SPECIFICITY OF COGNITIVE BIASES IN SOCIAL PHOBIA AND THEIR ROLE IN RECOVERY

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freda McManus ◽  
David M. Clark ◽  
Ann Hackmann
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Symptomatic Improvement ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Drug Treatments ◽  
Subjective Estimates

Cognitive theorists propose that each anxiety disorder is associated with a specific tendency to overestimate the danger inherent in particular situations or internal states. Studies comparing anxious patients with non-patient controls have shown that several anxiety disorders are associated with elevated subjective estimates of the likelihood (probability) and cost of negative events. The present study focuses on social phobia and extends previous findings by: a) including a control group of equally anxious patients with another anxiety disorder and b) investigating the effects of successful cognitive and drug treatments on patients' probability and cost estimates. In line with cognitive theory, the results indicate that social phobia is associated with a specific elevation in subjective estimates of both the probability and cost of potentially negative social events. Reductions in overestimation occurred in successful cognitive and drug treatment and were closely related to the degree of symptomatic improvement in both treatments. Contrary to previous findings, there was no evidence that reductions in cost were more important than reductions in probability.

Disorder-specific automatic self-associations in depression and anxiety: results of The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1101-1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Glashouwer ◽  
P. J. de Jong
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Motivational Systems ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
A Current

BackgroundCognitive theory points to the importance of negative self-schemas in the onset and maintenance of depression and anxiety disorders. Hereby, it is important to distinguish between automatic and explicit self-schemas, reflecting different cognitive-motivational systems. This study tested whether patients with a current major depression and/or anxiety disorder are characterized by automatic self-anxious and self-depressive associations and whether these associations are disorder specific.MethodPatients (n=2329) and non-clinical controls (n=652) were tested as part of The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety, a multi-center, longitudinal, cohort study with patients from different health care settings. Patient groups and non-clinical controls (18–65 years of age) were compared with regard to automatic self-anxious and self-depressive associations measured with the Implicit Association Test.ResultsIndividuals with an anxiety disorder showed enhanced self-anxious associations, whereas individuals with a depression showed enhanced self-depressive associations. Individuals with co-morbid disorders scored high on both automatic self-associations. Although remitted individuals showed weaker automatic self-associations than people with a current disorder, their automatic self-anxious/depressed associations were still significantly stronger than those of the control group. Importantly, automatic self-associations showed predictive validity for the severity of anxious and depressive symptoms over and above explicit self-beliefs.ConclusionsThis study represents the first evidence that automatic self-anxious and self-depressive associations are differentially involved in anxiety disorders and depression. This may help to explain the refractoriness of these disorders and points to the potential importance of automatic self-associations in the development of psychopathological symptoms.

Probability and Cost Biases in Social Phobia: Nature, Specificity, and Relationship to Treatment Outcome

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Nelson ◽  
James J. Lickel ◽  
Jennifer T. Sy ◽  
Laura J. Dixon ◽  
Brett J. Deacon
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Interventions

Social phobia is maintained in part by cognitive biases concerning the probability and cost of negative social events. More specifically, individuals with social phobia tend to believe that negative social events are extremely likely to occur, and that if such events were to happen, the consequences would be awful or unbearable. The aim of the present review is to critically evaluate research on the nature and specificity of probability and cost biases in social phobia. Changes in probability and cost estimates during treatment and their relationship to treatment outcome are detailed. The review concludes with a discussion of how current cognitive behavioral interventions target these biases. Directions for future research are proposed.

Comorbidity of affective disorders

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1714-1714
Author(s):  
M.J. Martín Calvo ◽  
L. Fernández Mayo ◽  
I. García del Castillo ◽  
R. Carmona Camacho ◽  
E. Serrano Drozdowskyj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Integrative Model ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bipolar Ii ◽  
Axis I

