The Importance of Reception: Explaining Sport's Success in Early Twentieth-century Spain

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew McFarland
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Social Purpose ◽  
Local Identities ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Masses

This paper considers the reception and growth of sport in Spain in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a period during which the new activity developed from a novelty into part of the national culture. I focus on who exactly gravitated to sport and why, to explain this growth and ground that explanation in the larger national and regional history. Several factors and early groups spurred Spanish interest in sport including the movement to ‘regenerate’ the country around the turn of the century, the support from the medical community, and organizations such as the Institución Libre de Enseñanza and the Federación Gimnástica Española. Sport was also attractive to the emerging urban, Spanish middle classes who embraced it as a form of conspicuous consumption and for whom sport served a similar social purpose as art in cities such as Barcelona. In the 1910s and 1920s, the masses also became receptive to sport and football in particular for various reasons. In particular, clubs created local identities that drew in members and allowed teams to serve as community leaders, like Athletic de Bilbao and F.C. Barcelona do today.

The Gaelic League and the spatial logics of Irish nationalism

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (163) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Aidan Beatty
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Irish Nationalism ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
National Movements ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Spatial Logics

AbstractThe Gaelic League was founded in 1893 with the aim of reviving the Irish language, as well as promoting home-grown industries and social reform. By the turn of the century, it had become one of the most important cultural organisations in Ireland. This article studies a central element of the league's ideology and praxis, albeit one that has thus far received little attention: its promotion of a specifically nationalist understanding of Irish space. ‘Space’ was a key trope for the Gaelic League and was linked to a number of other dominant nationalist concerns: state sovereignty, race, gender and modernity. Moreover, this article argues that a focus on ‘space’ allows for a better comparative understanding of Irish nationalism, since similar spatial logics were at play in other late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century national movements both in Europe and in the (post)colonial world.

Decadent Modernity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Coletta
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Cultural Representations ◽  
Latin Americans ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Aesthetic Values

How did Latin Americans represent their own countries as modern? By treating modernity as a ubiquitous category in which ideas of progress and decadence are far from being mutually exclusive, this book explores how different groups of intellectuals, between the late nineteenth and the early twentieth century, drew from European sociological and medical theories to produce a series of cultural representations based on notions of degeneration. Through a comparative analysis of three country case studies − Argentina, Uruguay and Chile − the book investigates four themes that were central to definitions of Latin American modernity at the turn of the century: race and the nation, the search for the autochthonous, education, and aesthetic values. It takes a transnational approach to show how civilisational constructs were adopted and adapted in a postcolonial context where cultural modernism foreshadowed economic modernisation. In doing this, this work sheds new light on the complex discursive negotiations through which the idea of ‘Latin America’ became gradually established in the region.

Modernity, Print Media, and the Middle Class in Colonial East Africa

2019 ◽  
pp. 105-122
Author(s):  
Emma Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
East Africa ◽  
The Other ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Colonial Economy ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The One ◽  
Racial Hierarchies

This chapter takes a look at colonial East Africa. On the one hand, the chapter shows that the colonial economy and racial hierarchies of East Africa offered little potential for the growth of an African bourgeoisie. On the other hand, it demonstrates that in the cultural rather than the economic sphere, a slightly different picture emerges. Looking at the Swahili-language government and the mission newspapers of colonial Zanzibar and Tanganyika between the 1880s and the 1930s, the chapter reveals the ways in which a small but growing literate elite in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century East Africa used the medium of print in order to allow them to create “a space in which new collectivities could be imagined and identities constructed.” The particular space offered by newspapers and periodicals thus provided a possibility for African middle classes to create a distinct public sphere and to assert their distinctiveness by rhetorically identifying with, and making a claim of belonging to, an imagined global bourgeoisie.

