The possible use of the alkenes (unsaturated hydrocarbons) of plant cuticular wax as diet composition markers in sheep

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Dove ◽  
M. Oliván
Keyword(s):  
Diet Composition ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Plant Waxes

SummaryThe objective of the current study was to investigate the possible use of alkenes (unsaturated hydrocarbons) of plant waxes as diet composition markers in sheep. Twenty-four sheep (30 kg live weight) were housed in individual pens (n=16, “pen” sheep) or in metabolism crates (n=8, “crate” sheep) for the total collection of faeces. Once daily, sheep were fed 720 g DM of a two-component diet consisting of a roughage source (chaffed perennial ryegrass) and a high-quality supplement (unpelleted sunflower meal, SFM) in different proportions, 7:1, 6:2, 5:3 and 4:4 (4 pen sheep and 2 crate sheep/treatment). SFM was labelled with a solution of beeswax to provide an alkane/ alkene profile different from the chaff. Diet composition was estimated from C27, C29, C31 and C33 alkene concentrations in diet and faeces (total faeces or rectal grab samples), using the least-squares package ‘EatWhat’. Estimates were conducted with or without correction of faecal alkane concentrations for incomplete faecal recovery, calculated from the alkene intakes and faecal outputs in the crate sheep.Although the faecal alkene recoveries of alkenes were low, they did not differ between chain lengths for alkenes C27 to C33. Therefore in cage sheep, alkene-based estimates of SFM proportions, with or without faecal recovery correction, did not differ significantly from the proportions fed and were as accurate as earlier alkane-based estimates. In pen sheep, SFM proportions estimated from rectal grab samples were slightly but significantly over-estimated, regardless of whether or not recovery corrections were used. The over-estimates were not related to recovery corrections but to the small differences in concentrations between rectal grab samples from pen sheep and the total faeces from cage sheep. The lack of effect of recovery corrections does not mean they should be excluded from such calculations, as there may be situations in which there is an effect of carbon-chain length on alkene recovery. Use of recovery corrections also permits an estimate of whole-diet digestibility.The present results indicate that alkenes could be useful additional markers to the alkanes for estimating the proportion of two dietary components in diets offered to sheep.

The Use of N-alkanes for Estimating Intake and Passage Rate in Horses

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 98-98
Author(s):  
B M L McLean ◽  
R W Mayes ◽  
F D DeB Hovell
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Carbon Chains ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Long Chain

Alkanes occur naturally in all plants, although forage crops tend to have higher alkane contents than cereals. N-alkanes have odd-numbered carbon chains. They are ideal for use as markers in feed trials, because, they are inert, indigestible and naturally occurring, and can be recovered in animal faeces. Synthetic alkanes (even-numbered carbon chains) are available commercially and can also used as external markers. Dove and Mayes (1991) cite evidence indicating that faecal recovery of alkanes in ruminants increases with increasing carbon-chain length. Thus the alkane “pairs” (e.g. C35 & C36, and C32 & C33) are used in calculating intake and digestibility because they are long chain and adjacent to each other. However, recent work by Cuddeford and Mayes (unpublished) has found that in horses the faecal recovery rates are similar regardless of chain lengths.

scholarly journals Terminal Olefin Profiles and Phylogenetic Analyses of Olefin Synthases of Diverse Cyanobacterial Species

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Zhu ◽  
Thibault Scalvenzi ◽  
Nathalie Sassoon ◽  
Xuefeng Lu ◽  
Muriel Gugger
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Substrate Activation ◽  
Chain Length Specificity ◽  
Modular Architectures ◽  
Terminal Olefins ◽  
Chain Lengths