IntroductionThe studies about the comorbidity of major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) have increased in the last years. The comorbidity with Axis I psychiatric disorders complicates the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.ObjectivesTo analyze the prevalence of affective disorders associated with another Axis I psychiatric disorders to treat correctly from the beginning of the diagnosis and to improve the course of the disorder and the quality of life of these patientsMethodsThe subjects who participated in the study were diagnosed of bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder and MDD, according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. The sample (n = 114) was divided into three groups: MDD (n = 58), BD (n = 31) and a control group of healthy subjects (n = 25). The diagnosis and stability were assessed using the MINI International Neuropsyquiatric Interview and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS).ResultsBD had a significantly association with risk of suicide (38%), anxiety disorder (3.3%) and social phobia (12.9%). It was also reported a significant association between MDD and risk of suicide (71%), manic/hypomanic episodes (25.9%), anxiety disorder (37.9%), social phobia (25.9%) and generalized anxiety disorder (37.9%).ConclusionsIt is necessary for clinical practice an integrative model which takes into account the comorbidity of affective disorders to improve the response to treatment and the prognosis of these mental disorders

Experimentally Modifying Interpretations for Positive and Negative Social Scenarios in Children: A Preliminary Investigation

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanos P. Vassilopoulos ◽  
Nicholas J. Moberly ◽  
Georgia Zisimatou
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Positive Events ◽  
Socially Anxious ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Interpretation Biases ◽  
Training Control

Background: Past research suggests that socially anxious individuals display a tendency to interpret ambiguous and clearly valenced information in a threatening way. Interpretation training programs, in which individuals are trained to endorse benign rather than negative interpretations of ambiguous social scenarios, have proven effective for reducing anxiety-related cognitive biases. However, it is not clear whether the same paradigms are effective in modifying interpretation biases for clearly valenced social information. Method: In this experiment, a group of unselected children (aged 10–13 years) was trained to endorse the more positive of two possible interpretations of mildly negative and positive social events. Results: Data revealed that this group (n = 77) showed a decrease in catastrophic interpretations and an increase in neutral interpretations of mildly negative events compared to children in a no-training control group (n = 76). Furthermore, participants in the training condition showed an increase in positive interpretations and a trend for a decrease in discounting interpretations of positive events. However, training did not affect emotional ratings of mildly negative and positive events or trait social anxiety. Conclusions: Notwithstanding certain limitations of this pilot study, we believe that the results are promising with regard to modifying interpretative biases for clearly valenced vignettes, and that further study regarding the effects of training on mood is warranted.

Psychopharmacologic Treatment of Panic, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Social Phobia

1993 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Roy-Byrne ◽  
Dane Wingerson ◽  
Deborah Cowley ◽  
Stephen Dager
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety

scholarly journals Educational Intervention to Improve Citizen’s Healthcare Participation Perception in Rural Japanese Communities: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1782
Author(s):  
Ryuichi Ohta ◽  
Yoshinori Ryu ◽  
Jun Kitayuguchi ◽  
Chiaki Sano ◽  
Karen D. Könings
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Japanese Elderly

In this mixed-methods study, we hypothesized that social cognitive theory (SCT)-based educational interventions for healthcare participation can improve the self-efficacy of older rural citizens in participating in their health management without any difficulties. Quasi-experimental study before and after SCT-based educational interventions and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Participants were Japanese elderly (>65 years) from rural communities. Propensity score matching was performed to estimate the effectiveness of educational interventions on participants’ perception (intervention: n = 156; control: n = 121). Interview contents were transcribed verbatim and analyzed based on thematic analysis. The intervention group scored significantly higher than the control group for participation in planning and managing self-care. Interviews revealed three themes: ability to manage health conditions, relationship with medical professionals, and relationship among citizens. Participants reported difficulties in judging symptoms and communicating with medical professionals. Hierarchy and low motivation to participate in healthcare hindered collaboration. The findings suggest that SCT-based educational interventions can positively impact rural citizens’ self-efficacy in healthcare participation.

