The Use of N-alkanes for Estimating Intake and Passage Rate in Horses

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 98-98
Author(s):  
B M L McLean ◽  
R W Mayes ◽  
F D DeB Hovell
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Carbon Chains ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Long Chain

Alkanes occur naturally in all plants, although forage crops tend to have higher alkane contents than cereals. N-alkanes have odd-numbered carbon chains. They are ideal for use as markers in feed trials, because, they are inert, indigestible and naturally occurring, and can be recovered in animal faeces. Synthetic alkanes (even-numbered carbon chains) are available commercially and can also used as external markers. Dove and Mayes (1991) cite evidence indicating that faecal recovery of alkanes in ruminants increases with increasing carbon-chain length. Thus the alkane “pairs” (e.g. C35 & C36, and C32 & C33) are used in calculating intake and digestibility because they are long chain and adjacent to each other. However, recent work by Cuddeford and Mayes (unpublished) has found that in horses the faecal recovery rates are similar regardless of chain lengths.

The Use of N-alkanes for Estimating Intake and Passage Rate in Horses

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 98-98
Author(s):  
B M L McLean ◽  
R W Mayes ◽  
F D DeB Hovell
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Carbon Chains ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Long Chain

Alkanes occur naturally in all plants, although forage crops tend to have higher alkane contents than cereals. N-alkanes have odd-numbered carbon chains. They are ideal for use as markers in feed trials, because, they are inert, indigestible and naturally occurring, and can be recovered in animal faeces. Synthetic alkanes (even-numbered carbon chains) are available commercially and can also used as external markers. Dove and Mayes (1991) cite evidence indicating that faecal recovery of alkanes in ruminants increases with increasing carbon-chain length. Thus the alkane “pairs” (e.g. C35 & C36, and C32 & C33) are used in calculating intake and digestibility because they are long chain and adjacent to each other. However, recent work by Cuddeford and Mayes (unpublished) has found that in horses the faecal recovery rates are similar regardless of chain lengths.

scholarly journals SELECTIVITY OF CANDIDA RUGOSA LIPASE IMMOBILIZED ONTO LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDES AS CATALYST IN SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACID ESTERS

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (5-6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul Rahman ◽  
Siti Salhah Othman ◽  
Noor Mona Md Yunus
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Candida Rugosa ◽  
Candida Rugosa Lipase ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Acid Esters

The enzymatic selectivity of Lipase from Candida rugosa immobilized onto a calcined layered double hydroxide (CLDHs-CRL) towards the chain-length of fatty acids and alcohols in the synthesis of fatty acid esters was investigated.  The results showed that CMAN-CRL catalyzed the esterification process with fatty acids of medium chain lengths (C10-C14) effectively while, CNAN-CRL and CZAN-CRL exhibited high percentage conversion in fatty acids with carbon chain lengths of C8-C12 and C10-C18, respectively. In the alcohol selectivity study, CMAN-CRL showed high selectivity toward alcohols with carbon chain lengths of C4, C6 and C10.  On the other hand, both CNAN-CRL and CZAN-CRL exhibited rather low selectivity towards longer carbon chain length of alcohols. 

scholarly journals Elecroantennogram Responses of the Cherry Fruit Fly Rhαgoletis cerαsi (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Naturally Occurring Volatiles

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Raptopoulos ◽  
A. Koutsaftikis ◽  
G. Haniotakis ◽  
E. Douma
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Plant Volatiles ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Rhagoletis Cerasi

EAG responses of the cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (Linne) (Diptera: Tephritidae) were recorded in response to seventy-eight generally occurring plant volatiles and male cherry fruit fly volatiles. The test compounds are representatives of three major classes of organic compounds, aldehydes, ketones, and monoterpenes. No differences were observed in the degree of response between males and females, Carbon-chain length, unsaturation, and position of functional groups all have significant effect on the magnitude of EAG response.

scholarly journals Polyenoic very-long-chain fatty acids mobilize intracellular calcium from a thapsigargin-insensitive pool in human neutrophils. The relationship between Ca2+ mobilization and superoxide production induced by long- and very-long-chain fatty acids