ABSTRACT Cyanobacteria can synthesize alkanes and alkenes, which are considered to be infrastructure-compatible biofuels. In terms of physiological function, cyanobacterial hydrocarbons are thought to be essential for membrane flexibility for cell division, size, and growth. The genetic basis for the biosynthesis of terminal olefins (1-alkenes) is a modular type I polyketide synthase (PKS) termed olefin synthase (Ols). The modular architectures of Ols and structural characteristics of alkenes have been investigated only in a few species of the small percentage (approximately 10%) of cyanobacteria that harbor putative Ols pathways. In this study, investigations of the domains, modular architectures, and phylogenies of Ols in 28 cyanobacterial strains suggested distinctive pathway evolution. Structural feature analyses revealed 1-alkenes with three carbon chain lengths (C 15 , C 17 , and C 19 ). In addition, the total cellular fatty acid profile revealed the diversity of the carbon chain lengths, while the fatty acid feeding assay indicated substrate carbon chain length specificity of cyanobacterial Ols enzymes. Finally, in silico analyses suggested that the N terminus of the modular Ols enzyme exhibited characteristics typical of a fatty acyl-adenylate ligase (FAAL), suggesting a mechanism of fatty acid activation via the formation of acyl-adenylates. Our results shed new light on the diversity of cyanobacterial terminal olefins and a mechanism for substrate activation in the biosynthesis of these olefins. IMPORTANCE Cyanobacterial terminal olefins are hydrocarbons with promising applications as advanced biofuels. Despite the basic understanding of the genetic basis of olefin biosynthesis, the structural diversity and phylogeny of the key modular olefin synthase (Ols) have been poorly explored. An overview of the chemical structural traits of terminal olefins in cyanobacteria is provided in this study. In addition, we demonstrated by in vivo fatty acid feeding assays that cyanobacterial Ols enzymes might exhibit substrate carbon chain length specificity. Furthermore, by performing bioinformatic analyses, we observed that the substrate activation domain of Ols exhibited features typical of a fatty acyl-adenylate ligase (FAAL), which activates fatty acids by converting them to fatty acyl-adenylates. Our results provide further insight into the chemical structures of terminal olefins and further elucidate the mechanism of substrate activation for terminal olefin biosynthesis in cyanobacteria.

scholarly journals SELECTIVITY OF CANDIDA RUGOSA LIPASE IMMOBILIZED ONTO LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDES AS CATALYST IN SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACID ESTERS

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (5-6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul Rahman ◽  
Siti Salhah Othman ◽  
Noor Mona Md Yunus
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Candida Rugosa ◽  
Candida Rugosa Lipase ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Acid Esters

The enzymatic selectivity of Lipase from Candida rugosa immobilized onto a calcined layered double hydroxide (CLDHs-CRL) towards the chain-length of fatty acids and alcohols in the synthesis of fatty acid esters was investigated.  The results showed that CMAN-CRL catalyzed the esterification process with fatty acids of medium chain lengths (C10-C14) effectively while, CNAN-CRL and CZAN-CRL exhibited high percentage conversion in fatty acids with carbon chain lengths of C8-C12 and C10-C18, respectively. In the alcohol selectivity study, CMAN-CRL showed high selectivity toward alcohols with carbon chain lengths of C4, C6 and C10.  On the other hand, both CNAN-CRL and CZAN-CRL exhibited rather low selectivity towards longer carbon chain length of alcohols. 

The use of alkanes as markers for estimating diet composition in sheep and goats

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
L.M.M. Ferreira ◽  
M. Oliván ◽  
M.A.M. Rodrigues ◽  
A. Dias-da-Silva ◽  
K. Osoro
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Plant Components

SummaryAn experiment was carried out to evaluate the use of alkanes for estimating diet composition of goats and sheep offered three different dietary treatments. Twelve animals as two groups of 4 crossbred goats (G1, 24 kg live weight; G2, 22 kg) and 4 crossbred sheep (S, 26 kg live weight), were housed in metabolism pens. Animals were offered daily a total of 1 kg DM/100 kg live weight. G1 received 70% ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and 30% gorse (Ulex gallii), G2 received 70% ryegrass and 30% heather (Erica sp.) and S group ate 100% ryegrass. Diet composition was estimated from the alkane concentrations (using all alkanes from C23 to C36 or only odd-chain alkanes C27, C29, C31 and C33) in diet and faeces (with or without correction for incomplete faecal recoveries) using least-squares procedures.Dietary treatment and animal species significantly affected alkane faecal recoveries, except for C24 and C36. When applying the faecal recovery corrections, there were no significant differences between measured proportions of dietary components and those estimated using all alkanes or odd-chain alkanes. In contrast, the proportions calculated without faecal recovery correction differed significantly (P<0.05) from the actual proportions and over-estimated the amount in the diet of those plant components with higher concentrations of long-chain alkanes (Erica sp. and Lolium perenne). The results indicate that alkanes are useful markers to estimate diet composition, however, it was observed that animal species and diet composition influenced the faecal recovery of alkanes. This suggests that the use of the alkane methodology for estimating the diet selection of grazing animals should be preceded by a calculation of the actual alkane faecal recoveries for each experimental condition.

