europe, and the most tangible and accurate method devised so far for a structural analysis of such influences consists in careful scrutiny of their linguistic deposit. The general framework of such a comprehensive survey has been outlined by L. P. Smith,1 while a good deal of valuable spadework has been accomplished in French and German, and to some extent in Dutch and Italian.2 To undertake a synthesis would be therefore distinctly premature; but in French at least, sufficient data are available to attempt a piecing together of the picture.

The Patterns of Bone Technology in Ancient Kashi (1300 bc to 300 ad)

2021 ◽  
pp. 037698362110521
Author(s):  
Anuradha Singh
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
Ecological Aspect ◽  
Bone Tools ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
History Of

The political, socio-economic and cultural development of Kashi was never blocked. The history of technological development in Kashi state has been very flourished. The present study is an attempt to present historical and analytical studies regarding bone technology and its characteristics used in the region of ancient Kashi. The contribution of bone technology in the wisdom of Kashi and the development of a socio-economic perspective has also been discussed. Various bone tools obtained from Kashi’s archaeological sites and excavations reports have been studied. Archaeological and literary sources revealed that ancient Kashi was very developed in technology. The sources candidly depicted the prosperous societal life of its inhabitants in the backdrop of rich culture. Bone objects remains constitute an essential theme to study the integrated ecological aspect of human life.

Colophon as a Marginal Witness

ARTMargins ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-110
Author(s):  
Faride Mereb
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Production Process ◽  
North American ◽  
Graphic Design ◽  
The Political ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Book Covers ◽  
Hybrid Character

“Graphic design” was not a proper term until the beginning of the twentieth century. This led to confusion in credits/authorship for book covers, typography, which was exacerbated by the fact that printers, in addition to being in charge of the production process of books, were also making decisions regarding their finishings. Venezuela presents an interesting chapter in the history of publishing in the world given the hybrid character of publishing in the country in which traditional national artists, illustrators, and publicists comprised a mix of European and North American immigrants. The lack of current bibliographic material inspired me, as a researcher, to make a timeline of the political and graphic history of the country through its colophons. Colophons, which appear at the end of books and thus are often ignored, are nonetheless providers of essential information—witnesses of our progress in authorship and as a society.

King Alfonso VIII of Castile

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
High Water ◽  
The Political ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
High Water Mark ◽  
History Of

This book brings together a diverse group of scholars whose work concerns the reign of Alfonso VIII (1158–1215). This was a critical period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula, when the conflict between the Christian north and the Moroccan empire of the Almohads was at its most intense, while the political divisions between the five Christian kingdoms reached their high-water mark. From his troubled ascension as a child to his victory at Las Navas de Tolosa near the end of his fifty-seven-year reign, Alfonso VIII and his kingdom were at the epicenter of many of the most dramatic events of the era.

scholarly journals “Bellator Equus”. Roman Republican Cavalry Tactics in the 3rd-2nd Centuries Bc

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Fábián István
Keyword(s):  
Main Issue ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Factor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Punic Wars

Abstract One of the most interesting periods in the history of the Roman cavalry were the Punic wars. Many historians believe that during these conflicts the ill fame of the Roman cavalry was founded but, as it can be observed it was not the determination that lacked. The main issue is the presence of the political factor who decided in the main battles of this conflict. The present paper has as aim to outline a few aspects of how the Roman mid-republican cavalry met these odds and how they tried to incline the balance in their favor.

scholarly journals Influências orientais nas literaturas hispânicas medievais: Jarchas, Calila e Dimna, Libro de Apolonio, El Conde Lucanor

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-162
Author(s):  
José Alberto Miranda Poza
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Arab Culture ◽  
Conde Lucanor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Islam And Christianity ◽  
Americo Castro

This paper presents a review on some of the concepts traditionally developed by History and Literary Criticism regarding the very conception of the Middle Ages in the Iberian Peninsula, focusing on the political, social and cultural relations that took place between the cultures during this period, in particular, the troubled relations between Islam and Christianity. Based on the classic works of Américo Castro, regarding the history of Spain (2004) and with Maravall's (1954) proposals, it seeks to demonstrate the theory of a not only cultural, but, above all, social and political coexistence between cultures that populated the Peninsula, which opened up the possibility of a tangible influence on literary manifestations of the time, with the subsequent intertextuality. Arab culture also received an undoubted influence from the East, which made that romance literature have another source of inspiration. The medieval peninsular creator was responsible for the task of adapting these references to the spatiotemporal reality of their contemporaneity, especially in the scope of religiousness.

The Social Origins and Provenance of the English Bishops during the Reign of Edward II

1959 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 51-79
Author(s):  
K. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Early Career ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Origins ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Edward Ii ◽  
The Social ◽  
Complete Study ◽  
History Of

During the last twenty or twenty-five years medieval historians have been much interested in the composition of the English episcopate. A number of studies of it have been published on periods ranging from the eleventh to the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. A further paper might well seem superfluous. My reason for offering one is that most previous writers have concentrated on analysing the professional circles from which the bishops were drawn, and suggesting the influences which their early careers as royal clerks, university masters and students, secular or regular clergy, may have had on their later work as bishops. They have shown comparatively little interest in their social background and provenance, except for those bishops who belonged to magnate families. Some years ago, when working on the political activities of Edward II's bishops, it seemed to me that social origins, family connexions and provenance might in a number of cases have had at least as much influence on a bishop's attitude to politics as his early career. I there fore collected information about the origins and provenance of these bishops. I now think that a rather more careful and complete study of this subject might throw further light not only on the political history of the reign, but on other problems connected with the character and work of the English episcopate. There is a general impression that in England in the later middle ages the bishops' ties with their dioceses were becoming less close, and that they were normally spending less time in diocesan work than their predecessors in the thirteenth century.

Essays of a “comparatively progressive” economist (On the 150th birth anniversary of Vladimir Geleznoff)

2019 ◽  
pp. 135-145
Author(s):  
Viktor A. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
History Of Economic Thought ◽  
The Political ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Working Ability ◽  
Intellectual Inquiry ◽  
History Of

Deep comprehension of the advanced economic theory, the talent of lecturer enforced by the outstanding working ability forwarded Vladimir Geleznoff scarcely at the end of his thirties to prepare the publication of “The essays of the political economy” (1898). The subsequent publishing success (8 editions in Russia, the 1918­-year edition in Germany) sufficiently demonstrates that Geleznoff well succeded in meeting the intellectual inquiry of the cross­road epoch of the Russian history and by that taking the worthful place in the history of economic thought in Russia. Being an acknowledged historian of science V. Geleznoff was the first and up to now one of the few to demonstrate the worldwide community of economists the theoretically saturated view of Russian economic thought in its most fruitful period (end of XIX — first quarter of XX century).

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