scholarly journals Rural-Urban Differences in Nursing Home Access, Quality and Cost

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 446-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Yu ◽  
Garnett Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Structure Study ◽  
Cost Structure ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Cost Share ◽  
Skilled Nursing ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Services ◽  
The Cost

AbstractRural-urban differences in the supply of nursing home services are hypothesized to be jointly affected by competitive and regulatory forces, government policies, and the cost structure. Study findings indicate that rural services are slightly less accessible and lower in quality. A translog cost share function reveals no difference in the operating cost structure of rural and urban homes. Cost shares for nursing care are directly related to the degree of skilled nursing provided by homes. Significant scale economies were not detected for any of the major operating costs.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC AND OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS OF MECHANIZED FOREST IMPLEMENTATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilton Cesar Fiedler ◽  
Alexandre Arantes de Campos ◽  
Marcos Vinicius Winckler Caldeira ◽  
Julião Soares de Souza Lima ◽  
Antônio Henrique Cordeiro Ramalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operating Cost ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Operating Cycle ◽  
Cycle Times ◽  
Waste Removal ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Efficiency And Productivity

ABSTRACT Mechanization in forestry implantation demands high energy, time, and high operational and production costs. Thus, studies related to the influence of variables on the efficiency of these activities are essential to reduce costs and optimize operations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the operational and cost performance of mechanized forest implantation operations in Eucalyptus sp. Data were collected from eucalyptus plantations located in the northern region of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The analysis of operational performance determined the distribution of operating times, mechanical availability, degree of utilization, operational efficiency, and productivity of the machines. The cost analysis estimated the operating costs in forestry implantation activities. The forest planting operations were: waste removal, subsoiling, digging with fertilization, planting, chemical weeding, and covering fertilization. According to the results, planting (39.20%) and waste removal (15.99%) represented the longest operating cycle times, the shortest production times (51.48% and 53.64%), and finally the longest maintenance times (32.95% and 29%). Chemical weeding and subsoiling showed the lowest maintenance times (4.64% and 3.47%). The cover fertilization was the operation that presented the highest productivity (2.99 ha he-1), and the removal of residues had the lowest (0.97 ha he-1). The highest costs per effective hour (R$13.57 he-1) and lowest production costs (R$81.59 ha-1) occurred at planting. Subsoiling had the highest production cost (R$112.80 ha-1). The lowest operating cost was obtained in the fertilizing operation. Operating costs had the greatest weight in labor, fuel, and maintenance and repairs.

scholarly journals An Empirical Study on the Influence of Diversification on the Operating Cost of Commercial Banks

CONVERTER ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 757-770
Author(s):  
Jing He, Ke Zou, Xinyi Cai
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Alliances ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Economies Of Scope ◽  
Excessive Competition ◽  
Income Ratio ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The majority of the literature has focused on the impact of diversification on bank performance, while the research on the impact of diversification on bank costs is inadequate. Therefore, in this paper we empirically analyzed the impact of diversification on operating costs through a panel regression model, collecting the data of 47 Chinese commercial banks from 2005 to 2015. The empirical results showed that an increase in the non-interest income ratio significantly promoted a decrease in the cost–income ratio, and the robustness tests of different time intervals and different types of banks were consistent. This suggests that diversification effectively reduced the operating costs of banks by means of the sharing of information and equipment, the reduction of asset specificity, and the improvement of operation management synergy. This also indicates that excessive competition costs and the agency costs of diversification were lower. Further analysis showed that the diversification of national banks compared with local banks was more significant in reducing operating costs, and, for the national banks, the effects of economies of scope and scale were stronger. Diversified management strategies for local banks should be carefully promoted through the construction of strategic alliances, mergers and acquisitions, etc.