Electrochemical degradation of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in groundwater

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 1569-1575 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Trautmann ◽  
H. Schell ◽  
K. R. Schmidt ◽  
K.-M. Mangold ◽  
A. Tiehm
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Contaminated Groundwater ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Electrochemical Degradation ◽  
Boron Doped Diamond ◽  
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances ◽  
Hazardous Pollutants ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Perfluoroalkyl And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) represent hazardous pollutants and are frequently detected in the environment, e.g. in contaminated groundwater. PFASs are persistent to biodegradation and conventional oxidation processes such as ozonation. In this study electrochemical degradation of PFASs on boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes is demonstrated. Experiments were performed with model solutions and contaminated groundwater with a dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content of 13 mg/L. The perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) perfluorobutanoate, perfluoropentanoate, perfluorohexanoate, perfluoroheptanoate and perfluorooctanoate, and the perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs) perfluorobutane sulfonate, perfluorohexane sulfonate, perfluorooctane sulfonate and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate were detected in the groundwater samples. At PFAS concentrations ranging from 0.26 to 34 mg/L (0.7 to 79 μM), the degradation of PFASs was achieved despite of the high DOC background. Pseudo first-order kinetic constants of PFSA degradation increased with the increase of carbon chain length. Fluoride formation as well as the generation of PFCAs with shortened chain lengths was observed. Inorganic byproducts such as perchlorate were also formed and have to be considered in further process optimization.

Surface modification model of long afterglow phosphors by saturated fatty acid based Al-Zr coupling agent

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 330-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Yin ◽  
Can Xue ◽  
Bin Guo
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Coupling Agents ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Long Afterglow ◽  
Chain Lengths

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of different carbon chain lengths in coupling agents on the water resistance and compatibility of modified long afterglow phosphors and attempt to obtain their modification model and mechanism. Design/methodology/approach Three saturated-fatty-acid (caprylic, lauric, stearic acid)-based Al-Zr CAs (coupling agent) was synthesised and applied to modify the long afterglow phosphors SrMgAl4O8:Eu2+,Dy3+. Findings Results show that the coated amount on phosphors decreased from 13.41 to 6.53 per cent with the increased carbon chain length of fatty acid, and the better water resistant and suitability with organic resin can be obtained by lauric-based Al-Zr CA. Originality/value Considering that the decomposition process of modified phosphor was related with the decomposition performance of corresponding coupling agents and original phosphor, a method was first proposed to calculate the coated amount on phosphors by thermogravimetric analyser parameters.

The primary alkylsulfatase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: inducer specificity and induction kinetics

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1296-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Fitzgerald ◽  
Bobbie L. Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Induction Kinetics ◽  
Induction Rate ◽  
Inducer Concentration ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Concentration Maximum ◽  
Chain Lengths

The ability of primary alkylsulfate esters and alkanesulfonates to induce alkylsulfatase formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was compared on the basis of maximum enzyme levels, induction rate, and levels of induction as a function of inducer concentration. Apparent Kinducer values for these effectors were calculated from linear relationships between reciprocals of induction rate and inducer concentration. Maximum enzyme levels estimated from linear progress relationships for each effector indicated that little major distinction could be made between effectors. Excepting carbon chain lengths of C8 which induced about the same level of enzyme, sulfate esters were generally better inducers than sulfonates with little or no apparent induction occurring with effectors of chain length ≤ C6. These observations also held true when rates were compared, except that the rate for the C8 ester was approximately ninefold greater than that for the analogous sulfonate. Apparent Kinducer constants decreased with increasing alkyl chain length for the esters (C6–C12) and the sulfonates (C8–C14). Values for the esters were approximately sixfold greater than those for sulfonates of equivalent chain length. Plots of log apparent Kinducer values against carbon chain length for each series of esters and sulfonates yielded straight-line relationships characteristic of an homologous series in each instance.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Single and Joint Toxicity of Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids and Copper to Metal-Resistant Arthrobacter Strains

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanping Cai ◽  
Haiyan Chen ◽  
Huilun Chen ◽  
Haiqing Li ◽  
Shuo Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chain Length ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Growth Rate Constant ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Joint Toxicity ◽  
Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Arthrobacter Strain ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Chain Lengths

