scholarly journals Effects of Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors on Consumption of Selected Food Nutrients

1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo M. Nayga
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

The effects of socioeconomic and demographic factors on the consumption of food energy, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, phosphorus, and iron are examined. Socioeconomic and demographic factors analyzed are urbanization, region, race, ethnicity, sex, employment status, food stamp participation, household size, weight, height, age, and income. Several of these factors significantly affect consumption of certain nutrients. Income is an important factor affecting the consumption of vitamin A, vitamin C, and calcium. Income elasticities are relatively small at low income levels. For example, income elasticities range from 0.016 for calcium to 0.123 for vitamin C at an income level of $20,000.

scholarly journals Vegetables, Potatoes and Their Products as Sources of Energy and Nutrients to the Average Diet in Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 3217
Author(s):  
Hanna Górska-Warsewicz ◽  
Krystyna Rejman ◽  
Joanna Kaczorowska ◽  
Wacław Laskowski
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Vitamin B6 ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Vegetable Products ◽  
Kohonen Neural Networks ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Total Fat

The aim of our study was to analyse vegetables, potatoes and their products as sources of energy and nutrients in the average diet in Poland. Representative data of the 2016 Household Budget Survey from 36,886 households were used. This is the largest study sample in Poland, so we generalized the conclusions to the whole population using the statement ‘average diet’. We analysed three main product groups: vegetables, vegetable products, and potatoes and potatoes products, dividing them into 14 subgroups (e.g., tomatoes, cabbage, carrots, other vegetables, and mushrooms). The percentages of energy, protein, carbohydrates, total fat, nine vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin D, and vitamin E), seven minerals (calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron, magnesium and zinc), and fibre from the analysed food subgroups are presented. Additionally, the influence of household characteristics on the supply of energy and nutrients from each subgroup of vegetables, potatoes, and their products was evaluated using cluster analysis. In the analysis, R programme and Kohonen neural networks were applied. Our study showed that vegetables, potatoes, and their products provide 7.3% of daily dietary energy supply. Vegetables contribute more than 20% of the supply of six nutrients: vitamin C (51.8%), potassium (32.5%), folate (31.0%), vitamin A (30.6%), vitamin B6 (27.8%), and magnesium (20.2%), as well as fibre (31.8%). Cluster analysis distinguished three clusters that differed in nutritional supply from vegetables, potatoes, and their products. Educational level, income measured by quintile groups, village size, socio-economic characteristics, urbanization degree, and land use were the most important factors determining differences between clusters.

scholarly journals Unraveling Demand for Dairy-Alternative Beverages in the United States: The Case of Soymilk

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Senarath Dharmasena ◽  
Oral Capps
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Price And Income Elasticities ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Targeted Marketing ◽  
The U.S

Soymilk is one of the fastest growing categories in the U.S dairy alternative functional beverage market. Using household-level purchase data from Nielsen's 2008 Homescan panel and the Tobit econometric procedure, we estimate conditional and unconditional own-price, cross-price, and income elasticities for soymilk, white milk, and flavored milk. Income, age, employment status, education level, race, ethnicity, region, and presence of children in a household are significant drivers of demand for soymilk. White milk and flavored milk are competitors for soymilk, and soymilk is a competitor for white milk. Strategies for pricing and targeted marketing of soymilk are also discussed.

scholarly journals A pilot study exploring the relationship between urban greenspace accessibility and mental health prevalence in the City of San Diego in the context of socioeconomic and demographic factors

Open Health ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-70
Author(s):  
Alexis Wilderman ◽  
Marcus Lam ◽  
Zhi-Yong Yin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
San Diego ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Health Prevention ◽  
Urban Greenspace ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors ◽  
The City

Abstract The connection between urban greenspace and mental health is a robust but unsettled area of research in the public health and urban planning literatures. Inconsistent findings in prior studies are mostly due to differences in greenspace measurements and interrelations with socio-demographic factors. This study examines the relationships of mental health prevalence (MHP) with health prevention, socioeconomic and race-ethnicity factors, and proximity to greenspace at the census-tract level in the City of San Diego, California, using data from the CDC 500 Cities Project and US Census Bureau. We considered three greenspace proximity measures: distances to specified vegetation types, parks, and tree cover. Spear-man’s rank correlation showed that MHP was significantly correlated to distances to greenspace (rho = 0.480), parks (rho = 0.234), and tree cover (rho = 0.342), and greenspace proximity plus crime occurrence explained 37.8% of the variance in MHP in regression analysis. Further analysis revealed that socioeconomic status, race-ethnicity, and health prevention explained more than 93% of the variance in MHP, while greenspace proximity did not enter the regression model with statistical significance. We discovered that certain socioeconomic and race-ethnicity variables, such as proportion of Hispanic population, poverty, and regular checkup, may fully represent the effects of greenspace on MHP in the City of San Diego. Regression analysis for three subsections of the city suggested that different predictors of MHP should be considered in formulating intervention measures. Our results indicate the need to improve mental health conditions through a range of interventions that address the disparities experienced by racial-ethnic minorities and those in lower-socioeconomic classes.

