scholarly journals Assessment of Hydrogen and LNG buses adoption as sustainable alternatives to diesel fuel buses in public transportation: Applications to Italian perspective

2022 ◽  
Vol 334 ◽  
pp. 09002
Author(s):  
Michele Vincenzo Migliarese Caputi ◽  
Rossana Coccia ◽  
Paolo Venturini ◽  
Luca Cedola ◽  
Domenico Borello
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Italian Market ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
The Cost

This work deals with a technical and economical comparison between hydrogen and liquid natural gas (LNG) fueled buses with reference to the standard solution based on diesel fuel internal combustion engines. The level of service is evaluated considering the number of buses replaced and the average kilometers traveled each year for two levels. The economical comparison is made using the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) method considering capital and operating costs. The costs of LNG and Diesel (at the pump in Italian market) are estimated with reference to the year 2020. Furthermore, an assessment of greenhouse gas emissions will be carried out starting from energy needs, adopting a “cradle to grave” approach, thus evaluating emissions from the well to the tank and from the tank to the wheel. The results show that the operating costs (0.778 €/km) of LNG solution are lower than the Diesel ones (1.072 €/km), while the hydrogen buses can become competitive in the next few .The production of hydrogen with water electrolysis considering the current electricity costs of the Italian market is expensive and involves a cost to the hydrogen pump 7,60 €/kg which makes the operating cost of the hydrogen solution is equal to about 1.420 €/km which makes this solution uncompetitive. It is also important to underline that the cost of green hydrogen production from water electrolysis strongly depends on the cost of electricity. The Life Cicle Analisis (LCA) analysis shows strong environmental benefits of the hydrogen solution in terms of CO2eq if the hydrogen is produced by electrolysis using renewable energy sources. In the other cases, the advantage of using hydrogen is not very strong as it is associated with the use of fossil fuels that release climate-altering substances.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC AND OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS OF MECHANIZED FOREST IMPLEMENTATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilton Cesar Fiedler ◽  
Alexandre Arantes de Campos ◽  
Marcos Vinicius Winckler Caldeira ◽  
Julião Soares de Souza Lima ◽  
Antônio Henrique Cordeiro Ramalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operating Cost ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Operating Cycle ◽  
Cycle Times ◽  
Waste Removal ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Efficiency And Productivity

ABSTRACT Mechanization in forestry implantation demands high energy, time, and high operational and production costs. Thus, studies related to the influence of variables on the efficiency of these activities are essential to reduce costs and optimize operations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the operational and cost performance of mechanized forest implantation operations in Eucalyptus sp. Data were collected from eucalyptus plantations located in the northern region of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The analysis of operational performance determined the distribution of operating times, mechanical availability, degree of utilization, operational efficiency, and productivity of the machines. The cost analysis estimated the operating costs in forestry implantation activities. The forest planting operations were: waste removal, subsoiling, digging with fertilization, planting, chemical weeding, and covering fertilization. According to the results, planting (39.20%) and waste removal (15.99%) represented the longest operating cycle times, the shortest production times (51.48% and 53.64%), and finally the longest maintenance times (32.95% and 29%). Chemical weeding and subsoiling showed the lowest maintenance times (4.64% and 3.47%). The cover fertilization was the operation that presented the highest productivity (2.99 ha he-1), and the removal of residues had the lowest (0.97 ha he-1). The highest costs per effective hour (R$13.57 he-1) and lowest production costs (R$81.59 ha-1) occurred at planting. Subsoiling had the highest production cost (R$112.80 ha-1). The lowest operating cost was obtained in the fertilizing operation. Operating costs had the greatest weight in labor, fuel, and maintenance and repairs.

scholarly journals Cost Analysis of Hydrogen Production for Transport Application

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Deborah A. Udousoro ◽  
Cliff Dansoh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Cost ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
Methane Reforming ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Steam Methane Reforming ◽  
Steam Methane ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Electrolysis System

One of the challenges faced in the United Kingdom energy market is the need to supply clean energy at affordable prices. Hydrogen can be used as an energy carrier and has been applied as fuel for automotive engines. Several technologies exist for the production of hydrogen fuel but their acceptance is dependent on the cost and impact on the environment. Steam methane reforming is an established hydrogen production process in the UK. Currently there are 8 fuel cell buses that run on hydrogen fuel but the hydrogen used is produced via steam methane reforming. Production of hydrogen through solar powered electrolysis is a cleaner option but at what economic cost? In this paper, cost analysis is conducted to compare the cost of producing the amount of hydrogen needed to run the RV1 fuel cell buses at Lea Interchange bus garage through steam methane reforming of natural gas to solar powered water electrolysis. From the analysis it was discovered that levelised energy cost of solar powered electrolysis system is 15 times the levelised energy cost of steam methane reforming of natural gas. Thus, the production of hydrogen is not economically feasible through solar powered water electrolysis system.

