Global distributions and strain diversity of avian infectious bronchitis virus: a review

AbstractThe poultry industry faces challenge amidst global food security crisis. Infectious bronchitis is one of the most important viral infections that cause huge economic loss to the poultry industry worldwide. The causative agent, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an RNA virus with great ability for mutation and recombination; thus, capable of generating new virus strains that are difficult to control. There are many IBV strains found worldwide, including the Massachusetts, 4/91, D274, and QX-like strains that can be grouped under the classic or variant serotypes. Currently, information on the epidemiology, strain diversity, and global distribution of IBV has not been comprehensively reported. This review is an update of current knowledge on the distribution, genetic relationship, and diversity of the IBV strains found worldwide.

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Towards Improved Use of Vaccination in the Control of Infectious Bronchitis and Newcastle Disease in Poultry: Understanding the Immunological Mechanisms

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9010020 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 20

Author(s):

Anthony C. Ike ◽

Chukwuebuka M. Ononugbo ◽

Okechukwu J. Obi ◽

Chisom J. Onu ◽

Chinasa V. Olovo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Advanced Technology ◽

Global Food Security ◽

Infectious Bronchitis ◽

Immunological Mechanisms ◽

Inactivated Vaccines ◽

Successful Control ◽

Cellular Immune

Infectious bronchitis (IB) and Newcastle disease (ND) are two important diseases of poultry and have remained a threat to the development of the poultry industry in many parts of the world. The immunology of avian has been well studied and numerous vaccines have been developed against the two viruses. Most of these vaccines are either inactivated vaccines or live attenuated vaccines. Inactivated vaccines induce weak cellular immune responses and require priming with live or other types of vaccines. Advanced technology has been used to produce several types of vaccines that can initiate prime immune responses. However, as a result of rapid genetic variations, the control of these two viral infections through vaccination has remained a challenge. Using various strategies such as combination of live attenuated and inactivated vaccines, development of IB/ND vaccines, use of DNA vaccines and transgenic plant vaccines, the problem is being surmounted. It is hoped that with increasing understanding of the immunological mechanisms in birds that are used in fighting these viruses, a more successful control of the diseases will be achieved. This will go a long way in contributing to global food security and the economic development of many developing countries, given the role of poultry in the attainment of these goals.

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Genomics of Avian Viral Infections

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes10100814 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 814 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Smith

Keyword(s):

Viral Infections ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Host Susceptibility ◽

Host Responses ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Poultry Industry ◽

Special Issue ◽

Viral Pathogens ◽

Genetic Mechanisms ◽

Global Population

The poultry industry currently accounts for the production of around 118 million metric tons of meat and around 74 million metric tons of eggs annually. As the global population continues to increase, so does our reliance on poultry as a food source. It is therefore of vital importance that we safeguard this valuable resource and make the industry as economically competitive as possible. Avian viral infections, however, continue to cost the poultry industry billions of dollars annually. This can be in terms of vaccination costs, loss of birds and decreased production. With a view to improving the health and welfare of commercial birds and to minimizing associated economic losses, it is therefore of great importance that we try to understand the genetic mechanisms underlying host susceptibility and resilience to some of the major viral pathogens that threaten the poultry species. Some avian viruses, through their zoonotic potential, also pose a risk to human health. This Special Issue will present papers that describe our current knowledge on host responses to various viral pathogens, the genetics underlying those responses and how genomics can begin to provide a solution for resolving the threat posed by these infections.