A Blinded Randomised Trial of Acupuncture (Manual and Electroacupuncture) Compared with a Non-Penetrating Sham for the Symptoms of Osteoarthritis of the Knee

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald W Jubb ◽  
Emad S Tukmachi ◽  
Peter W Jones ◽  
Emma Dempsey ◽  
Lynn Waterhouse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomised Trial ◽  
Symptomatic Improvement ◽  
Sham Acupuncture ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Acupuncture Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acupuncture Points ◽  
Osteoarthritis Of The Knee ◽  
Womac Pain ◽  
Treatment Comparison

Objectives To compare the effect of acupuncture (manual and electroacupuncture) with that of a non-penetrating sham (‘placebo’ needle) in patients with osteoarthritic knee pain and disability who are blind to the treatment allocation. Methods Acupuncture naive patients with symptomatic and radiological evidence of osteoarthritis of the knee were randomly allocated to a course of either acupuncture or non-penetrating sham acupuncture using a sheathed ‘placebo’ needle system. Acupuncture points for pain and stiffness were selected according to acupuncture theory for treating Bi syndrome. Both manual and electrical stimulation were used. Response was assessed using the WOMAC index for osteoarthritis of the knee, self reported pain scale, the EuroQol score and plasma β-endorphin. The effectiveness of blinding was assessed. Results There were 34 patients in each group. The primary end point was the change in WOMAC pain score after the course of treatment. Comparison between the two treatment groups found a significantly greater improvement with acupuncture (mean difference 60, 95% CI 5 to 116, P=0.035) than with sham. Within the acupuncture group there was a significant improvement in pain (baseline 294, mean change 95, 95% CI 60 to 130, P<0.001) which was not seen by those who had sham acupuncture (baseline 261, mean change 35, 95% CI-10 to 80, P=0.12). Similar effects within group, but not between groups, were seen with the secondary end points of WOMAC stiffness, WOMAC function, and self reported pain. One month after treatment the between group pain difference had been lost (mean difference 46; 95% CI −9 to 100, P=0.10) although the acupuncture group was still benefiting compared to baseline (mean difference 59; 95% CI 16 to 102, P=0.009). The EuroQol score, a generic measure of health related quality of life, was not altered by the treatments. A minority of patients correctly guessed their treatment group (41% in the acupuncture group and 44% in the control group). Plasma β-endorphin levels were not affected by either treatment. Conclusions Acupuncture gives symptomatic improvement for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee, and is significantly superior to non-penetrating sham acupuncture. The study did not confirm earlier reports of release of plasma β-endorphin during acupuncture.

Outcome of lymph node tuberculosis management with conventional treatment with and without prednisolone

2021 ◽  
pp. 004947552098474
Author(s):  
Arjuman Sharmin ◽  
Ali Hossain ◽  
Nazmul Islam ◽  
Zakir H Sarker ◽  
Sheikh S Hossain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Complete Resolution ◽  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Symptomatic Improvement ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Lymph Node Tuberculosis ◽  
And Control

The outcome of lymph node tuberculosis (LNTB) management with conventional anti-tubercular treatment alone is unsatisfactory. We conducted a randomised open-label controlled clinical trial in the Department of Respiratory Medicine in Government Institute of Dhaka, Bangladesh from April 2017 to March 2019. Compared with controls, 54 patients of LNTB received category 1 anti-tubercular treatment with additional prednisolone after randomisation. Complete resolution in 21/54 (75%) and 7 (26.9%), symptomatic improvement in 26 (92.9%) and 22 (84.6%) and complications in 11 (39.28%) and 16 (61.53%) were observed in the treatment and control group, respectively. Thus, we recommend the use of steroids in this setting.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on Quality of Life (QOL) and Worry in Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheida Jabalameli ◽  
Hamid Taher Neshat Doost ◽  
Mohammad Bagher Kajbaf ◽  
Hossein Molavi
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Experimental Group

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is one of the most common anxiety disorders. It has been reported that psychological treatments like Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is effective for patients with GAD. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effectiveness of CBT on Quality of Life (QOL) and worry in patients with GAD. A sample of 30 patients with GAD who had been referred to psychiatry offices in Isfahan, Iran were selected and assigned into an experimental group (n=15) and a control group (n=15) randomly.  The experimental group received CBT in 8 weekly sessions. All participants completed the World Health Organization Quality Of Life-Brief (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) at pretest, posttest and follow up. The results of MANCOVA showed that the mean scores of QOL in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group at the posttest and follow up (P<0.05) and the mean scores of worry in the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group at the posttest and follow up (P<0.05) It is concluded that CBT can be applied for the patients with GAD as a useful psychological treatment. In general, CBT can improve QOL and decrease worry in patients with GAD.

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