scholarly journals An Empirical Study on the Influence of Diversification on the Operating Cost of Commercial Banks

CONVERTER ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 757-770
Author(s):  
Jing He, Ke Zou, Xinyi Cai
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Alliances ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Economies Of Scope ◽  
Excessive Competition ◽  
Income Ratio ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The majority of the literature has focused on the impact of diversification on bank performance, while the research on the impact of diversification on bank costs is inadequate. Therefore, in this paper we empirically analyzed the impact of diversification on operating costs through a panel regression model, collecting the data of 47 Chinese commercial banks from 2005 to 2015. The empirical results showed that an increase in the non-interest income ratio significantly promoted a decrease in the cost–income ratio, and the robustness tests of different time intervals and different types of banks were consistent. This suggests that diversification effectively reduced the operating costs of banks by means of the sharing of information and equipment, the reduction of asset specificity, and the improvement of operation management synergy. This also indicates that excessive competition costs and the agency costs of diversification were lower. Further analysis showed that the diversification of national banks compared with local banks was more significant in reducing operating costs, and, for the national banks, the effects of economies of scope and scale were stronger. Diversified management strategies for local banks should be carefully promoted through the construction of strategic alliances, mergers and acquisitions, etc.

scholarly journals Operating cost analysis: sources and methods

2019 ◽  
pp. 132-138
Author(s):  
Nadiya Khorunzhak ◽  
Tetyana Portovaras
Keyword(s):  
Cost Optimization ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Methods Of Analysis ◽  
External Sources ◽  
Internal Sources ◽  
Abc Analysis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Purpose. The aim of the article is identification of requirements and composition of sources of analysis, critical assessment of their information content, as well as emphasis on the application of a systematic approach to the analysis of operating costs and compliance of its method with these criteria. Methodology of research. The empirical research methods are used in the course of the research, in particular: analysis – in order to identify the composition of sources of analysis of operating expenses; generalization – to substantiate the classification of sources of analysis and to formulate recommendations on the choice of methods of analysis, which most fully allow to estimate the operating costs. Findings. The principles of formation of information base of the analysis of operating expenses are substantiated, which will allow to obtain high-quality information on their status and on the basis of the obtained results to predict the activity of the enterprise in the future. The study of the impact of factors on the analysis of operating expenses allowed us to distinguish sources of information into two groups: internal and external. It is determined that internal sources of data for analysis are accounting records, which are formed at enterprises, and which is considered by the authors as a source of analysis of operating expenses. External sources of information the authors consider all possible information resources of an external nature, research of the competitive environment and reporting of subjects with similar types of activity. Originality. The scheme of interconnection sources and analysis results of operations is proposed, which comprehensive utilization, will allow obtaining result analytical information on which management can optimize the cost of compliance with objectives and increase effectiveness of operations. According to modern realities, the most suitable methods of analysis are offered, which allow to adequately assessing the situation of the enterprise in the strategic plane with respect to operating expenses. Practical value. Carrying out an assessment of the operating costs of an enterprise with using various methods and tools of analysis in a complex provides obtaining unbiased data that can be effectively used for the purpose of cost optimization and increase of productivity. Key words: analysis; operating costs; cost optimization; internal sources of information; external sources of information; strategic methods; ABC analysis.

scholarly journals Optimal Operation of Microgrid considering Renewable Energy Sources, Electric Vehicles and Demand Response

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
pp. 01007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surender Reddy Salkuti
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid System ◽  
Demand Response ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
The Cost

This paper proposes a new optimal operation of Microgrids (MGs) in a distribution system with wind energy generators (WEGs), solar photovoltaic (PV) energy systems, battery energy storage (BES) systems, electric vehicles (EVs) and demand response (DR). To reduce the fluctuations of wind, solar PV powers and load demands, the BES systems and DR are utilized in the proposed hybrid system. The detailed modeling of WEGs, solar PV units, load demands, BES systems and EVs has been presented in this paper. The objective considered here is the minimization of total operating cost of microgrid, and it is formulated by considering the cost of power exchange between the main power grid and microgrid, cost of wind and solar PV energy systems, cost of BES systems, EVs and the cost due to the DR in the system. Simulations are performed on a test microgrid, and they are implemented using GAMS software. Various case studies are performed with and without considering the proposed hybrid system.

scholarly journals Rural-Urban Differences in Nursing Home Access, Quality and Cost

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 446-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Yu ◽  
Garnett Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Structure Study ◽  
Cost Structure ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Cost Share ◽  
Skilled Nursing ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Services ◽  
The Cost

AbstractRural-urban differences in the supply of nursing home services are hypothesized to be jointly affected by competitive and regulatory forces, government policies, and the cost structure. Study findings indicate that rural services are slightly less accessible and lower in quality. A translog cost share function reveals no difference in the operating cost structure of rural and urban homes. Cost shares for nursing care are directly related to the degree of skilled nursing provided by homes. Significant scale economies were not detected for any of the major operating costs.

