A Review of Lifetime Risk Factors for Mortality

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (S1) ◽  
pp. 17-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kuh ◽  
R. Hardy ◽  
M. Hotopf ◽  
D. A. Lawlor ◽  
B. Maughan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
System Level ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Research Collaborations ◽  
Common Risk Factors ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTThis review was undertaken for the Faculty and Institute of Actuaries as part of their programme to encourage research collaborations between health researchers and actuaries in order to understand better the factors influencing mortality and longevity. The authors presented their findings in a number of linked sessions at the Edinburgh conference (Joining Forces on Mortality and Longevity) in October 2009 and contributed to this overview. The purpose is to review evidence for the impact on adult mortality of characteristics of the individual's lifetime socioeconomic or psychosocial environment or phenotype at the behavioural; multi-system (e.g. cognitive and physical function); or body system level (e.g. vascular and metabolic traits) that may be common risk factors for a number of major causes of death. This review shows there is growing evidence from large studies and systematic reviews that these individual characteristics, measured in pre-adult as well as the adult life, are associated with later mortality risk. The relative contribution of lifetime environment, genetic factors and chance, whether these contributions change with age, and the underlying social and biological pathways are still to be clarified. This review identifies areas where further life course research is warranted.

scholarly journals Risk factors for physical inactivity across the adult life span: the impact of depression

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 274-274
Author(s):  
J Walker ◽  
H Christensen ◽  
T Windsor ◽  
A George
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Adult Life Span ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Coexistence of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases among Brazilian adolescents: Individual characteristics and school environment

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254838
Author(s):  
Thales Philipe Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Fernanda Penido Matozinhos ◽  
Lucia Helena Almeida Gratão ◽  
Luana Lara Rocha ◽  
Luisa Arantes Vilela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Private Schools ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Risk Profile ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
School Level ◽  
Cvd Risk

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) share common and modifiable risk factors; among them, unhealthy eating, physical inactivity, alcohol intake and smoking habit. However, these factors are not observed in separate and, most often, they influence each other. Risk factors established during adolescence are highly likely to remain in adult life. The aims of the current study were to evaluate the prevalence and coexistence of risk factors for CVD, as well as to investigate individual characteristic of the adolescent and environmental factors associated with risk factors’ coexistence profiles. This was a cross-sectional, national, school-based epidemiological study that estimated the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years who attended public and private schools located in Brazilian counties with a population of more than 100 thousand. For this study, thematic blocks referring to alcohol consumption, eating habits, smoking, and physical activity were used. The grade of membership method was used to identify the coexistence of risk and protective factors for CVD among adolescents. The study analytical sample comprised 71,552 adolescents. Multilevel logistic regression was used to assess the association between factors influencing the coexistence profile of risk factors for CVD. Based on adolescent-level variables, has shown that meeting positive criterion for Common Mental Disorders and not consuming the meals provided by the school have significantly increased the likelihood of belonging to the CVD-risk profile. On the other hand, school-level variables, show that studying in private schools and living in economically favored Brazilian regions have increased adolescents’ likelihood of belonging to the CVD-risk profile. These results can be used to substantiate the inclusion of food environment variables in public policies focused on preventing CVD development among Brazilian adolescents.

On the impact of market mergers over herding: evidence from EURONEXT

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Andrikopoulos ◽  
Andreas Albin Hoefer ◽  
Vasileios Kallinterakis
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Market Volatility ◽  
Herd Behavior ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Common Risk Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
European Equity ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present and empirically test for the first time the hypothesis that herding in a market increases following the market's merger in an exchange group. Design/methodology/approach – The hypothesis is tested empirically in EURONEXT's four European equity markets (Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Portugal) on the premise of the Hwang and Salmon (2004) measure which allows us insight into the significance, structure and evolution of market herding. Tests are conducted for each market for the period prior to and after its merger into EURONEXT, controlling for a series of variables (market conditions, common risk factors, size) to gauge the robustness of the findings. Findings – Results indicate that, with the exception of Portugal, herding grows in significance, yet declines in momentum post-merger. The authors ascribe the findings to EURONEXT's enhanced transparency (which makes it easier for investors to observe their peers’ trades, thus allowing them to infer and free-ride on their information) and its fast-moving informational dynamics that render herding movements shorter-lived. These results are robust when controlling for various market states and common risk factors, with deviations being observed when controlling for size and market volatility. Originality/value – The study presents results for the first time on the impact of exchange mergers on herd behavior. The authors believe these to constitute useful stimulus for further research on the issue and bear important implications for regulators/policymakers in view of the ongoing proliferation of exchange mergers that has been underway since the 1990s.

