Response Time Consistency Is an Indicator of Executive Control Rather than Global Cognitive Ability

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 456-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon P. Vasquez ◽  
Malcolm A. Binns ◽  
Nicole D. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Cognitive Domains

AbstractObjectives: Intraindividual variability increases with age, but the relative strength of association with cognitive domains is still unclear. The objective of this study was to examine the relation between cognitive domains and the shape and spread of response time (RT) distributions as indexed by intraindividual standard deviation (ISD), and ex-Gaussian parameters (μ, σ, τ). Methods: Healthy adults (40 young [aged 18–30 years], 40 young-old [aged 65–74 years], and 41 old-old [aged 75–85 years]) completed neuropsychological testing and a touch-screen attention task from which ISD and ex-Gaussian parameters were derived. The relation between RT performance and cognitive domains (memory, processing speed, executive functioning) was examined with structural equation modeling (SEM), and the predictive power of RT distribution indices over age was investigated with linear regression. Results:ISD, μ, and τ, but not σ, showed a linear increase with age group. An SEM showed that independent of age, τ was most strongly associated with executive functioning, while μ exhibited less critical associations. Linear regression indicated that μ and τ explained a significant portion of variance in processing speed and executive ability in addition to age group. Memory was more parsimoniously predicted by age, without any significant contribution of ex-Gaussian parameters. Conclusions: The findings suggest that exceptionally slow responses convey attention lapses through wavering of cognitive control, which strongly correspond to executive functioning tests. General slowing and extremely slow responses predicted processing speed and executive performance beyond age group, indicating that RT metrics are sensitive to differences in cognitive ability. (JINS, 2018, 24, 456–465)

scholarly journals Association of ADHD and Executive Functioning With Childhood Depression

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1368-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle C. Fenesy ◽  
Steve S. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
Childhood Depression ◽  
Treatment Resistance ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Child Depression ◽  
Parent Ratings ◽  
Intervention Method ◽  
Independent Association

Objective: Despite its association with increased severity and treatment resistance, relatively little is known about the correlates of early-onset childhood depression. ADHD and executive functioning (EF) are each related to depression. Given their covariation, we tested the independent association of ADHD dimensions (i.e., inattention, hyperactivity) and EF with childhood depression using structural equation modeling to identify potential targets for intervention. Method: Participants were 225 five- to 10-year-old children (68% male) with ( n = 117) and without ( n = 108) ADHD. Youth completed laboratory assessments of EF, and parent, teacher, and youth reports of depression were gathered. Results: With control of EF and anxiety, across informants, inattention, but not hyperactivity, was positively related to child depression. EF was positively associated with depression according to parent ratings only. Conclusion: We consider the association of inattention and EF with childhood depression, including implications for intervention and prevention from a developmental psychopathology framework.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Financial Literacy and Financial Behaviour of Investors in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-90
Author(s):  
Muhammad Junaid Khan ◽  
Dr. Faheem Aslam ◽  
Syed Nisar-Ul-Mulk
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Financial Behavior ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Financial Socialization ◽  
The Impact

The main purpose of our study is to find out the impact of financial socialization, cognitive ability, and self-efficacy on financial literacy and financial behavior of investors in Pakistan. This study has used a non-probability convenience-based sampling technique for collecting the data. A total of 429 individual investors were analyzed with the help of structural equation modeling (SEM) through Smart PLS. The results of our research study suggested that the participation of female investors as compare to male investors is very low. The main results of the study showed that cognitive ability and self-efficacy have a significantly positive impact on financial literacy, but an insignificant impact of these two variables on financial behavior was found. Findings also suggested that the influence of financial socialization on financial literacy is insignificant, while financial behavior is positively influenced by financial socialization and financial literacy. In mediating analysis cognitive ability and self-efficacy have positively affected financial behavior, while financial socialization has an insignificant effect on financial behavior through financial literacy. This research study provides important implications for researchers and other policymakers. Policymakers can formulate policies regarding trainings to improve the financial literacy of investors. Researcher can further investigate these variables for other segments of the society.

scholarly journals The Impact of Situational Test Anxiety on Retest Effects in Cognitive Ability Testing: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Jendryczko ◽  
Jana Scharfen ◽  
Heinz Holling
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Test Anxiety ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Measurement Bias ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Situational Test