Perfluorocarboxylic acid compounds (PFCAs) and copper have been regarded as ubiquitous environmental contaminants in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. However, data on their possible joint toxic effects on microorganisms are still lacking. To study the combined effects of four PFCAs with different carbon chain lengths and copper, a series of experiments were conducted to explore the acute toxicity of these PFCAs in the absence and presence of copper on a metal-resistant Arthrobacter strain GQ-9 by microcalorimetry. The thermokinetic parameters, including growth rate constant (k), inhibitory ratio (I), and half inhibitory concentration (IC50), were calculated and compared using the data obtained from the power-time curves. Our work revealed that GQ-9 is more resistant to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) than Escherichia coli. The single and joint toxicity of PFCAs with copper are dose- and carbon chain length-dependent. The longer the carbon chain length of PFCAs, the higher the toxicity. In addition, PFCAs interacted synergistically with copper. This work could provide useful information for the risk assessment of co-exposure to perfluorinated compounds and heavy metals in natural environments.

Primary Linear Alcohol Ethoxylates as Adjuvants for Primisulfuron

Weed Science ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-85
Author(s):  
Cheryl L. Dunne ◽  
Greg R. Gillespie ◽  
Peter J. Porpiglia
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Alcohol Ethoxylates ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Ethoxylated Alcohols ◽  
Linear Alcohols ◽  
Chain Lengths

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of carbon chain length and percent ethoxylation of primary linear ethoxylated alcohols on postemergence control of johnsongrass and quackgrass with primisulfuron. Control of johnsongrass and quackgrass was greatest with primisulfuron plus the experimental ethoxylated alcohols 1412-60 and 1412-70 which had chain lengths of 14 and 12 carbon atoms (60:40 ratio) and 60 or 70% ethoxylation. Control of these two weed species decreased when primisulfuron was applied with ethoxylated linear alcohols of similar chain lengths but decreased percent ethoxylation or with alcohols of similar percent ethoxylation but decreased carbon chain length. Quackgrass and johnsongrass control with primisulfuron plus 1412-60 or 1412-70 was equal to or greater than the control obtained with primisulfuron plus the commercial adjuvants of the nonionic, organosilicone, sunflower methyl ester, or crop oil concentrate types. The experimental adjuvant 1412-70 provided equal or greater uptake and translocation of14C-primisulfuron in johnsongrass and quackgrass compared to four commercial adjuvants.

Validation of the n–alkane technique to measure intake and digestibility in Alentejano pigs under “Montanheira”

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
M. I. Ferraz de Oliveira ◽  
A. P. Trigo ◽  
J. A. Neves ◽  
M. Cancela d´Abreu
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Pastoral System ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Diet Intake ◽  
Group 1

SummaryIn the traditional silvo–pastoral system, Alentejano pigs are fattened with acorns and pasture. Although this production system (“Montanheira”) has been characterised, there is a lack of knowledge on intake and digestibility of the diet, mainly due to the absence of tested methodologies in pigs. The n–alkane technique, extensively used in ruminants to estimate diet intake and digestibilitiy, has had less use in pigs. The objective of this experiment was to validate the n–alkane technique in Alentejano pigs. Faecal recoveries of natural and dosed n-alkanes, the diurnal variation of faecal n–alkane concentration, and the time span required to reach a steady state excretion of dosed alkanes were determined. Eight male Alentejano pigs (54.4±9.8 kg LW) were randomly allocated to two groups and placed in metabolic cages. They were fed 0.7 kg of pasture and 0.7kg of ground acorns daily as two meals. Pigs in Group-1 were given once daily artificial C32(40mg/d) and C36(40 mg/d) and those in Group-2 the same alkanes as two daily doses of 20 mg. Steady state excretion of both alkanes was reached 3 days after first dosing. Although no difference (P>0.05) was observed between treatments, the coefficient of variation of feacal alkane concentration when dosed twice daily was generally lower than when dosed once daily. Mean faecal recoveries of n–alkanes increased with increasing carbon-chain length (C25to C36) from 38 to 69%, but were not significantly different from C29, C32, C33and C36(mean 0.694 SEM 0.067). Faecal nalkanes in samples collected every four hours for three days showed no diurnal variation in patterns of excretion apart from a higher concentration of C324 hours after dosing once daily. However variation between animals was lower when artificial alkanes were dosed twice daily than when once daily. The results indicate that the n–alkane techique may be used to estimate intake and digestibility under “Montanheira”, although further validation work needs to be done.

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