scholarly journals Assessment of intake inadequacy and food sources of zinc of people in China

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 848-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guansheng Ma ◽  
Yanping Li ◽  
Ying Jin ◽  
Songming Du ◽  
Frans J Kok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Zinc Intake ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the intake inadequacy and food sources of zinc of people in China.Design and subjectsDiets of 68 962 subjects aged 2–101 years (urban 21 103, rural 47 859) in the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were analysed. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour recall for three consecutive days. Zinc intake inadequacy was calculated based on values suggested by the World Health Organization.ResultsThe median zinc intake ranged from 4.9 mg day− 1(urban girls, 2–3 years) to 11.9 mg day− 1(rural males, 19+ years). The zinc density of urban residents (2–3 to 19+ years) was 5.0–5.3 mg day− 1 (1000 kcal)− 1, significantly higher than that of their rural counterparts (4.7–4.8 mg day− 1 (1000 kcal)− 1). Differences in food sources of zinc from cereal grains (27.4–45.1 vs. 51.6–63.2%) and animal foods (28.4–54.8 vs. 16.8–30.6%) were found between urban and rural residents. Zinc from vegetables and fruits (8.2–13.8 vs. 9.7–12.4%) and legumes (1.3–3.3 vs. 2.5–3.4%) was comparable between urban and rural residents. The proportion of zinc intake inadequacy ranged between 2.8% (urban females, 19+ years) and 29.4% (rural lactating women). Rural residents had higher proportions of zinc intake inadequacy than their urban counterparts. Significantly higher proportions of zinc inadequacy were found in the category of phytate/zinc molar ratio >15 for both rural and urban residents.ConclusionsAbout 20% of rural children are at risk of inadequate zinc intake, with phytate as a potential important inhibitor. Moreover, lactating women are also considered a vulnerable group.

scholarly journals Obesity and associated lifestyle behaviours in Iran: findings from the First National Non-communicable Disease Risk Factor Surveillance Survey

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roya Kelishadi ◽  
Siamak Alikhani ◽  
Alireza Delavari ◽  
Farshid Alaedini ◽  
Afshin Safaie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Lifestyle Behaviours ◽  
Risk Factor Surveillance ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the national prevalence of overweight and obesity, as well as some associated lifestyle behaviours, for the first time in Iran.Design and SettingsThis population-based study was performed in early 2005 as part of the World Health Organization (WHO) STEPwise approach to non-communicable diseases’ risk factor surveillance. Dietary and physical activity habits were assessed by WHO questionnaires.SubjectsThe study population comprised 89 532 subjects aged over 15 years living in the 28 provinces of Iran.ResultsOverall, 50.4% (n= 45 113) of the participants were male and 64.6% (n= 57 866) were from the urban areas. The national estimates of overweight, obesity and morbid obesity were 28.6%, 10.8% and 3.4%, respectively. Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg m−2in men, women, urban residents and rural residents were found in 37%, 48%, 46.7% and 35.5%, respectively. Abdominal obesity was present in 43.4% of women, 9.7% of men, 28.5% of the urban residents and 23% of the rural residents. Overweight as well as generalised and abdominal obesity were more prevalent in the 45–64-year age group. Although there was no significant difference in frequency of consumption of the food groups in subjects with different BMI categories, various kinds of physical activities showed a steady decline with increasing BMI.ConclusionsThe findings of the present study provide alarming evidence for health professionals and policy makers about the very high prevalence of generalised and abdominal obesity in Iran. The unhealthy lifestyle habits, notably sedentary lifestyles in our community, are the major contributing factors for this emerging public health problem.

scholarly journals Challenges Facing the Chinese Health Care System

2020 ◽  
pp. 101053952096846
Author(s):  
Kaixuan Hu
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
World Health ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
The Past ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Care System

The purposes of this article are to explore the challenges the Chinese health care system will be facing in the next decade. The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) having infected more than 90 000 persons in China (Source: World Health Organization, WHO Coronavirus Disease Dashboard) again reveals the weaknesses of the fragmental health care system. Over the past 3 decades, increasing out-of-pocket spending on health care, increasing mortality rate of chronic disease, growing disparities between rural and urban populations, the defectiveness of disease surveillance system, and disease outbreak response system have been pressing Chinese authorities for action. As this country has experienced an unprecedented economic growth along with an unparalleled development of health care system in the past 3 decades, the challenges ahead are unavoidably numerous and complex.