1995 ◽  
Vol 311 (2) ◽  
pp. 689-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
S J Hardy ◽  
B S Robinson ◽  
A Ferrante ◽  
C S T Hii ◽  
D W Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Superoxide Production ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with more than 22 carbon atoms (very-long-chain fatty acids; VLCFAs) are normal cellular components that have been implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of peroxisomal disorders. To date, however, essentially nothing is known regarding their biological activities. Ca2+ mobilization is an important intracellular signalling system for a variety of agonists and cell types. Given that several polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids mobilize intracellular Ca2+ and that we have postulated that the VLCFAs may be involved in signal transduction, we examined whether the tetraenoic VLCFA induced Ca2+ mobilization in human neutrophils. We report that fatty acid-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization declined for fatty acid species of more than 20 carbon atoms, but increased again as the carbon chain length approached 30. This Ca2+ mobilization occurred independently of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate production and protein kinase C translocation and involved both the release of Ca2+ from the intracellular stores and changes to the influx or efflux of the ion. We further observed that triacontatetraenoic acid [30:4(n-6)] mobilized Ca2+ from a thapsigargin-insensitive intracellular pool distinct from the thapsigargin-sensitive pools affected by arachidonic acid [20:4(n - 6)] or N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP). 20:4 (n - 6) induced strong superoxide production (chemiluminescence) which was inhibited by thapsigargin pretreatment. In contrast, fatty acid-induced superoxide production progressively declined as the carbon chain length increased beyond 20-22 carbon atoms. Further studies suggested that the thapsigargin-insensitive Ca2+ mobilization elicited by 30:4 (n - 6) was not related to oxyradical formation, while the thapsigargin-sensitive Ca2+ mobilization induced by 20:4 (n - 6) may be involved in the initiation but not necessarily the maintenance of superoxide production. In conclusion, this is the first report to demonstrate a biological activity for the VLCFA and indicates that 30:4 (n - 6) influences second messenger systems in intact cells that differ from those affected by long-chain fatty acids such as 20:4 (n - 6).

The primary alkylsulfatase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: inducer specificity and induction kinetics

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1296-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Fitzgerald ◽  
Bobbie L. Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Induction Kinetics ◽  
Induction Rate ◽  
Inducer Concentration ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Concentration Maximum ◽  
Chain Lengths

The ability of primary alkylsulfate esters and alkanesulfonates to induce alkylsulfatase formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was compared on the basis of maximum enzyme levels, induction rate, and levels of induction as a function of inducer concentration. Apparent Kinducer values for these effectors were calculated from linear relationships between reciprocals of induction rate and inducer concentration. Maximum enzyme levels estimated from linear progress relationships for each effector indicated that little major distinction could be made between effectors. Excepting carbon chain lengths of C8 which induced about the same level of enzyme, sulfate esters were generally better inducers than sulfonates with little or no apparent induction occurring with effectors of chain length ≤ C6. These observations also held true when rates were compared, except that the rate for the C8 ester was approximately ninefold greater than that for the analogous sulfonate. Apparent Kinducer constants decreased with increasing alkyl chain length for the esters (C6–C12) and the sulfonates (C8–C14). Values for the esters were approximately sixfold greater than those for sulfonates of equivalent chain length. Plots of log apparent Kinducer values against carbon chain length for each series of esters and sulfonates yielded straight-line relationships characteristic of an homologous series in each instance.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Single and Joint Toxicity of Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids and Copper to Metal-Resistant Arthrobacter Strains

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanping Cai ◽  
Haiyan Chen ◽  
Huilun Chen ◽  
Haiqing Li ◽  
Shuo Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chain Length ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Growth Rate Constant ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Joint Toxicity ◽  
Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Arthrobacter Strain ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Chain Lengths

Perfluorocarboxylic acid compounds (PFCAs) and copper have been regarded as ubiquitous environmental contaminants in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. However, data on their possible joint toxic effects on microorganisms are still lacking. To study the combined effects of four PFCAs with different carbon chain lengths and copper, a series of experiments were conducted to explore the acute toxicity of these PFCAs in the absence and presence of copper on a metal-resistant Arthrobacter strain GQ-9 by microcalorimetry. The thermokinetic parameters, including growth rate constant (k), inhibitory ratio (I), and half inhibitory concentration (IC50), were calculated and compared using the data obtained from the power-time curves. Our work revealed that GQ-9 is more resistant to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) than Escherichia coli. The single and joint toxicity of PFCAs with copper are dose- and carbon chain length-dependent. The longer the carbon chain length of PFCAs, the higher the toxicity. In addition, PFCAs interacted synergistically with copper. This work could provide useful information for the risk assessment of co-exposure to perfluorinated compounds and heavy metals in natural environments.