Imagining Peaceful Conquest

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-78
Author(s):  
Katherine D. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Epic Poem ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter focuses on the depiction of Jacques Marquette as a model of civilizing empire. It talks about Marquette's admirers who drew on and transformed historical sources, hagiography, and even anti-Jesuit discourse to depict the Jesuit as a particularly effective civilizer because of his ability to embody gentleness and bravery at the same time, which they often described as his embodiment of both “female” and “male” attributes. The chapter also provides an analysis of the ongoing popularity of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1855 epic poem, The Song of Hiawatha. It also argues that some turn-of-the-century Hiawatha readers invoked the poem's Marquette figure as a way to imagine and celebrate their own ongoing attempts at purportedly “peaceful” forms of conquest through the forced assimilation of Native Americans. The chapter ends with a review of the Marquette of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century commemorations that became a prototypical embodiment of imperial vision of domination without violence.

Early Dalit Literature and Culture in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Western India

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Constable
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Early History ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Western India ◽  
Cultural Struggle ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Separate Identity

The formation of the Dalit Panthers and the flourishing of Dalit literature in the 1970s saw the advent of a new connotation for the Marathi word ‘Dalit’. Chosen by the Mahar community leaders themselves, the title ‘Dalit’ was used by them to replace the titles of untouchable, Backward or Depressed Classes and Harijans, which had been coined by those outside the Dalit communities to describe the Mahar and Chambhar jatis. ‘Dalit’ identified those whose culture had been deliberately ‘broken’, ‘crushed to pieces’ or ‘ground down’ by the varna Hindu culture above them. As such, it contained an explicit repudiation of all the Hindu cultural norms of untouchability, varna structure and karma doctrine which varna Hindu society had imposed. The adoption of this new title was an affirmation of the Dalit community's struggle for cultural independence and separate identity. Yet this struggle for an independent cultural identity was not merely a cultural struggle of the 1970s, but one which stretched back almost a century to what, retrospectively, must be seen as the inception of Dalit literature and culture in the activities of the Anarya Dosh Pariharak Mandal and the first Dalit writings of Gopal Baba Valangkar in 1888. This article aims to recover this much-neglected early history of the Dalit communities of western India at the turn of the twentieth century. In particular, it examines how these early Dalit communities came to articulate an emergent Dalit cultural identity through the construction of a syncretic form of bhakti Hindu culture.

scholarly journals Bourgeois Mentality and Socialist Ideology as Exemplified by Clara Zetkin's Constructs of Femininity

2002 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Unludag
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Executive Committee ◽  
Women's Movement ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Social Darwinism ◽  
Socialist Society ◽  
Social Democrat ◽  
Societal Context ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Clara Zetkin (1857–1933) remains one of the most famous figures in the history of the German and international Left. She rose to prominence as a social democrat beginning in 1890 and became a Marxist and, as of 1919, a member of the high-ranking cadre of the KPD; she was an activist of the Second International, starting in 1889, and belonged to the Executive Committee of the Communist International (EKKI) in the 1920s. She is known in history primarily as the leader and chief ideologue of the socialist, and later the international communist, women's movement, but is also a popular figure in the leftist women's movement of the twentieth century. Zetkin, the founder of International Women's Day, is still widely depicted as a heroine. However, in light of recent research conducted in Berlin and Moscow and from the perspective of the history of mentalities, the tendency to mythologize her needs to be questioned. This essay on Clara Zetkin's constructs of femininity is part of a biography oriented toward a history of mentalities, in which the socialist and communist Zetkin is presented in the entire societal context of her times, perceived as a contemporary of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. From this perspective, it is precisely Zetkin's comments on the women's issue that mirror the influences of Social Darwinism and biological discussion at the turn of the century in Germany. The ideas held by the leader and theoretician of the international socialist women's movement on the “liberation of women” from “gender slavery” and “class bondage” were not aimed at pursuing an autonomous process of emancipating women for their own sake, but at pursuing a well-structured and directed process of educating them that would end up turning them into a new physically and mentally improved “consummate woman” who would efficiently serve the socialist society.