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Cell Cycle Perturbations Induced by Infection with the Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Their Effect on Virus Replication

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.80.8.4147-4156.2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 80 (8) ◽

pp. 4147-4156 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

Brian Dove ◽

Gavin Brooks ◽

Katrina Bicknell ◽

Torsten Wurm ◽

Julian A. Hiscox

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Virus Replication ◽

Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽

Rna Virus ◽

Positive Strand ◽

Infectious Bronchitis ◽

M Phase ◽

Infected Cells ◽

Positive Strand Rna ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT In eukaryotic cells, cell growth and division occur in a stepwise, orderly fashion described by a process known as the cell cycle. The relationship between positive-strand RNA viruses and the cell cycle and the concomitant effects on virus replication are not clearly understood. We have shown that infection of asynchronously replicating and synchronized replicating cells with the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a positive-strand RNA virus, resulted in the accumulation of infected cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Analysis of various cell cycle-regulatory proteins and cellular morphology indicated that there was a down-regulation of cyclins D1 and D2 (G1 regulatory cyclins) and that a proportion of virus-infected cells underwent aberrant cytokinesis, in which the cells underwent nuclear, but not cytoplasmic, division. We assessed the impact of the perturbations on the cell cycle for virus-infected cells and found that IBV-infected G2/M-phase-synchronized cells exhibited increased viral protein production when released from the block when compared to cells synchronized in the G0 phase or asynchronously replicating cells. Our data suggested that IBV induces a G2/M phase arrest in infected cells to promote favorable conditions for viral replication.

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Vaccine Design against Coronavirus Spike (S) Glycoprotein in Chicken: Immunoinformatic and Computational Approaches

10.21203/rs.3.rs-25375/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Eman Ali Awadelkareem ◽

Sumaia Awad Elkariem Ali

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

Rna Virus ◽

Protein S ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Protein Characterization ◽

Spike Protein ◽

T Cell Epitopes ◽

Resistance Response ◽

S Protein ◽

Infectious Bronchitis

Abstract Background: Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens and produces economic loss within the poultry industry. This disease is caused by a single stranded RNA virus belonging to Cronaviridae family. This study aimed to design a potential multi-epitopes vaccine against Infectious bronchitis virus spike protein (S). Protein characterization was also performed for IBV spike protein.Methods: The present study used various tools in Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) to predict conserved B and T cell epitopes against IBV spike (S) protein that may perform a significant role in provoking the resistance response to IBV infection. Results: In B cell prediction methods, three epitopes (1139KKSSYY1144, 1140KSSYYT1145, 1141SSYYT1145) were selected as surface, linear and antigenic epitopes. Many MHCI and MHCII epitopes were predicted for IBV S protein. Among them 982YYITARDMY990 and 983YITARDMYM991 epitopes displayed high antigenicity, no allergenicity and no toxicity as well as great linkage with MHCI and MHCII alleles. Moreover, docking analysis of MHCI epitope produced strong binding affinity with BF2 alleles. Conclusion: Five conserved epitopes were expected from spike glycoprotein of IBV as the best B and T cell epitopes due to high antigenicity, no allergenicity and no toxicity. In addition, MHC epitopes showed great linkage with MHC alleles as well as strong interaction with BF2 alleles. These epitopes should be designed and incorporated and then tested as multi-epitope vaccine against IBV.

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Infectious bronchitis virus attaches to lipid rafts and enters cells via clathrin mediated endocytosis