scholarly journals Scent gland constituents of the Middle American burrowing python, Loxocemus bicolor (Serpentes: Loxocemidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 265-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thies Schulze ◽  
Paul J. Weldon ◽  
Stefan Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Scent Glands ◽  
Scent Gland ◽  
Alkyl Chains ◽  
Carbon Chains

Abstract:Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the scent gland secretions of male and female Middle American burrowing pythons (Loxocemus bicolor) revealed the presence of over 300 components including cholesterol, fatty acids, glyceryl monoalkyl ethers, and alcohols. The fatty acids, over 100 of which were identified, constitute most of the compounds in the secretions and show the greatest structural diversity. They include saturated and unsaturated, unbranched and mono-, di-, and trimethyl-branched compounds ranging in carbon-chain length from 13 to 24. The glyceryl monoethers possess saturated or unsaturated, straight or methyl-branched alkyl chains ranging in carbon-chain length from 13 to 24. Alcohols, which have not previously been reported from the scent glands, possess straight, chiefly saturated carbon chains ranging in length from 13 to 24. Sex or individual differences in secretion composition were not observed. Compounds in the scent gland secretions ofL. bicolormay deter offending arthropods, such as ants.

Primary Linear Alcohol Ethoxylates as Adjuvants for Primisulfuron

Weed Science ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-85
Author(s):  
Cheryl L. Dunne ◽  
Greg R. Gillespie ◽  
Peter J. Porpiglia
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Alcohol Ethoxylates ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Ethoxylated Alcohols ◽  
Linear Alcohols ◽  
Chain Lengths

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of carbon chain length and percent ethoxylation of primary linear ethoxylated alcohols on postemergence control of johnsongrass and quackgrass with primisulfuron. Control of johnsongrass and quackgrass was greatest with primisulfuron plus the experimental ethoxylated alcohols 1412-60 and 1412-70 which had chain lengths of 14 and 12 carbon atoms (60:40 ratio) and 60 or 70% ethoxylation. Control of these two weed species decreased when primisulfuron was applied with ethoxylated linear alcohols of similar chain lengths but decreased percent ethoxylation or with alcohols of similar percent ethoxylation but decreased carbon chain length. Quackgrass and johnsongrass control with primisulfuron plus 1412-60 or 1412-70 was equal to or greater than the control obtained with primisulfuron plus the commercial adjuvants of the nonionic, organosilicone, sunflower methyl ester, or crop oil concentrate types. The experimental adjuvant 1412-70 provided equal or greater uptake and translocation of14C-primisulfuron in johnsongrass and quackgrass compared to four commercial adjuvants.

scholarly journals Binding to medium and long chain fatty acyls is a common property of HEAT and ARM repeat modules

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tie-Mei Li ◽  
John P. Coan ◽  
Krzysztof Krajewski ◽  
Lichao Zhang ◽  
Joshua E. Elias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Peptide Sequence ◽  
Chromatin Dynamics ◽  
Carbon Chains ◽  
Proteomic Approach ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract Covalent post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins with acyl groups of various carbon chain-lengths regulates diverse biological processes ranging from chromatin dynamics to subcellular localization. While the YEATS domain has been found to be a prominent reader of acetylation and other short acyl modifications, whether additional acyl-lysine reader domains exist, particularly for longer carbon chains, is unclear. Here, we employed a quantitative proteomic approach using various modified peptide baits to identify reader proteins of various acyl modifications. We discovered that proteins harboring HEAT and ARM repeats bind to lysine myristoylated peptides. Recombinant HEAT and ARM repeats bind to myristoylated peptides independent of the peptide sequence or the position of the myristoyl group. Indeed, HEAT and ARM repeats bind directly to medium- and long-chain free fatty acids (MCFA and LCFA). Lipidomic experiments suggest that MCFAs and LCFAs interact with HEAT and ARM repeat proteins in mammalian cells. Finally, treatment of cells with exogenous MCFAs and inhibitors of MCFA-CoA synthases increase the transactivation activity of the ARM repeat protein β-catenin. Taken together, our results suggest an unappreciated role for fatty acids in the regulation of proteins harboring HEAT or ARM repeats.

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