The Mansana Collection. A Treasury of Japanese Art in Barcelona at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-209
Author(s):  
Ricard Bru
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Japanese Art ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Abstract Josep Mansana Dordan, a well-known Catalan late-nineteenth-century businessman, founded what is considered the finest collection of Japanese art established in Catalonia and in Spain at the turn of the century. In the early twentieth century, the Mansana Collection, as it was known, enjoyed popularity and prestige in Barcelona thanks to its constant expansion driven by the founder’s son, Josep Mansana Terrés, also an entrepreneur. The collection was well known at the time, but fell into oblivion after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936. It was not until 2013 that, on the occasion of the exhibition Japonisme. La fascinació per l’art japonès, the collection began to be rediscovered and studied. This article aims to present a first complete overview of the history and characteristics of the old Mansana Collection and its impact on Barcelona at and immediately after the turn of the twentieth century.

Ministers and Nahdawi Masculinity: The Beirut Church Controversy

2019 ◽  
pp. 213-273
Author(s):  
Deanna Ferree Womack
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Evangelical Church ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Printed Media ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The One

The gendered dimensions of institutional Protestantism and the rough edges of missionary authority come to the forefront in chapter 4, which considers the various printed media that Syrian Protestant men employed to assert their masculinity and claim independence from male missionary authority. Tracing the history of the Syrian Evangelical Church of Beirut and its connection to the Nahda, this chapter uses an anti-missionary publication from the turn of the century to examine the asymmetrical relationship between (male) Presbyterian missionaries and Syrian pastors on the one hand, and between Protestant men and women in Syria on the other. Multiple forms of patriarchy operated in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Beirut during church controversies involving missionary Henry Harris Jessup and the prominent Syrian Protestant Khail Sarkis.

A Genealogy of Dance Modernity

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-53
Author(s):  
Mark Franko
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Musical Theater ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Historical Imagination ◽  
New Work ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Under Construction

This chapter looks at a variety of phenomena including folkloric dance that contained old regime materials, the ballet itself, and the scholarly research and collecting devoted to the grand siècle at the turn of the century. Three distinct seventeenth centuries were under construction in the historical imagination of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century dance. Research conducted in the early 1970s shows that elements of la belle danse found their way into regional folkloric performance; the seventeenth century became a predominant subject of ballets; musicology—a nascent discipline in France—turned to the discovery and reading of texts of musical theater that were no longer performed. These three activities engendered three versions of the seventeenth century in dance that I refer to as survival, revival, and archival. Survival corresponds to the emergence of ethnography thanks to Van Gennep and later Guilcher; revival refers to the principles of ballet evidenced in the writings of Volynsky on the basis of which new work could be created; archival refers to the discovery of the past as other in the research of Henry Prunières. These led in turn to concepts of performance as artifact, myth, and document, which together constituted the dispersed field of neoclassicism as I understand it in this book. Each of these versions of the seventeenth century came with a political potential with respect to questions of national identity.

An Early Missionary Syllabary for the Hangzhou Dialect

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 516-524
Author(s):  
Richard VanNess Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Testament ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Prayer Book ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Church Missionary Society ◽  
Over 40 Years ◽  
The Church

A picture of the phonology of the Hangzhou dialect at the turn of the century is found in a short book entitled Sound-table of the Hangchow dialect that was published in 1902 by the Church Missionary Society in Shàoxīng. The author of the book is not identified, but its production was no doubt associated with Bishop George Evans Moule, who for over 40 years, beginning in 1864, operated a mission in Hángzhōu affiliated with the Church Missionary Society. The spellings used in this book, which presents a syllabary of the Hángzhōu dialect, presumably reflect the system used in two textbooks on the dialect and a prayer book in colloquial Hángzhōu all written by Bishop Moule. The same spelling system was also used in a Hángzhōu vernacular translation of Matthew from the New Testament which was published sometime in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document