scholarly journals Demographics, Activities, and Environmental Factors Impact Burnout in a National Survey of Emergency Medicine Residents

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Battaglioli ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Medical School ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Emotional Exhaustion ◽  
Maslach Burnout Inventory ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
System Level ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Burnout in emergency medicine and in residency training has been well-described. The impact of demographic, individual, and programmatic factors on burnout have not previously been determined in a national survey of emergency medicine residents. This study aimed to identify personal and environmental factors impacting resident burnout in a national sample of emergency medicine residents. Methods: A prospective Emergency Medicine Resident Wellness Survey was administered in 2017. We surveyed Respondents on demographic, personal, and environmental factors; each Respondent also completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey. Linear regressions were used to identify variables associated with the Maslach Burnout Inventory’s subscales of burnout (depersonalization, emotional exhaustion, and personal achievement). Results: The survey was completed by 1,522 of 7,186 (21.2%) eligible EM residents. Respondents represented 193 of 247 (78.1%) Emergency Medicine residency programs. Increased levels of depersonalization were associated with graduation from a US medical school, female gender, and increase in respondent age. Trainees who were parents and who graduated from an osteopathic (vs. allopathic) medical school were found to have decreased levels of depersonalization. Emotional exhaustion was decreased in respondents who took breaks while on shift and who engaged in regular studying. Conclusion: While some individual characteristics impact burnout, environmental factors also play a significant role, and should be a target of system-level interventions to improve trainee well-being.

scholarly journals Predictors of Early and Late Mortality for Patients with Hematologic Malignancy and Invasive Mold Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 697
Author(s):  
Eva L. Yashphe ◽  
Ron Ram ◽  
Irit Avivi ◽  
Ronen Ben-Ami
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Hematologic Malignancy ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Late Mortality ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Invasive Mold Infections

Background: Invasive mold infections (IMI) are leading infectious causes of mortality among patients with hematological malignancies. Objectives: To determine the relative contribution of host, disease, and treatment-related factors to patient survival. Methods: An observational, retrospective cohort study reviewing the medical records of patients with hematological malignancy and IMI (2006–2016). Causes of death were classified up to 90 days after diagnosis. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to determine risk factors for early, late, and overall mortality. Results: Eighty-six patients with IMI were included; 29 (34%) and 41 (47%) died within 6 and 12 weeks of diagnosis, respectively. Death was attributed to IMI in 22 (53.6%) patients, all of whom died within 45 days of diagnosis. Risk factors for early mortality were elevated serum galactomannan, treatment with amphotericin B, IMI progression 3 weeks after diagnosis, and lymphoma undergoing HCT. Late mortality was associated with relapsed/refractory malignancy and elevated serum galactomannan. Conclusions: In this single-center study of patients with IMI, infections were the most frequent causes of death, and time-dependent risk factors for death were identified. These results may help direct risk-assessment and monitoring of patients undergoing treatment of IMI.

Relative Contribution of Workplace Factors and Individual Characteristics in the Development of Spine Loads

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (13) ◽  
pp. 1066-1070
Author(s):  
K.G. Davis ◽  
W.S. Marras ◽  
T.R. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Spinal Loads ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Workplace Factors ◽  
Trunk Kinematics ◽  
Ergonomic Interventions ◽  
The Impact

Thirty males and thirty females performed lifting tasks while being exposed to varying levels of physical (box weight, task asymmetry), psychosocial (social support and mental concentration), and combination (lift rate, box placement) workplace factors. The study investigated the impact of these variables as well as individual factors (gender, personality) on trunk kinematics and kinetics, muscle activity, and the three-dimensional spinal loads. The study results indicate box weight, placement control, individual's anthropometry, and to a lesser extent gender and personality directly impact the loads on the spine as well as the trunk kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity. Both the physical and mental aspects of the workplace must then be considered when developing ergonomic interventions.

scholarly journals New-Onset Cancer in the HF Population: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Cuomo ◽  
Francesca Paudice ◽  
Giovanni D’Angelo ◽  
Giovanni Perrotta ◽  
Antonio Carannante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiac Toxicity ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Neurohormonal Activation ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Common Risk Factors ◽  
Shared Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
New Onset

Abstract Purpose of Review Oncological treatments are known to induce cardiac toxicity, but the impact of new-onset cancer in patients with pre-existing HF remains unknown. This review focuses on the epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and clinical implications of HF patients who develop malignancies. Recent Findings Novel findings suggest that HF and cancer, beside common risk factors, are deeply linked by shared pathophysiological mechanisms. In particular, HF itself may enhance carcinogenesis by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and it has been suggested that neurohormonal activation, commonly associated with the failing heart, might play a pivotal role in promoting neoplastic transformation. Summary The risk of malignancies seems to be higher in HF patients compared to the general population, probably due to shared risk factors and common pathophysiological pathways. Additionally, management of these patients represents a challenge for clinicians, considering that the co-existence of these diseases significantly worsens patients’ prognosis and negatively affects therapeutic options for both diseases.