When a cognitive ability is assessed repeatedly, test scores and ability estimates are often observed to increase across test sessions. This phenomenon is known as the retest (or practice) effect. One explanation for retest effects is that situational test anxiety interferes with a testee’s performance during earlier test sessions, thereby creating systematic measurement bias on the test items (interference hypothesis). Yet, the influence of anxiety diminishes with test repetitions. This explanation is controversial, since the presence of measurement bias during earlier measurement occasions cannot always be confirmed. It is argued that people from the lower end of the ability spectrum become aware of their deficits in test situations and therefore report higher anxiety (deficit hypothesis). In 2014, a structural equation model was proposed that specifically allows the comparison of these two hypotheses with regard to explanatory power for the negative anxiety–ability correlation found in cross-sectional assessments. We extended this model for usage in longitudinal studies to investigate the impact of test anxiety on test performance and on retest effects. A latent neighbor-change growth curve was implemented into the model that enables an estimation of retest effects between all pairs of successive test sessions. Systematic restrictions on model parameters allow testing the hypothetical reduction in anxiety interference over the test sessions, which can be compared to retest effect sizes. In an empirical study with seven measurement occasions, we found that a substantial reduction in interference upon the second test session was associated with the largest retest effect in a figural matrices test, which served as a proxy measure for general intelligence. However, smaller retest effects occurred up to the fourth test administration, whereas evidence for anxiety-induced measurement bias was only produced for the first two test sessions. Anxiety and ability were not negatively correlated at any time when the interference effects were controlled for. Implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Analysis of Multiple Biomarkers Using Structural Equation Modeling

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 266-278
Author(s):  
Wenhao Cao ◽  
Stephen S. Hecht ◽  
Sharon E. Murphy ◽  
Haitao Chu ◽  
Neal L. Benowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Toxicant Exposure ◽  
Smoking Intensity ◽  
Sum Score ◽  
Exposure Variable ◽  
Multiple Biomarkers ◽  
The Relationship

Objectives: When examining the relationship between smoking intensity and toxicant exposure biomarkers, to understand the potential risk for smoking-related disease, individual biomarkers may not be strongly associated with smoking intensity because of the inherent variability in biomarkers. Structural equation modeling (SEM) offers a powerful solution by modeling the relationship between smoking intensity and multiple biomarkers through a latent variable. Methods: We used baseline data from a randomized trial (N = 1250) to estimate the relationship between smoking intensity and a latent toxicant exposure variable summarizing 5 volatile organic compound biomarkers. We analyzed 2 variables of smoking intensity: the self-report cigarettes smoked per day and total nicotine equivalents in urine. SEM was compared with linear regression with each biomarker analyzed individually or with the sum score of the 5 biomarkers. Results: SEM models showed strong relationships between smoking intensity and the latent toxicant exposure variable, and the relationship was stronger than its counterparts in linear regression with each biomarker analyzed separately or with the sum score. Conclusions: SEM is a powerful multivariate statistical method for studying multiple biomarkers assessing the same class of harmful constituents. This method could be used to evaluate exposure from different combusted tobacco products.

scholarly journals Competing complexity metrics and adults' production of complex sentences

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hintat Cheung ◽  
Susan Kemper
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Complexity Metrics ◽  
Modeling Techniques

ABSTRACTThe adequacy of 11 metrics for measuring linguistic complexity was evaluated by applying each metric to language samples obtained from 30 different adult speakers, aged 60–90 years. The analysis then determined how well each metric indexed age-group differences in complexity. In addition, individual differences in the complexity of adults' language were examined as a function of these complexity metrics using structural equation modeling techniques. In a follow-up study, judges listened to sentences in noise, rated their comprehensibility, and attempted to recall each sentence verbatim. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to evaluate the structural equation model, derived from the language samples, with respect to sentence comprehensibility and recall. While most of the metrics provided an adequate account of age-group and individual differences in complexity, the amount of embedding and the type of embedding proved to predict how easily sentences are understood and how accurately they are recalled.

scholarly journals Predictors of Memory and Processing Speed Dysfunctions after Traumatic Brain Injury

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Winardi ◽  
Aij-Lie Kwan ◽  
Tse-Lun Wang ◽  
Yu-Feng Su ◽  
Chun-Po Yen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Clinical Predictors ◽  
Neurosurgical Department ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Memory Processing

Background. The aims of this study were to evaluate the predictive value of admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores, duration of unconsciousness, neurosurgical intervention, and countercoup lesion on the impairment of memory and processing speed functions six months after a traumatic brain injury (TBI) based on a structural equation modeling.Methods. Thirty TBI patients recruited from Neurosurgical Department at the Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital were administered the Wechsler Memory Scale-III (WMS-III) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III processing speed index to evaluate the memory and processing speed functions.Results. The study showed that GCS scores accounted for 40% of the variance in memory/processing speed. No significant predictive effects were found for the other three variables. GCS classification at the time of TBI seems to correspond moderately to the severity of memory/processing speed dysfunctions.Conclusions. The present study demonstrated that admission GCS score is a robust predictor of memory/processing speed dysfunctions after TBI. The results should be replicated with a large sample of patients with TBI, or be extended by examining other potential clinical predictors.