scholarly journals Operating cost analysis: sources and methods

2019 ◽  
pp. 132-138
Author(s):  
Nadiya Khorunzhak ◽  
Tetyana Portovaras
Keyword(s):  
Cost Optimization ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Methods Of Analysis ◽  
External Sources ◽  
Internal Sources ◽  
Abc Analysis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Purpose. The aim of the article is identification of requirements and composition of sources of analysis, critical assessment of their information content, as well as emphasis on the application of a systematic approach to the analysis of operating costs and compliance of its method with these criteria. Methodology of research. The empirical research methods are used in the course of the research, in particular: analysis – in order to identify the composition of sources of analysis of operating expenses; generalization – to substantiate the classification of sources of analysis and to formulate recommendations on the choice of methods of analysis, which most fully allow to estimate the operating costs. Findings. The principles of formation of information base of the analysis of operating expenses are substantiated, which will allow to obtain high-quality information on their status and on the basis of the obtained results to predict the activity of the enterprise in the future. The study of the impact of factors on the analysis of operating expenses allowed us to distinguish sources of information into two groups: internal and external. It is determined that internal sources of data for analysis are accounting records, which are formed at enterprises, and which is considered by the authors as a source of analysis of operating expenses. External sources of information the authors consider all possible information resources of an external nature, research of the competitive environment and reporting of subjects with similar types of activity. Originality. The scheme of interconnection sources and analysis results of operations is proposed, which comprehensive utilization, will allow obtaining result analytical information on which management can optimize the cost of compliance with objectives and increase effectiveness of operations. According to modern realities, the most suitable methods of analysis are offered, which allow to adequately assessing the situation of the enterprise in the strategic plane with respect to operating expenses. Practical value. Carrying out an assessment of the operating costs of an enterprise with using various methods and tools of analysis in a complex provides obtaining unbiased data that can be effectively used for the purpose of cost optimization and increase of productivity. Key words: analysis; operating costs; cost optimization; internal sources of information; external sources of information; strategic methods; ABC analysis.

scholarly journals Simulation of the operation of a natural gas transport system based on a criterion of minimum operating cost

DYNA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (211) ◽  
pp. 308-316
Author(s):  
Jaime Fernando Andrade Mahecha ◽  
Grigory Ibrahim Massy Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Transport ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Transport Network ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
System Of Equations ◽  
Linear Programming Methods ◽  
Natural Gas Transport ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Minimum Operating

In this article, a simulation model of a natural gas transport network based on the minimization of its operating costs was developed. For this, a system of equations that determine these costs and the conditions that characterize it are established, to later be transformed into a system that can easily be solved by common linear programming methods. A system of equations and matrices resulting from a transport network of few elements is presented as an example. The model is applied in the simulation of the future operation of the Colombian natural gas transport network to project the cost of its operation, section flows, its associated tariffs, and shortage level. Finally, the conclusions derive possible use applications of this model for the analysis of natural gas transport networks and other energy systems.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Vehicle Operating Costs of Haulage Firms in a Developing Country

2020 ◽  
pp. 838-844
Author(s):  
Christopher Adesola Wojuade ◽  
Jubril Oladosu
Keyword(s):  
Operating Cost ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Fixed Asset ◽  
Fleet Size ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Training ◽  
Significant Factors

Vehicle operating cost is the cost that haulers incur in rendering freight services. This cost is influenced by operational, economic, fixed asset, and institutional factors. Haulage firms must take the right decision on these factors to minimize the vehicle operating cost and increase their profit. This study examines the factors determining the vehicle operating costs of haulage firms in Nigeria. The data for this study was obtained through the administration of structured questionnaires randomly on 337 respondents out of 2154 staff in the 8 selected registered haulage firms having their headquarters in Lagos, Nigeria. The questionnaire was used to collect information on components of truck operation influencing vehicle operating costs. The result of the OLS multiple regression model shows that all the factors were significant and predict vehicle operating costs but to a varying extent. The coefficients of significant factors were wages (β = 0.324; p ≤ 0.01), empty running (β = 0.297; p ≤ 0.01), fleet size (β = 0.264; p ≤ 0.01), training (β = -0.201; p ≤ 0.01), weight of freight (β = 0.145; p ≤ 0.01), drivers experience (β = 0.132; p ≤ 0.01), vehicle age (β = 0.111; p ≤ 0.05), administrative fee (β = 0.100; p ≤ 0.05) and maintenance (β = 0.096; p ≤ 0.05) influence vehicle operating costs of haulage firms respectively. The study concluded that driver’s wages, empty running, fleet size, and training were important factors influencing the vehicle operating costs of the haulage firms. The study recommends useful policy decisions to improve the performance of haulage businesses in the study area.