scholarly journals The Influence of Information Services on Public Transport Behavior of Urban and Rural Residents

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 5454
Author(s):  
Xuemei Zhou ◽  
Jiahui Liang ◽  
Xiangfeng Ji ◽  
Caitlin Cottrill
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Information Service ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Transport Behavior ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Rural and urban areas are mainly connected by public transport in China. The characteristics of the trips of local residents in rural and urban areas are different; therefore, the demand for public transport information services is different. Based on the revealed data, a structural equation model is applied to examine the critical factors affecting the behavior of urban and rural residents in choosing public transport in the Beidaihe District, Qinhuangdao City, China. The effect of information service factors on public transport behavior of urban and rural residents is obtained. The influence level of public transport information service on public transport behavior of urban and rural residents before and during travel is discussed. This study provides valuable insights to improving public transport services between urban and rural areas of China, which can attract more residents to use public transport and promotes sustainable development between urban and rural areas.

scholarly journals The Role of Micronutrients to Support Immunity for COVID-19 Prevention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukhtar H. Ahmed ◽  
Arez Hassan ◽  
Judit Molnár
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe World Health Organization declared the novel coronavirus, named as SARS-CoV-2, as a global pandemic in early 2020 after the disease spread to more than 180 countries leading to tens of thousands of cases and many deaths within a couple of months. Consequently, this paper aims to summarize the evidence for the relationships between nutrition and the boosting of the immune system in the fight against the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. This review, in particular, assesses the impact of vitamin and mineral supplements on the body’s defence mechanisms against SARS-CoV-2. The results revealed that there is a strong relationship between the ingestion of biological ingredients like vitamins C–E, and minerals such as zinc, and a reduction in the effects of coronavirus infection. These can be received from either nutrition rich food sources or from vitamin supplements. Furthermore, these macromolecules might have roles to play in boosting the immune response, in the healing process and the recovery time. Hence, we recommend that eating healthy foods rich in vitamins C–E with zinc and flavonoids could boost the immune system and consequently protect the body from serious infections. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals Economic Impact Of Covid-19 And Change In Value System

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Bilal Ahmad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Value System ◽  
Supply Chain Networks ◽  
Mass Gatherings ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Health Organization

Mankind has observed various pandemics throughout history where some of were more disastrous than the others to the humans. We are observing a very tough time once again fighting an invisible enemy; the novel COVID-19 coronavirus. Initially identified in the Wuhan province of China, and then rapidly spread across the world. The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has created a shock, putting all global population under lockdown. The worldwide spread of the pandemic resulted in unfathomable economic fallouts; zero economic activity, disruption of supply chain networks, falling global demands. The COVID-19 global crisis continues to disrupt social chains. Although there is no vaccine available and in order to prevent and avoid COVID-19, World Health Organization recommended avoiding large events and mass gatherings. The effects of COVID-19 on education, businesses, laborers’ and families have been adverse. The main objective of the study is to assess the disruptions caused by Covid-19 on supply chain both in rural and urban areas and further analyze the effect of Covid-19 on inter and intra district mobility movement of labour and consequent human psychology and value system.

scholarly journals Free Sugars Intake, Sources and Determinants of High Consumption among Australian 2-Year-Olds in the SMILE Cohort

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma Devenish ◽  
Rebecca Golley ◽  
Aqif Mukhtar ◽  
Andrea Begley ◽  
Diep Ha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
World Health ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Eating Patterns ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
High Consumption ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Dairy Milk