scholarly journals Selection of Target Nutrients for the Nutritional Standards of School Lunches in Korea

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meeyoung Kim ◽  
Dongwoo Kim ◽  
Jihyun Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
School Lunches ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Excessive Intake ◽  
Meal Planning ◽  
Selection Of

The purpose of this study was to select target nutrients to be included in the nutritional standards of school lunches in Korea. The dietary intake data for children and adolescents aged 6–17 years old from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI were analyzed for eight groups based on gender and age (6–8, 9–11, 12–14, and 15–17 years old). First, the usual intake of 3091 subjects was estimated and assessed to identify nutrients with insufficient or excessive intake prevalence. Along with the nutrients identified by the assessment, the energy and nutrients prioritized in the meal planning procedure of the 2015 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans were the initial candidates; these nutrients and energy include the percentages of energy from carbohydrates, protein, and fat; vitamin A; riboflavin; niacin; vitamin C; calcium; phosphorus; sodium; and iron. Phosphorus was excluded as a result of there being little evidence of clinical symptoms caused by its insufficient intake. Sodium was excluded because reliable data on added salt were not available among the school lunch recipes in Korea. Therefore, energy; the percentages of energy from carbohydrates, protein, and fat; vitamin A; riboflavin; niacin; vitamin C; calcium; and iron were selected to be included in the nutritional standards for school lunches in Korea.

scholarly journals Experiences of Food Insecurity Modeled by Redundancy Analysis: A Cross-sectional Study of Uganda, 2014–2017 (P04-034-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzaneh Barak ◽  
Timothy Schwinghamer ◽  
Hugo Melgar-Quiñonez
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Large City ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Business Corruption ◽  
Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

Abstract Objectives Food insecurity (FI) is one of the leading health and nutrition issues in Uganda, where it affects 30% of the population of the country. It negatively impacts physical, mental, and social health that in turn affect nutritional requirements. The purpose of this study was therefore to (1) determine the prevalence of FI in Uganda from 2014 to 2017 (2) assess whether or not the linear additive combination of socio-economic and demographic factors affect FI in Uganda in the studied years; and (3) assess the association between FI and Physical Health Index (PHI). Methods We used Gallup World Poll data for Uganda from 2014 to 2017, 4000 respondents ( >15 yr). FI was assessed in eight binary response items measured according to the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) (Voices of Hungry project, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). For redundancy analyses (RDA), the rda function (vegan package in R) was used. Path analysis was used to investigate assumptions regarding recursivity and directions of causal relationships. Results The linear combination of socioeconomic and demographic factors explained on average 18% of the variance in the items of the FIES. Nevertheless, permutation tests indicated the high level of statistical significance of the RDA models (all P = .0001, the lowest possible value after 999 permutations). Linear regression indicated that the raw FIES score increased by approximately .5 per year. High levels of the PHI were associated with low levels of FI. Furthermore, low levels of PHI were correlated with increased business corruption in 2016 and 2017. Heterogeneous associations between business corruption and levels of FI was found over the four years of the study. Unemployment, low education levels, low income, being single, and living in a larger household and in a large city were positively associated with FI. As expected, household size was negatively correlated with income in 2014, 2016, and 2017. Conclusions The results indicated that the studied factors of FI explained a statistically significant portion of the variance in experiences of FI in Uganda in the years of the study. Further structural equation modeling (path modeling) will be necessary for the evaluation and proposals of policies and programs related to food security, health, and nutrition in Uganda. Funding Sources None. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals Selection of Target Nutrients for the Nutritional Standards of School Lunches in Korea

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meeyoung Kim ◽  
Dongwoo Kim ◽  
Jihyun Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
School Lunches ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Excessive Intake ◽  
Meal Planning ◽  
Selection Of

The purpose of this study was to select target nutrients to be included in the nutritional standards of school lunches in Korea. The dietary intake data of children and adolescents aged 6-17 years old from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Ⅵ were analyzed for eight groups based on gender and age (6-8, 9-11, 12-14, and 15-17 years old). First, the usual intake of the 3,091 subjects was estimated and assessed to identify nutrients with insufficient or excessive intake prevalence. Along with the nutrients identified by the assessment, the energy and nutrients prioritized in the meal planning procedure of the 2015 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans were the initial candidates: energy, the percentages of energy from carbohydrates, protein, and fat, vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and iron. Phosphorus was excluded due to little evidence of clinical symptoms caused by insufficient intake. Sodium was excluded because reliable data on added salt were not available among the school lunch recipes in Korea. Therefore, energy, the percentages of energy from carbohydrates, protein, and fat, vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, calcium, and iron were selected to be included in the nutritional standards of school lunches in Korea.

scholarly journals Clinically-diagnosed vitamin deficiencies and disorders in the entire United States military population, 1997–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph J. Knapik ◽  
Emily K. Farina ◽  
Victor L. Fulgoni ◽  
Harris R. Lieberman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
United States Military ◽  
Vitamin Deficiencies

