Symptoms of depression in children part of the “snowflake” generation and their input for the functioning of the whole family. Narrative research of modern families

In the article I analyze the problem of mental health about children of the generation of "snowflakes". The subject of the article is the problem of child depression affecting the whole family system. The main symptoms of this disease are presented. They are discussed in detail with their impact on family relationships. The main functions of the family were recalled, as they gave the structure for the analysis of narrative tests. A lot of attention was paid to the description of the impact of depression on the life of the whole family, including marriage, contact with children, social contacts, changes in the family's activity and material situation, as well as emotional reactions of family members. The analysis of narrative tests shows the family's reactions to the child's disease.

Timing of parental depression on risk of child depression and poor educational outcomes: A population based routine data cohort study from Born in Wales, UK

Background Maternal depression is a risk factor for depression in children, though the influence of paternal depression has been less well examined. We examined the association between maternal and paternal depression, and the timing of their depression (before or after the child’s birth) and outcomes for the child including incidence of child depression and poor educational attainment. Methods A linked routine data cohort study linking General Practitioner(GP), hospital and education records of young people (aged 0 to 30 years) in Wales. Parental and child diagnosis of depression was identified from GP data. Regression analysis examined the association of maternal and paternal depression with time to diagnosis of depression in the child and odds of attaining educational milestones. Outcomes In adjusted models, the relative risk of offspring developing depression was 1.22 if the mother had depression before the child was born, 1.55 if the mother had depression after the child was born and 1.73 if she had depression both before and after the child was born (chronic depression), compared to those were there was no maternal depression history. For achieving milestones at end of primary school, odds were 0.92, 0.88 and 0.79 respectively. Association of depression in the child was similar if the male living in the household had depression with risk ratios of 1.24 (before), 1.43 (after) and 1.27 (before and after) for child diagnosed depression and 0.85, 0.79 and 0.74 for achieving age 11 milestones. Interpretation Children who live with a parent who has depression are more likely to develop depression and not achieve educational milestones, compared to children who live with a parent who has a history of depression (but no active depression in child’s lifetime) and compared to those with no depression. This finding suggests that working closely with families where depression (particularly chronic depression) is present in either parent and treating parental depression to remission is likely to have long-term benefits for children’s mental health and educational attainment.

Ethnic Disparities and the Psychological Trauma of Maltreated Children: Evidence from Three Multi-ethnic Counties in China

This study aims to discuss the effect of ethnicity on child maltreatment trauma in China and to contribute to international knowledge on the quality of life of children. The data come from a survey of 1763 rural children (Mage = 12.34, 50.0% boys) in three multi-ethnic counties in western China that was conducted from November 2019 to January 2020 with the modified versions of the “Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire” Scale. There are three important findings of this study. First, child maltreatment is significantly related to child depression in China. The depression score and rate of severe depression symptoms (SDS) are 2.09 times and 3.82 times higher, respectively, for maltreated children than children without maltreatment. Second, the effects of maltreatment on child depression differ significantly among the ethnic groups. The negative effect of maltreatment is most influential among the Han population and least influential among the Zhuang population. Third, ethnic disparities are also found in the effects of the influencing factors on child depression. The effect of intergenerational relationships on child depression is significant only in the Han and Tibetan populations, while the negative effect of peer support is found only among Han, Tibetan, and Miao children. Based on the confirmation of ethnic disparities in trauma due to maltreatment, this study suggests that it is necessary to establish a high-quality psychological intervention system in China’s multi-ethnic counties.

Prenatal Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Exposure, Depression and Brain Morphology in Middle Childhood: Results from the ABCD Study

ABSTRACTObjectivePrenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) exposure has been inconsistently linked to depression. Potential neural intermediaries remain understudied. We examined whether prenatal SSRI exposure is associated with depressive symptoms and brain structure during middle childhood.MethodsPrenatal SSRI exposure (retrospective caregiver-report), depressive symptoms (caregiver-reported Child Behavior Checklist) and brain structure (MRI-derived subcortical volume; cortical thickness and surface area) were assessed in children (analytic ns=5,420-7,528; 235 with prenatal SSRI exposure; 9-10 years old) who completed the baseline session of the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study. Covariates included familial (e.g., 1st degree relative depression density), pregnancy (e.g., planned pregnancy), and child (e.g., birthweight) variables. Matrix spectral decomposition was used to address multiple testing.ResultsThere was no evidence that prenatal SSRI exposure was associated with child depression after accounting for recent maternal depressive symptoms. Prenatal SSRI exposure was associated with greater left superior parietal surface area (b=145.3 mm2, p=0.00038) and lateral occipital cortical thickness (b=0.0272 mm, p=0.0000079), neither of which was associated with depressive symptoms.ConclusionsOur findings, combined with adverse associations of prenatal exposure to maternal depression and the utility of SSRIs for treating depression, suggest that risk for child depression during middle childhood should not discourage SSRI use during pregnancy. It will be important for future work to examine associations between prenatal SSRI exposure and depression through young adulthood, when risk for depression increases.