10.1101/352898 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Huan Wang ◽

Yingjie Sun ◽

Xiang Mao ◽

Chunchun Meng ◽

Lei Tan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Rafts ◽

Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽

Time Course ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Low Ph ◽

Infection Process ◽

Late Endosome ◽

Poultry Industry ◽

Infectious Bronchitis ◽

Late Endosomes

ABSTRACTDue to its economic importance to in poultry industry, the biology and pathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) have been investigated extensively. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in IBV entry are not well characterized. In this study, systematic approaches were used to dissect IBV entry process in various susceptible cells. First, we observed that lipid rafts were involved in IBV attachment. Second, low pH in intracyplasmic vesicles was required for virus entry. By using the specific clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME) inhibitor or knock down of clathrin heavy chain (CHC), we demonstrated that IBV mainly utilized the CME for its entry. Furthermore, GTPase dynamin1 was involved in virus containing vesicle scission and internalization. Surprisingly, CME adaptor Eps15 had no effect on IBV internalization. Third, the penetration of IBV into cells led to active cytoskeleton rearrangement. After internalization, virus particles moved along with the classical endosome/lysosome track, as evidenced by co-localization of R18 labeled IBV with vehicle markers Rab5/Rab7/LAMP1 along with the infection time course. Functional inactivation of Rab5 and Rab7 significantly inhibited IBV infection. VCP, a protein helps early endosome maturation, was involved virus trafficking. Finally, by using the dual R18/DiOC labeled IBV, we observed that membrane fusion with late endosome/lysosome membranes was induced between 2-3 h.p.i.. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that IBV virions attach to lipid rafts and are internalized into cells via CME, move along with early/late endosomes-lysosomes, finally fuse with late endosome-lysosome membranes, release virus genome into cytoplasm. This study provides comprehensive images of IBV attachment-internalization-trafficking-fusion steps.IMPORTANCEIBV, the avian coronavirus isolated in 1937, infects chicken and causes economic loss in poultry industry. It has been reported that the entry of IBV requires low pH. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying IBV internalization and trafficking remain to be clarified. Therefore, we employed multiple chemical and molecular approaches to dissect the entry mechanisms of IBV in susceptible cells. Our results showed IBV entry was significantly inhibited when clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) was blocked by chemical inhibitor or depletion of clathrin protein. Moreover, by using R18-labeled IBV, we found that IBV particles attached to lipid rafts, led to actin rearrangement, and moved along with the entire endosomal system. R18/DiOC labeling method showed that IBV fused with late endosomes or lysosomes. This is the first report to describe the entire entry process of IBV, allowing for a better understanding of the infection process of group III avian coronavirus.

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Impacts of Coronavirus on Farm and Pet Animals

10.20944/preprints202008.0473.v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sachin Subedi ◽

Sulove Koirala ◽

Lilong Chai

Keyword(s):

Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Rna Virus ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Effective Vaccine ◽

Nasal Discharge ◽

Infectious Bronchitis ◽

Gastrointestinal Lesions ◽

On Farm ◽

The Impact

Coronaviruses are positive sense RNA virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family, which are further subdivided into four genera: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta Coronaviruses. Infectious bronchitis virus and SARS-CoV belong to Beta Coronaviridae family. Infectious bronchitis virus causes respiratory and nephritic signs that includes tracheal rales, urate crystals, lethargy and nasal discharge. In livestock and pets, the Coronavirus infection causes mostly gastrointestinal lesions, which may be prevented through vaccination and biosecurity. Recent infections of SARS-CoV-2 (also known as COVID-19) on farm and pet animals were summarized in this study. Besides, zoo animals were reported with infections in some countries/regions. Although the damage of COVID-19 has not been reported as serious as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and African Swine Fever (ASF) on farm animals so far, the transmission mechanism of COVID-19 among group animals/farms and its long-term impacts are still not clear. The impact of Coronavirus on animals and potential prevention strategies, such as vaccine development and farm biosecurity measures, were discussed. Prior to the development of the effective vaccine, the biosecurity measures (e.g., conventional disinfection strategies and innovated technologies) may play roles in preventing potential spread of diseases/viruses.

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Vaccine Design against Coronavirus Spike (S) Glycoprotein in Chicken: Immunoinformatic and Computational Approaches

10.21203/rs.3.rs-25375/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sumaia Awad Elkariem Ali ◽