Relative Roles of Cognitive Ability and Practical Intelligence in the Prediction of Success

2001 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 931-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon E. Taub ◽  
B. Grant Hayes ◽  
Walter R. Cunningham ◽  
Stephen A. Sivo
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
General Factor ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Practical Intelligence ◽  
Academic Psychology ◽  
Predictor Of Success ◽  
The Relationship

Initial investigations into the construct of practical intelligence have identified a new general factor of practical intelligence ( gp), which is believed to be independent of general cognitive ability. This construct, gp, is also believed to be a better predictor of success than cognitive ability, personality, or any combination of variables independent of gp. The existence of this construct and its independence from Spearman's g is, however, under debate. The purpose of the present study is to investigate both the relationship between gp and g and the relative roles of practical intelligence and cognitive ability in the prediction of success. The participants included 197 college students. Each completed both the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery and Sternberg and Wagner's measure of practical intelligence in academic psychology. The results of structural equation modeling support Sternberg and Wagner's assertion that practical intelligence and general cognitive ability are relatively independent constructs. Results of regression analysis, however, do not support their contention that practical intelligence is related to success after controlling for general cognitive ability. Implications of these results for research and theory on practical intelligence are discussed.

scholarly journals Physical frailty and decline in general and specific cognitive abilities: the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catharine Gale ◽  
Stuart J Ritchie ◽  
John M Starr ◽  
Ian J Deary
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Visuospatial Ability ◽  
Physical Frailty ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Lothian Birth Cohort

BackgroundPhysical frailty is associated with many adverse outcomes including disability, chronic disease, hospitalisation, institutionalisation and death. It is unclear what impact it might have on the rate of normal cognitive ageing. We investigated whether physical frailty was related to initial level of, and change in, cognitive abilities from age 70 to 79 years.MethodParticipants were 950 members of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Physical frailty was assessed at age 70 years using the Fried criteria. Cognitive function was assessed at ages 70, 73, 76 and 79 years. We used linear regression to examine cross-sectional and prospective associations between physical frailty status at age 70 years and factor score estimates for baseline level of and change in four cognitive domains (visuospatial ability, memory, processing speed and crystallised ability) and in general cognitive ability.ResultsPhysical frailty, but not prefrailty, was associated with lower baseline levels of visuospatial ability, memory, processing speed and general cognitive ability after control for age, sex, education, depressive symptoms, smoking and number of chronic illnesses. Physical frailty was associated with greater decline in each cognitive domain: age-adjusted and sex-adjusted standardised regression coefficients (95% CIs) were: −0.45 (−0.70 to –0.20) for visuospatial ability, −0.32 (−0.56 to –0.07) for memory, −0.47 (−0.72 to −0.22) for processing speed, −0.43 (−0.68 to –0.18) for crystallised ability and −0.45 (−0.70 to –0.21) for general cognitive ability. These associations were only slightly attenuated after additional control for other covariates.ConclusionPhysical frailty may be an important indicator of age-related decline across multiple cognitive domains.

The relationship between negative symptom subdomains and cognition

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 2169-2177 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lim ◽  
S.-A. Lee ◽  
M. Lam ◽  
A. Rapisarda ◽  
M. Kraus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptom ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundNegative symptoms and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are partially overlapping. However, the nature of the relationship between negative symptoms and cognition remains equivocal. Recent reviews have demonstrated the presence of two negative symptom subdomains, diminished emotional expression (DEE) and avolition. In view of this, we sought to clarify the relationship between negative symptoms and cognitive domains.MethodA total of 687 participants with schizophrenia were assessed on measures of psychopathology and cognition. Three cognitive factors, namely executive function, fluency/memory and speed/vigilance were computed from the cognitive tests. Confirmatory factor analysis was utilized to examine if a one-factor or two-factor negative model was applicable to our sample. Subsequently, the relationships between negative symptoms and cognition were examined using structural equation modeling.ResultsResults demonstrated that the two-factor model fitted the data well. While negative symptoms were mildly to moderately associated with cognition, we found that DEE had unique associations with cognition compared to social avolition, contributing to the validity of the constructs and suggesting the possibility of common underlying substrates in negative symptoms and cognition.ConclusionsOur study highlighted the need to classify DEE and social avolition separately as both are necessary in refining the complex relationship between negative symptoms and cognition as well as potentially guiding treatment and management of schizophrenia.

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