scholarly journals Nutrition and Health from Womb to Tomb

1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nevin S. Scrimshaw
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Degenerative Diseases ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Functional Impairments ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Impact

Fulfilment of the genetic potential of individuals is impaired by malnutrition and other environmental factors throughout life. The impact of nutritional factors in early childhood helps to explain why the known adult risk factors, demonstrable in populations, are poor predictors of cardiovascular disease in individuals. The combined findings of early and later risk factors strengthen the conclusion that the bulk of so-called degenerative diseases and many other functional impairments in adult life occur because of environmental factors, of which diet may be the most important. The apparent increased susceptibility to degenerative diseases of adults born small-for-date suggests that the increase in meat, fat, and calorie consumption with rising affluence is particularly hazardous for formerly poorly nourished populations. Articles confirming the nutritional origins of a wide range of diseases and disabilities at all ages increasingly predominate in the health-related scientific literature. Recognition that so much disease can be prevented or delayed by improved diet and related lifestyles constitutes a new paradigm applicable to the populations of both developing and industrialized countries.

scholarly journals Parental knowledge of dental erosion and erosion-related risk factors in children

Folia Medica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-545
Author(s):  
Tanya Nihtyanova ◽  
Plamena Sapunarova ◽  
Ani Belcheva-Krivorova ◽  
Svetla Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Parental Knowledge ◽  
Dental Erosion ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Excessive Consumption ◽  
Common Risk Factors ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Dental erosion in children has been steadily on the increase in recent years. This is mainly due to the contemporary eating habits of the new generations and their upbringing from an early age to prefer foods and beverages with high acid content. Aim: To study the knowledge of parents about dental erosion and the most common risk factors associated with it. Materials and methods: Data were gathered through a direct individual questionnaire administered to the parents of children aged 3 to 5 years. The results were analyzed by descriptive statistics and the Pearson chi-squared test for independence using SPSS 19. Results: A large proportion of respondents (68.5%) stated that they knew what dental erosion was. Most of them (77.4%) were aware of the detrimental effect of carbonated beverages. In contrast, only 23.8% were aware of the potentially harmful effect of excessive consumption of citrus fruits, and only 31.9% of parents considered the impact of excessive intake of fruit juices. 16.1% of the participants were informed about the erosive potential of some medicines such as vitamin C. Nearly half of the parents (46.6%) found vigorous tooth brushing damaging. Conclusions: Despite the high self-esteem, a low percentage of the respondents were actually aware of the most common risk factors for dental erosion in children.

Evaluation of the Shortcomings of Current Engine Technology Stack-Up Methods and Suggestions for Improvement

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Perullo ◽  
Brian K. Kestner ◽  
Jimmy C. M. Tai ◽  
Jeff S. Schutte ◽  
Dimitri N. Mavris
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
System Level ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Conventional Technology ◽  
Relative Design ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Technology Ranking

There are currently numerous government and industry entities engaging in aviation technology development programs [1,2,3]. Due to the number of technologies being investigated there exists an understandable desire to rank technologies in order to identify the most beneficial ones. Historically, this has been done through the use of “waterfall” or technology stack-up charts [4].One purpose of such waterfall charts is to show the amount of benefit each technology provides to the integrated system. This approach is valid, and extremely useful, for verifying the modeling of such technologies; however, there are shortcomings in using a waterfall chart to assess the relative contribution of individual technologies to the overall system level benefit. This is due to several considerations that are not taken into account when developing conventional technology ranking charts. For example, the relative impact of each technology can be highly dependent on the order in which technologies are applied, the system the technology is applied to, the relative design changes that occur either before or after the technology is applied, and other technologies that are present on the system. In order to explore these characteristics this paper uses propulsion technologies since there are strong interactions between the various components of an engine. Engine technologies also commonly rely upon enabling technologies which provide less benefit, but without them the larger “bigger hitting” technologies are not feasible. This research explores and quantifies the issues associated with several conventional methods of creating technology ranking charts. Propulsion technologies targeting both thermal and propulsive efficiency are applied to a baseline aircraft and engine configuration. Several conventional technology ranking and stack-up techniques are applied in order to evaluate how the relative impacts of individual technologies vary greatly depending on the assessment method. In all cases the same technology packages are applied such that the final benefit is the same, regardless of ranking method. It is suggested that a range of currently used ranking techniques all used to determine a more robust estimate of the impact.

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