scholarly journals Cost Economies for an Airline: An Analysis of Airlines’ Operating Costs

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1856-1859
Author(s):  
Harendra Nishantha Kariyawasam
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Profit Margins ◽  
Cost Structures ◽  
Low Cost Carriers ◽  
Average Operating ◽  
The Cost

This study focuses on analyzing the variables affecting the average operating cost per aircraft movement. Since airlines around the world are operated on thin profit margins and with increasing competition from Low Cost Carriers it will be important for an airline to get a complete understanding about their operating cost structure. The aim of this study is to suggest an airline of actions to reduce their operating cost and will differentiate the cost structures of Low Cost Carriers and Full Service Carriers. This study was conducted for 20 airlines which were operating in Asia Pacific region. Published financial and statistical data were used for analysis and a parametric approach was used. The results of this study do not suggest economies of scale for the airline, which is to have higher number of aircraft to reduce cost.

scholarly journals An Investigation on the Share of Rural and Urban Households’ Expenditure as A Basis to Determine Economic Policies for Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
Hamidreza Izadi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Structural Break ◽  
Low Rank ◽  
Cost Share ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Subsidy Rate ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Household Costs ◽  
The Cost

AbstractMany countries implement plans and programs whose purpose is low-income class protection and increase the purchasing power in order to eradicate poverty. The most common plan is the subsidies payment for consumption of deficits. Governments provide inexpensive goods and services and help to make price stability for necessities by applying policy in consumption sector. This research studies consumption expenditure shares in rural and urban households according to the importance of this issue and accordingly expenditure shares are rated and it is the basis of targeting subsidy policy. This article by use the MICROFIT program (ARDL method, 42 observations used for estimation from 1977 to 2019), tries to survey the short and long-term relationship, the dynamic relationship of short-term trend toward long-term equilibrium, diagnostic and structural break tests for the variables and the household costs function. According to the results of statistic tests, the model presented the best possible status of classic hypotheses and statistics and therefore confirm the relationship and co-integration between the variable of cost function and finally, structural stability is accepted. By comparing the urban household costs, according to the results we can say that the food is ranked among the goods with low rank, therefore, targeting the subsidies is less important than the rest of the cost. Also, the cost share of clothing goods is totally high for households and in urban households’ expenditures, the cost share of these goods is higher than the rest, so these costs play an important role in targeting the subsidies and should be taken into consideration. By comparing the rural household costs, we can say, the contribution of educational, cultural and recreational services costs for rural households is high and thus the share of the allocated expenditures for such goods is higher than the rest. Therefore, these costs play an important role in targeting the subsidies and should be taken into consideration. Finally, targeting subsidy helps government to arrange subsidy rate of different goods correctly. and give the most to low income classes to boost social welfare. Result show that targeting subsidy in rural and urban is different because of different expenditures share in household budget, and the same economics policy for these two household types is not correct.

scholarly journals Assessment of Hydrogen and LNG buses adoption as sustainable alternatives to diesel fuel buses in public transportation: Applications to Italian perspective

2022 ◽  
Vol 334 ◽  
pp. 09002
Author(s):  
Michele Vincenzo Migliarese Caputi ◽  
Rossana Coccia ◽  
Paolo Venturini ◽  
Luca Cedola ◽  
Domenico Borello
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Italian Market ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
The Cost

This work deals with a technical and economical comparison between hydrogen and liquid natural gas (LNG) fueled buses with reference to the standard solution based on diesel fuel internal combustion engines. The level of service is evaluated considering the number of buses replaced and the average kilometers traveled each year for two levels. The economical comparison is made using the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) method considering capital and operating costs. The costs of LNG and Diesel (at the pump in Italian market) are estimated with reference to the year 2020. Furthermore, an assessment of greenhouse gas emissions will be carried out starting from energy needs, adopting a “cradle to grave” approach, thus evaluating emissions from the well to the tank and from the tank to the wheel. The results show that the operating costs (0.778 €/km) of LNG solution are lower than the Diesel ones (1.072 €/km), while the hydrogen buses can become competitive in the next few .The production of hydrogen with water electrolysis considering the current electricity costs of the Italian market is expensive and involves a cost to the hydrogen pump 7,60 €/kg which makes the operating cost of the hydrogen solution is equal to about 1.420 €/km which makes this solution uncompetitive. It is also important to underline that the cost of green hydrogen production from water electrolysis strongly depends on the cost of electricity. The Life Cicle Analisis (LCA) analysis shows strong environmental benefits of the hydrogen solution in terms of CO2eq if the hydrogen is produced by electrolysis using renewable energy sources. In the other cases, the advantage of using hydrogen is not very strong as it is associated with the use of fossil fuels that release climate-altering substances.

scholarly journals Monitoring the technological processes in the wood industry in order to make them more efficient through technical overhauling

2019 ◽  
Vol 290 ◽  
pp. 02007
Author(s):  
Radu Dan Paltan ◽  
Cristina Biriş ◽  
Loredana Anne-Marie Rădulescu
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Operating Mode ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Research Article ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The Cost

Of many techniques that are used to optimize production and costs, the studies conducted within a profile company lead to our choice for testing the 6Sigma method (the most used method in the automotive industry) in view of the economic efficiency applied in the wood Industry company. This method measures how many flaws exist in a process and determines in a systematic way how to improve it by technical overhauling and eliminating or minimizing the process for efficiency. This research article aims to study the state of research on the optimization of the production process through technical overhauling for panels reconstituted from solid wood and ways to make production more efficient by cutting costs through technical overhauling. From preliminary research, we estimate that all the items founded and others that will result from further research will result in a significant decrease in production costs that are reflected in the cost of the finished product and consequently in increasing the yield of the company by maximizing its profit. At the same time it may be the basis of future research studies in the field. The easier it is to maximize profits, the lower the operating costs are and the higher recovery rate of investments are, that will result a change in the operating mode: “working smarter not harder”.

scholarly journals An Outreach Rehabilitation Program for Nursing Home Residents After Hip Fracture May Be Cost-Saving

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (10) ◽  
pp. e159-e165
Author(s):  
Lauren A Beaupre ◽  
Doug Lier ◽  
Jay S Magaziner ◽  
C Allyson Jones ◽  
D William C Johnston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Hip Fracture ◽  
Cost Saving ◽  
Incremental Cost ◽  
Usual Care ◽  
Nursing Home Residents ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Study Entry ◽  
Rehabilitation Intervention ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background We compared the cost-effectiveness of 10 weeks of outreach rehabilitation (intervention) versus usual care (control) for ambulatory nursing home residents after hip fracture. Methods Enrollment occurred February 2011 through June 2015 in a Canadian metropolitan region. Seventy-seven participants were allocated in a 2:1 ratio to receive a 10-week rehabilitation program (intervention) or usual care (control) (46 intervention; 31 control). Using a payer perspective, we performed main and sensitivity analyses. Health outcome was measured by quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), using the EQ5D, completed at study entry, 3-, 6-, and 12-months. We obtained patient-specific data for outpatient visits, physician claims, and inpatient readmissions; the trial provided rehabilitation utilization/cost data. We estimated incremental cost and incremental effectiveness. Results Groups were similar at study entry; the mean age was 87.9 ± 6.6 years, 54 (71%) were female and 58 (75%) had severe cognitive impairment. EQ5D QALYs scores were nonsignificantly higher for intervention participants. Inpatient readmissions were two times higher among controls, with a cost difference of −$3,350/patient for intervention participants, offsetting the cost/intervention participant of $2,300 for the outreach rehabilitation. The adjusted incremental QALYs/patient difference was 0.024 favoring the intervention, with an incremental cost/patient of −$621 for intervention participants; these values were not statistically significant. A sensitivity analysis reinforced these findings, suggesting that the intervention was likely dominant. Conclusion A 10-week outreach rehabilitation intervention for nursing home residents who sustain a hip fracture may be cost-saving, through reduced postfracture hospital readmissions. These results support further work to evaluate postfracture rehabilitation for nursing home residents.

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