scholarly journals Simulation of the operation of a natural gas transport system based on a criterion of minimum operating cost

DYNA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (211) ◽  
pp. 308-316
Author(s):  
Jaime Fernando Andrade Mahecha ◽  
Grigory Ibrahim Massy Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Transport ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Transport Network ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
System Of Equations ◽  
Linear Programming Methods ◽  
Natural Gas Transport ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Minimum Operating

In this article, a simulation model of a natural gas transport network based on the minimization of its operating costs was developed. For this, a system of equations that determine these costs and the conditions that characterize it are established, to later be transformed into a system that can easily be solved by common linear programming methods. A system of equations and matrices resulting from a transport network of few elements is presented as an example. The model is applied in the simulation of the future operation of the Colombian natural gas transport network to project the cost of its operation, section flows, its associated tariffs, and shortage level. Finally, the conclusions derive possible use applications of this model for the analysis of natural gas transport networks and other energy systems.

scholarly journals Water Electrolysis for the Production of Hydrogen to Be Employed in the Ironmaking and Steelmaking Industry

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1816
Author(s):  
Pasquale Daniele Cavaliere ◽  
Angelo Perrone ◽  
Alessio Silvello
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Steel Industry ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Basic Production

The way to decarbonization will be characterized by the huge production of hydrogen through sustainable routes. Thus, the basic production way is water electrolysis sustained by renewable energy sources allowing for obtaining “green hydrogen”. The present paper reviews the main available technologies for the water electrolysis finalized to the hydrogen production. We describe the fundamental of water electrolysis and the problems related to purification and/or desalinization of water before electrolysis. As a matter of fact, we describe the energy efficiency issues with particular attention to the potential application in the steel industry. The fundamental aspects related to the choice of high-temperature or low-temperature technologies are analyzed.

scholarly journals Renewable energy sources and storage batteries for electrification of Russian decentralized power supply systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 2061 (1) ◽  
pp. 012016
Author(s):  
D Karamov ◽  
I Volkova ◽  
Suslov ◽  
I Dolmatov
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Storage Batteries ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Decentralized Power Supply

Abstract The use of renewable energy sources (RES) and storage batteries (SB) in decentralized power systems is a cost-effective way to supply power to consumers. In this case, storage batteries are one of the most important system components. The significance of storage batteries is conditioned by a stabilizing effect obtained at generation from RES that are defined by stochastic oscillating functions. However, it is worth noting that storage batteries also improve the cost-effectiveness of such systems by reducing consumption of diesel fuel. This is particularly noticeable at night when load is the least and the use of diesel generators is inefficient. One of the most important points is the determination of potential internal processes of aging and breakdowns that occur in storage batteries during operation. The use of a tested model for categorization of storage batteries according to the operating conditions makes it possible to take account of these factors at the stage of a system design. The paper presents a detailed analysis of decentralized power supply system Verkhnyaya Amga. The focus is made on the cost-effectiveness of a combined use of RES with storage batteries, annual saving of diesel fuel, operating parameters. The research reveals hidden problems that represent various uncertainties that affect greatly the economic and operation parameters of the system.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Vehicle Operating Costs of Haulage Firms in a Developing Country

2020 ◽  
pp. 838-844
Author(s):  
Christopher Adesola Wojuade ◽  
Jubril Oladosu
Keyword(s):  
Operating Cost ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Fixed Asset ◽  
Fleet Size ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Training ◽  
Significant Factors

Vehicle operating cost is the cost that haulers incur in rendering freight services. This cost is influenced by operational, economic, fixed asset, and institutional factors. Haulage firms must take the right decision on these factors to minimize the vehicle operating cost and increase their profit. This study examines the factors determining the vehicle operating costs of haulage firms in Nigeria. The data for this study was obtained through the administration of structured questionnaires randomly on 337 respondents out of 2154 staff in the 8 selected registered haulage firms having their headquarters in Lagos, Nigeria. The questionnaire was used to collect information on components of truck operation influencing vehicle operating costs. The result of the OLS multiple regression model shows that all the factors were significant and predict vehicle operating costs but to a varying extent. The coefficients of significant factors were wages (β = 0.324; p ≤ 0.01), empty running (β = 0.297; p ≤ 0.01), fleet size (β = 0.264; p ≤ 0.01), training (β = -0.201; p ≤ 0.01), weight of freight (β = 0.145; p ≤ 0.01), drivers experience (β = 0.132; p ≤ 0.01), vehicle age (β = 0.111; p ≤ 0.05), administrative fee (β = 0.100; p ≤ 0.05) and maintenance (β = 0.096; p ≤ 0.05) influence vehicle operating costs of haulage firms respectively. The study concluded that driver’s wages, empty running, fleet size, and training were important factors influencing the vehicle operating costs of the haulage firms. The study recommends useful policy decisions to improve the performance of haulage businesses in the study area.

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