In the first 2 years of life, it is important to limit exposure to foods high in free sugars, in order to lay foundations for lifelong eating patterns associated with a reduced risk of chronic disease. Intake data at this age is limited, so compliance with recommendations is not known. This analysis describes free sugars intakes, food sources and determinants of high consumption among Australian children at 2 years of age. Free sugars intakes were estimated using a customized Food Frequency Questionnaire, and median usual free sugars intake at 2 years was 22.5 (Interquartile Range (IQR) 12.8–37.7) g/day, contributing a median 8% of the estimated energy requirement (EER). Based on the EER, most children (71.1%) exceeded the World Health Organization recommendation that <5% of energy should come from free sugars, with 38% of participants exceeding the <10% recommendation. Children from households with the greatest socioeconomic disadvantage were more likely to exceed the 10% recommendation (Prevalence Ratio (PR) 1.44, 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) 1.13–1.84), and be in the top tertile for free sugars intake (PR 1.58, 95% CI 1.19–2.10) than the least disadvantaged. Main sources of free sugars were non-core foods, such as fruit juice, biscuits, cakes, desserts and confectionery; with yogurt and non-dairy milk alternatives the two notable exceptions. Improved efforts to reduce free sugars are needed from the introduction of solid food, with a particular focus on fruit juice and non-core foods.

Ecological Consciousness Setting during China Urbanization

2011 ◽  
Vol 361-363 ◽  
pp. 853-860
Author(s):  
Qiu Zhong ◽  
Guo Qing Shi
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Anova Analysis ◽  
Ecological Consciousness ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Migration Experience ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Awareness Change ◽  
Environment Condition

China is facing ecological revolution now. The basis of the revolution is establishing the ecological consciousness. Different level of ecological consciousness in urban and rural area raised our attention. According to different environment conditions and based on pollution theory, we try to find out the cornerstone of setting ecological consciousness during this changing time. Since China is on the fast urbanization period, environmental awareness change on rural-urban migrants can be this key. This paper focused on which factor(s) have significant effect to ecological consciousness. Urban and Rural residents were interviewed for data collecting, and for deep research, three groups (Urban Residents Group, Rural residents Group and Migrants Group) are split based on responders’ migration experience. In this paper, ANOVA analysis and regression analysis are used. Based on pollution-driven theory, two models are given to compare the explanation strengths between within and without theory variables. We found that pollution experience and relative pollute have important effect on eco-consciousness. So Ecological Consciousness is not straight influenced by environment condition, but people think about the deterioration. We considered that, the cornerstone of setting ecological consciousness is recognizing the crisis and disruption of ecological environment.

Beyond COVID-19: Telehealth Equity Considerations to Improve Access to Care (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassanatu Blake
Keyword(s):  
Health Interventions ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Quality Health Care ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Quality Health ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Improve Access

UNSTRUCTURED Telehealth is now a fundamental health approach to address the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) globally. Since the declaration of the pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020, there has been an overrepresentation of African American deaths, a greater demand of health services on disadvantaged health facilities in rural and urban US, and growing infection rates in some African countries with fragile health systems. With broad mobile utilization, telehealth provides accessibility to quality health care that addresses both COVID-19 and other health inequities. Future health interventions should focus on securely expanding telehealth offline and via social media to minimize health disparities in vulnerable populations during pandemics and beyond.

scholarly journals A Snapshot of Grassroots Primary Care and Tuberculosis Control in India—a US Fulbright–Nehru Scholar Program Experience

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Sonal Shah Parikh ◽  
Juzar Ali ◽  
Sanjay Bhatt ◽  
DV Bala ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
World Health ◽  
Tuberculosis Control ◽  
District Health ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Organization Strategy ◽  
Health Organization

The Department of Community Medicine, Smt. Nathiba Hargovandas Lakhmichand (NHL) Medical College, Ahmedabad, India, under the aegis of the US Fulbright–Nehru Scholar Program, reviewed the rural and urban primary and district health delivery system, with focus on primary care, child and maternal health and tuberculosis control. The National Health Mission program in India utilizes public and private resources and partnerships to optimally increase access, referrals and improve quality of care. As a collateral, the Revised National Tuberculosis Program, within its broader umbrella, incorporates digital-based locally applicable innovative approaches to tuberculosis (TB) control, to implement the World Health Organization strategy of the Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) program. With this approach the program has consistently maintained a high treatment success rate. However, the deficiencies in the program include the loss to follow-up of missing persons with TB, incomplete data in some cases, and erratic coordination between private, academic, public health primary and tertiary care centers.

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