Eman Ali Awadelkareem

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

B Cell ◽

Rna Virus ◽

Economic Loss ◽

T Cell Epitopes ◽

Resistance Response ◽

Docking Analysis ◽

S Protein ◽

Infectious Bronchitis ◽

Mhc Alleles

Abstract Background: Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens and produces economic loss within the poultry industry. It is caused by a single stranded RNA virus belonging to Cronaviridae family. Methods: The present study used various tools in Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) to predict conserved B and T cell epitopes against IBV spike (S) protein that may perform a significant role in provoking the resistance response to IBV infection. Results: In B cell prediction methods, three epitopes (1139KKSSYY1144, 1140KSSYYT1145, 1141SSYYT1145) were selected as surface, linear and antigenic epitopes. Many MHCI and MHCII epitopes were predicted for IBV S protein. Among them 982YYITARDMY990 and 983YITARDMYM991 epitopes displayed high antigenicity, no allergenicity and no toxicity as well as great linkage with MHCI and MHCII alleles. Moreover, docking analysis of MHCI epitope produced strong binding affinity with BF2 alleles. Conclusion: Five conserved epitopes were expected from spike glycoprotein of IBV as the best B cell and T cell epitopes due to high antigenicity, no allergenicity and no toxicity. In addition, MHC epitopes showed great linkage with MHC alleles as well as strong interaction with BF2 alleles. These epitopes should be designed and incorporated and then tested as multi-epitope vaccine against IBV.

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Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Egypt: Genetic Diversity and Vaccination Strategies

Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.3390/vetsci7040204 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 204

Author(s):

Hassanein H. Abozeid ◽

Mahmoud M. Naguib

Keyword(s):

Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Infectious Bronchitis ◽

Vaccination Strategies ◽

Avian Pathogen ◽

Surveillance Programs ◽

Insight Into

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly evolving avian pathogen that has increasingly imposed a negative impact on poultry industry worldwide. In the last 20 years, IBV has been continuously circulating among chicken flocks in Egypt causing huge economic losses to poultry production. Multiple IBV genotypes, namely, GI-1, GI-13, GI-16, and GI-23 have been reported in Egypt possessing different genetic and pathogenic features. Different vaccine programs are being used to control the spread of the disease in Egypt. However, the virus continues to spread and evolve where multiple IBV variants and several recombination evidence have been described. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge concerning IBV circulation, genesis, and vaccination strategies in Egypt. In addition, we analyze representative Egyptian IBV strains from an evolutionary perspective based on available data of their S1 gene. We also provide insight into the importance of surveillance programs and share our perspectives for better control of IBV circulating in Egypt.

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Inhibition of Anti-viral Stress Granule Formation by infectious bronchitis virus endoribonuclease nsp15 Ensures Efficient Virus Replication

10.1101/2020.06.11.145862 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Bo Gao ◽

Xiaoqian Gong ◽

Shouguo Fang ◽

Wenlian Weng ◽

Yingjie Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virus Replication ◽

Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽

Rna Virus ◽

Animal Health ◽

Stress Granules ◽

Antiviral Response ◽

Viral Dsrna ◽

Granule Formation ◽

Infectious Bronchitis ◽

Eif2α Phosphorylation

AbstractCytoplasmic stress granules (SGs) are generally triggered by stress-induced translation arrest for storing mRNAs. Recently, it has been shown that SGs exert anti-viral functions due to their involvement in protein synthesis shut off and recruitment of innate immune signaling intermediates. The largest RNA virus, coronavirus, mutates frequently and circulates among animals, imposing great threat to public safety and animal health; however, the significance of SGs in coronavirus infections is largely unknown. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the first identified coronavirus in 1930s and has been prevalent in poultry farm for many years. In this study, we provide evidence that IBV overcomes the host antiviral response by inhibiting SGs formation via the virus-encoded endoribonuclease nsp15. By immunofluorescence analysis, we observed that IBV infection not only did not trigger SGs formation in approximately 80% of the infected cells, but also impaired the formation of SGs triggered by heat shock, sodium arsenite, or NaCl stimuli. We show that the intrinsic endoribonuclease activity of nsp15 is responsible for the inhibition of SGs formation. In fact, nsp15-defective recombinant IBV (rIBV-nsp15-H238A) greatly induced the formation of SGs, along with accumulation of dsRNA and activation of PKR, whereas wild type IBV failed to do so. