Development of the Response to Fearful Situations Scale

AbstractBackground:Most measures of anxious avoidance are limited to disorder-specific mechanisms and ignore the measurement of courage/approach responding in confronting fearful situations.Aims:The purpose of the present study was to construct and validate a self-report assessment of the tendency towards avoidant or approach responding in fearful situations, the Response to Fearful Situations Scale (RFSS).Method and Results:In Study 1 (n = 241), exploratory factor analysis resulted in two factors, avoidance and approach. Study 2 (n = 423) replicated the two-factor structure and established test–re-test reliability. In Study 3 (n = 44), the RFSS demonstrated predictive validity on a behavioural avoidance task. In Studies 4 (n = 253) and 5 (n = 256), the RFSS was associated with clinical symptoms above existing measures of avoidance.Discussion:These results validate the use of the RFSS as a transdiagnostic measure of avoidance and approach.

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Simplifying the Measurement of Attitudes towards Autistic People

Experimental Results ◽

10.1017/exp.2020.36 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paul H. P. Hanel ◽

Punit Shah

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Psychometric Properties ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Predictive Validity ◽

Theoretical Models ◽

Attitude Formation ◽

Future Research ◽

Autistic People ◽

Item Scale

AbstractThere is growing interest in quantifying attitudes towards autistic people, however there is relatively little research on psychometric properties of the only existing measure and its ability to predict engagement with people with autism. To begin addressing these issues, we compared three scales measuring attitudes towards autistic people following the development of two new measures. Exploratory factor analysis, across two datasets, revealed that the factor-structure of an established 16-item scale is unclear. Further, its predictive validity of intended engagement with autistic people was comparable to our novel and psychometrically robust 1- and 4-item measures of attitudes towards autistic people. We therefore conclude that a 1- or 4-item scale is sufficient to measure general attitudes towards autistic people in future research. Equally, we propose that additional research is required to develop measures that are grounded in theoretical models of attitude formation and therefore distinguish between different components of attitudes.

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Escala de Comunicación autopercibida en la relación de pareja (CARP)

Anales de Psicología ◽

10.6018/analesps.35.2.334451 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 314-322

Author(s):

Maria-Teresa Iglesias-García ◽

Antonio Urbano-Contreras ◽

Raquel-Amaya Martínez-González

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Cross Validation ◽

Couple Relationship ◽

Good Reliability ◽

Conflict Situations ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Two Factors

Este estudio busca construir y validar la Escala de Comunicación autopercibida en la relación de pareja (CARP) con el fin de ofrecer un instrumento sencillo y útil. Participaron 620 personas que mantenían una relación de pareja. Para estudiar la estructura factorial de la escala se dividió aleatoriamente la muestra en dos submuestras, realizándose una validación cruzada mediante análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC). Asimismo, para comprobar que el modelo se mantenía estable al tener en cuenta la variable sexo, se repitió el análisis factorial confirmatorio con las submuestras de mujeres y de hombres y se aplicó un AFC Multigrupo para comprobar la invarianza factorial en función de esta variable. Se ha obtenido una escala de 8 ítems constituida por dos factores que explican el 46.6% de la varianza y que presenta una buena fiabilidad (α = .75), comprobándose la invarianza estricta en función del sexo. Esta escala puede ser útil en el campo de la detección, prevención e intervención en situaciones de conflicto entre la pareja. This study aims to design and validate the Scale of Self-perceived Communication in the Couple Relationship (SCCR) in order to provide a straightforward and useful instrument. 620 persons who were in a couple relationship took part in this study. The sample was divided randomly into two subsamples to study the factor structure of the scale, carrying out a cross-validation by using an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Also, and to verify that the model remained stable taking account of the variable gender, the confirmatory factor analysis was repeated with the women and men subsamples, and a multigroup CFA was carried out to check the factor invariance according to this variable An 8-items scale was obtained, made up with two factors explaining 46.6% of the variance who also reported a good reliability (α = .75), testing the strict invariance according to the gender. This scale might be useful in the field of detection, prevention and intervention of conflict situations in the couple relationship.

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The Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire: Validation of a Shortened Version in U.S. Youths

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2020.606373 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Jacqueline R. Anderson ◽

Michael Killian ◽

Jennifer L. Hughes ◽

A. John Rush ◽

Madhukar H. Trivedi

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Internal Consistency Reliability ◽

Self Report ◽

Questionnaire Validation ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Report Measure

IntroductionResilience is a factor in how youth respond to adversity. The 88-item Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire is a comprehensive, multi-dimensional self-report measure of resilience developed with Australian youth.MethodsUsing a cross-sectional adolescent population (n = 3,222), confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to replicate the original factor structure. Over half of the adolescents were non-white and 9th graders with a mean age of 15.5.ResultsOur exploratory factor analysis shortened the measure for which we conducted the psychometric analyses. The original factor structure was not replicated. The exploratory factor analysis provided a 49-item measure. Internal consistency reliability for all 12 factors ranged from acceptable (α> 0.70–0.80). The revised factor total scores were highly and significantly correlated with item–total correlation coefficients (r > 0.63, p < 0.001).ConclusionThis revised shorter 49-item version of the Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire could be deployed and has acceptable psychometric properties.

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Assessing the Experience of Awe: Validating the Situational Awe Scale

10.31234/osf.io/dsytn ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

William Leo Donald Krenzer ◽

Sheila Krogh-Jespersen ◽

Jana Greenslit ◽

Aaron Price ◽

Kimberly A Quinn

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Criterion Validity ◽

Self Report ◽

Validity Study ◽

Validity Evidence ◽

Phenomenological Experience ◽

Field Setting ◽

Report Measure

We introduce the Situational Awe Scale (SAS), a self-report measure to assess the momentary, phenomenological experience of awe. An exploratory factor analysis in Study 1 suggested a four-factor structure (connection, oppression, chills, and diminished self), and provided initial evidence of the measure’s convergent and criterion validity. Study 2 provided evidence for the structural validity of the SAS by confirming the factor structure uncovered in Study 1, and replicated the convergent and criterion validity evidence. Study 3 established that the SAS truly assesses situational awe by demonstrating that SAS scores varied in response to situations that elicit more versus less awe. Finally, Study 4 extended the evidence for the convergent and criterion validity of the SAS to a field setting (Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago). Across four studies, we constructed and validated the SAS, laying the groundwork for fruitful future investigation into the determinants and outcomes of awe.

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Comparison of Unitary and Multidimensional Models of the Whiteley Index in a Nonclinical Sample: Implications for Understanding and Assessing Health Anxiety

Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy ◽

10.1891/0889-8391.22.2.87 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 87-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Gordon J. R. Asmundson ◽

Nicholas R. Carleton ◽

Candice V. Bovell ◽

Steven Taylor

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Health Anxiety ◽

Self Report ◽

Future Research ◽

Fit Indices ◽

Two Factors ◽

Item Content ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Health anxiety is an important but poorly assessed phenomenon. Manifesting along a continuum, health anxiety is the result of a catastrophic appraisal of somatic sensations and changes as indicative of disease. The Whiteley Index (WI) is one of the most widely used self-report measures for assessing health anxiety both for research and for clinical practice. It generally exhibits excellent and robust psychometric properties for internal consistency, test–retest reliability, convergent validity, and concurrent validity; however, both its item content and its factor structure are matters of debate. Moreover, the measure has rarely been assessed in nonclinical samples. For the present study, a sample of 300 participants from the University of Regina completed the WI. If the latent dimensions identified in factor analysis represent etiologic mechanisms, then the elucidation of the WI’s factor structure may enhance our understanding of health anxiety. Exploratory factor analysis was used to determine a robust and reliable item content and factor structure, resulting in a six-item two-factor structure that was invariant across gender. The two factors were denoted Somatic Symptoms/Bodily Preoccupation and Disease Worry/Phobia. Previous factor structure solutions were compared to the factor structure derived from this study by means of confirmatory factor analysis. The newly established item content and factor structure resulted in acceptable fit indices that were statistically superior to those found using the previous factor structure solutions. Implications and directions for assessment of health anxiety and future research are discussed.

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THE FACTOR STRUCTURE OF MEMORY COMPLAINTS OVER TIME

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igz038.808 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S221-S221

Author(s):

Jacqueline Mogle ◽

Nikki Hill ◽

Sakshi Bhargava ◽

Tyler Bell ◽

Emily Whitaker

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Memory Complaints ◽

Two Factors ◽

Best Fitting ◽

One Year ◽

Fitting Model ◽

Over Time

Abstract Although memory complaints are assessed with a variety of items to track change in individuals as they age, it remains unclear which items best capture change. Adults aged 70 to 104 (n=1,344, 38% Male) completed six memory complaints items annually for up to 11 years: frequency of problems, one year decline, ten year decline, seriousness of problems, forgetting important things, and current functioning compared to functioning at age 30. Using multilevel exploratory factor analysis, the best fitting model indicated one factor fit the between person structure with all items loading significantly. Across time, items required two factors. Items about decline loaded together while the item about functioning compared to functioning at age 30 dominated a second factor. Remaining items did not load on either factor across time. This suggests these items assessing memory complaints are better at discriminating across persons rather than tracking changes within a person across time.

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Exploring leadership styles for innovation: an exploratory factor analysis

Engineering Management in Production and Services ◽

10.1515/emj-2017-0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 7-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Warit Wipulanusat ◽

Kriengsak Panuwatwanich ◽

Rodney A. Stewart

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Transformational Leadership ◽

Leadership Styles ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Management Training ◽

Vital Role ◽

Development Programs ◽

The Public ◽

Two Factors

AbstractLeadership plays a vital role in building the process, structures, and climate for an organisation to become innovative and to motivate team expectations toward innovations. This study explores the leadership styles that engineers regard as significant for innovation in the public sector. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to identify the principal leadership styles influencing innovation in the Australian Public Service (APS), using survey data extracted from the 2014 APS employee census comprising 3 125 engineering professionals in Commonwealth of Australia departments. EFA returned a two-factor structure explaining 77.6% of the variance of the leadership for innovation construct. In this study, the results from the EFA provided a clear estimation of the factor structure of the measures for leadership for innovation. From the results, the two factors extracted were transformational leadership and consideration leadership. In transformational leadership, a leader values organisational objectives, inspires subordinates to perform, and motivates followers beyond expected levels of work standards. Consideration leadership refers to the degree to which a leader shows concern and expressions of support for subordinates, takes care of their welfare, treats members as equals, and displays warmth and approachability. These findings highlight the role of leadership as the most critical predictor when considering the degree to which subordinates strive for creativity and innovation. Both transformational and consideration leadership styles are recommended to be incorporated into management training and development programs. This study also recommends that Commonwealth departments recruit supervisors who have both of these leadership styles before implementing innovative projects.

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The Companion Animal Bonding Scale: Internal Consistency and Factor Structure When Administered by Telephone

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1997.80.3.937 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 80 (3) ◽

pp. 937-939 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Robert H. Poresky

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Telephone Interview ◽

Companion Animal ◽

Self Report ◽

Behavioral Measure ◽

Cronbach Alpha ◽

Two Factors ◽

Human Animal

The performance of the 8-item Companion Animal Bonding Scale as a self-report behavioral measure of the human-animal relationship when administered as part of a telephone interview is described. For 784 respondents Cronbach alpha for internal consistency was .74 and the SPSS for Windows Principal Components factor analysis of its internal structure yielded two factors which accounted for 55% of the scale's variance. These results are similar to the scale's Cronbach alpha of .82 and the first two of the three factors which accounted for 56% of the variance when the scale was included in a written questionnaire.

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Development and Validation of Attitude Towards Honour Killing Scale

Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research ◽

10.33824/pjpr.2020.35.2.13 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 227-251

Author(s):

Sadia Huda ◽

Anila Kamal

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Capital City ◽

Item Pool ◽

Study Results ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Two Factors ◽

Honour Killing

The present study aimed at developing a valid and reliable scale for assessing attitudes towards honour killing in Pakistan. The scale was developed in three phases; item pool generation, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. The initial item pool was generated form in-depth interviews with professionals (i.e., lawyers, journalists, psychologists, religious scholars, police officials, and social activists) and perpetrators in jail. In order to validate the initial 19 item scale, 459 adults, within the age range of 18-60 years were recruited from the Federal capital city and other cities of Punjab by using convenient sampling technique. For validation of the factor structure, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was run using Maximum Likelihood (ML) extraction method and promax rotation method. The analysis yielded two factors (affirmation and deterrents of honour killing) that accounted for 32% variance. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was carried out to validate the factor structure explored through EFA. An independent sample of 695 adults was recruited for confirmatory study. Results of CFA indicated a good model fit for the final scale comprising 17 items. The Cronbach alpha coefficients for the two factors were .79 and .61, respectively. The convergent and discriminant validity of the final scale was also determined using the Gender Role Attitude Scale (Anila & Ansari, 1992) and Extremism Scale (Gilani & Altaf, 2005.

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The Development and Validation of a Measure to Assess COVID-19 Stress among College Students for Sustainable Education

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13179828 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (17) ◽

pp. 9828

Author(s):

V. Vineeth Kumar ◽

Bhagyasree Chatterjee ◽

Geetika Tankha

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Factor Analysis ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Predictive Validity ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Second Phase ◽

Factor Loadings ◽

Composite Reliability

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on students’ personal, academic, and social life has been quite stressful. The threat to life from the virus, social isolation, and the need to shift from face-to-face learning to online mode has been challenging. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a self-administered tool to assess the source of COVID-19 pandemic stress among college students. The data was collected online using google forms in two phases. The data collected from 173 participants from phase one was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The second phase data of 216 participants were analyzed to validate the factor structure using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The standardized factor loadings, Composite Reliability (CR), and AVE of factors were assessed to determine the convergent validity of the scale. Similarly, discriminant validity and concurrent predictive validity were assessed through the HTMT ratio of correlations and ROC curves, respectively. A succession of Exploratory Factor Analysis yielded a five-factor solution, explaining 73.83 percent variance with 13 indices. CFA via maximum likelihood with bootstrapping indicated a good fit for the five-factor model (SRMR = 0.037, RMSEA = 0.049, CFI = 0.981). The standardized factor loadings, Composite Reliability (CR), and AVE of factors together suggest acceptable convergent validity. Further, the ROC curve results to assess stress indicated an acceptable AUC, with a magnitude of 0.79, p < 0.01, indicating concurrent predictive validity for the five-factor Student COVID-19 Stress Scale (SCSS). HTMT ratio of correlations <0.85 indicated discriminant validity for the factor structure. The CR > 0.70 for the dimensions indicated acceptable reliability. Thus, the SCSS can be an effective instrument to assess the source of pandemic stress among students so that tailor-made timely interventions can be provided to prevent long-term adverse effects.

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