Abstract Background This study examined incidence rates, temporal trends, and demographic factors associated with vitamin deficiencies/disorders in all United States military personnel from 1997 to 2015 (mean N = 1,382,266/year). Methods Employing an ecological study design, the Defense Medical Epidemiological Database and specific International Classification of Diseases codes were used to determine incidence rates for clinically-diagnosed vitamin deficiencies/disorders. Associations with demographic factors were examined. Results The overall incidence rate of vitamin deficiencies/disorders was 92.7 cases/100,000 person-years (p-yr). Highest rates were for vitamin D (53.7 cases/100,000 p-yr), other B-complex vitamins (20.2 cases, 100,000 p-yr), vitamin B12 anemia (7.6 cases/100,000 p-yr), deficiencies of “other vitamins” (5.9 cases/100,000 p-yr), and vitamin A (2.5 cases/100,000 p-yr). Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folate, vitamin C, and vitamin K deficiencies and hypervitaminoses A and D had < 1 case/100,000 p-yr. Rates for vitamin D, other B-complex, “other vitamin”, and thiamin deficiencies increased over time, while vitamin A and C deficiencies decreased. Women had higher incidence rates for all examined deficiencies/ disorders except niacin and vitamin C. Incidence rates rose with age in 8 of 15 deficiency/disorder categories and blacks had higher incidence rates in 9 of 15 deficiency/disorder categories. Conclusions The overall rate of clinically-diagnosed vitamin deficiencies and disorders was low but higher in women and minority subgroups. As for most illnesses, the diagnosed incidence of such disorders may be an underestimate of the actual incidence. These findings can guide clinical decision making with regard to testing for nutritional deficiencies and delivering public health information to at risk populations. Clinical trial registration (No. ISRCTN58987177). Registration date 9 October 2019.

scholarly journals Low prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake in young children in the south of Brazil: a new perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (5) ◽  
pp. 890-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Nicola Sangalli ◽  
Fernanda Rauber ◽  
Márcia Regina Vitolo
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Fortified Foods ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Micronutrient Intake ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Low Prevalence

AbstractIn Brazil, children’s eating patterns have been characterised by an increased consumption of ultra-processed foods that are fortified. Our aims were to (1) estimate the prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake among children from low-income families and (2) to assess micronutrient intake from fortified foods. We carried out a cross-sectional study from a randomised field trial conducted at healthcare centres in Porto Alegre, Brazil, with 446 mother–child pairs, with the children aged 2–3 years. Dietary data were assessed using two 24-h recalls. The prevalence of inadequacy for six micronutrients was estimated using the proportion of individuals with intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR). Micronutrient intakes from fortified foods were evaluated using EAR and upper tolerable level (UL). Healthy foods consumption was below the recommendations, except for beans, and 88·1 % of the children consumed ultra-processed foods. A low prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake was observed for Fe (1·2 %), vitamin C (4·7 %), vitamin A (5·2 %), Ca (11·4 %) and folate (15·2 %). None of the children had intakes less than the EAR for Zn. Fortified foods contributed between 11·3 and 38·3 % to micronutrient intakes, and 43·0 % of the children met the EAR for Fe, 13·9 % for vitamin C and 12·3 % for Zn using fortified foods only. In addition, 4·0 % of the children exceeded the UL for vitamin A, 3·1 % for Zn, 1·1 % for folic acid and 0·2 % for Fe. These results highlight a low prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intakes among children and suggest that such a group could be at risk of excessive micronutrient intakes provided by ultra-processed foods.

scholarly journals Factors Associated With Adherence to Lockdown Measures in Uganda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choolwe Muzyamba ◽  
Ogylive Makova ◽  
Geofrey Mushibi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Adherence Behavior ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

Abstract Background While the debate regarding the usefulness of the lockdown goes on in research, it has been highlighted that this debate is pointless unless studies demonstrate to what extent people are actually abiding by the lockdown. Studies on factors associated with adherence of COVID-19-related lockdowns have largely been conducted in western countries. However, similar studies are still lacking in low income countries like Uganda. This study fills this gap by investigating factors associated with adherence to lockdown in Uganda. Methods A qualitative cross sectional survey was conducted online via the AfriSight platform with a sample size of 1249. These participants were selected randomly from all across Uganda. The data was analyzed descriptively and for inferential statistics we analyzed the data using probit regression. This allowed us to investigate the various motivations, socioeconomic, and demographic factors that help predict adherence or lack thereof to lockdown measures. Based on this probit analysis, we further generated marginal effects to ascertain the probabilities of adhering to lockdown. Results Our study reports the complexity that characterizes adherence to the lockdown in Uganda. Various socioeconomic and demographic factors particularly, age, gender, size of household, religion, income level, and employment status all seem to uniquely interact in shaping adherence behavior. Conclusion This study demonstrates that any lockdown-related efforts to minimize the spread of COVID-19 must pay attention to how these factors playout in the context of Uganda. Whereas most of the factors observed can more easily be handled in wealthier countries which provide social benefits during lockdowns, Uganda must rethink the uncritical adoption of such measures without localizing them. There is a need for Uganda to invest in a COVID-19 response that is alive to local context and reality, and one which commands wide support and adherence.

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