The Influence of Parental Anxious Rearing on Child Depression: The Moderating Effect of Self-Competence

This study explored the relationship between parental anxiety and depression in children, and studied the moderating role of children’s self-competence. Through a series of research tools, the anxious rearing, children’s depression and children’s self-competence are studied respectively. The results show that anxious rearing can significantly predict children’s depression, and self-competence can alleviate this effect.

The roles of attachment style and maternal depression in the development of childhood depression

This study aimed to determine how stable parent ratings of their infant's temperament/attachment style is across one year of development and establish if there is a specific pathway that leads to child depression and or internalizing and externalizing behaviors originating with maternal depression or insecure attachment styles between the infant and their mothers. The data for this study was collected as part of a multisite, randomized trial of Hawaii's Healthy Start Program (HSP) (Duggan et al., 2004). The Hawaii Healthy Start Program (HSP) is a home visiting program targeted at families at-risk of child abuse and neglect. The racial and ethnic characteristics for total participants are as follows: 12 percent identified as White, 9 percent identified as Asian, 13 percent identified as Pacific Islander, 20 percent identified as Filipino, 20 percent identified as Native Hawaiian, 27 percent identified as Black/ Multiracial (Duggan et al. 1999). The mean age for participating mothers was 23.4 (SD = 5.8) and 68 percent of the families had incomes belopoverty line (Duggan et al., 1999). The following measures were used in the present study: The Bate's Attachment Scale, The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), The Child Behavioral Checklist (CBCL), and The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Unlike the majority of literature, the present findings suggest that maternal depression and attachment issues during the first year of life served as only a very modest risk for future child internalizing symptoms. Similar to the findings regarding child depression, relations between parent and teacher rated externalizing symptoms, maternal depression, and attachment were fairly small. Only for parent rated externalizing symptoms there was a small association between externalizing score and maternal depression and a small association between parent rating of externalizing behaviors and parent ratings of child attachment. Keywords: child depression, child externalizing behaviors, maternal depression

THE ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT FOR ADOLESCENTS WITH CANCER

Objectives. The aim of the study was to identify specific elements of stress for adolescents surviving cancer, and the working hypothesis was that there are statistically significant correlations between the items of the three scales used in the study. Material and methods. Between January and February 2020, 45 adolescents participated (13-18 years), 26 girls and 19 boys, in a survey in which three tests were used: Child Depression Inventory -CDI 10 items, Scale of irrationality for children and adolescents-CASI with 28 items in four subscales (Intolerance to frustration given by rules, Global self-assessment, Absolutist requirement for justice, Intolerance to frustration given to work) and post-traumatic developmental scale-SRGS with 15 items. Results. Statistically significant associations were identified between certain items from the scales used in the study and the result very highly statistically significant is given by associating item "I realized it was better to have more trust in me" with item "I learned to defend my personal rights" ( p <0.05, χ 2 t east). The interaction between the dependent variable "I learned to defend my personal rights" with the independent variables "It's awful to be wrongfully blamed by the teacher" and "There are things that bother me" through the regression model and the result was statistically significant (p <0.05, F test). Conclusions. The associations and the results obtained indicate the need for effective communication with adolescents with cancer to identify psycho-emotional needs and stress management. Keywords: cancer, depression, anxiety, adolescence, stress.

Timing of parental depression on risk of child depression and poor educational outcomes: a population based routine data cohort study from Born in Wales, UK

BackgroundMaternal depression is a risk factor for depression in children, though the influence of paternal depression has been less well examined. We examined the association between maternal and paternal depression, and the timing of their depression (before or after the child’s birth) and outcomes for the child including incidence of child depression and poor educational attainment.MethodsA linked routine data cohort study linking General Practitioner(GP), hospital and education records of young people (aged 0 to 30 years) in Wales. Parental and child diagnosis of depression was identified from GP data. Regression analysis examined the association of maternal and paternal depression with time to diagnosis of depression in the child and odds of attaining educational milestones.OutcomesIn adjusted models, the relative risk of offspring developing depression was 1.22 if the mother had depression before the child was born, 1.55 if the mother had depression after the child was born and 1.73 if she had depression both before and after the child was born (chronic depression), compared to those were there was no maternal depression history. For achieving milestones at end of primary school, odds were 0.92, 0.88 and 0.79 respectively. Association of depression in the child was similar if the male living in the household had depression with risk ratios of 1.24 (before), 1.43 (after) and 1.27 (before and after) for child diagnosed depression and 0.85, 0.79 and 0.74 for achieving age 11 milestones.InterpretationChildren who live with a parent who has depression are more likely to develop depression and not achieve educational milestones, compared to children who live with a parent who has a history of depression (but no active depression in child’s lifetime) and compared to those with no depression. This finding suggests that working closely with families where depression (particularly chronic depression) is present in either parent and treating parental depression to remission is likely to have long-term benefits for children’s mental health and educational attainment.FundingThis study had no specific funding. The infrastructure to enable the study was funded by Health Care Research Wales (https://healthandcareresearchwales.org/) which funded; the National Centre for Population Health and Wellbeing Research (https://ncphwr.org.uk/) enabling the involvement of SB, CT, MAR, TK, the National Centre for Mental Health Wales (https://www.ncmh.info/), which supported the involvement of FR, and the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage Database (https://saildatabank.com/)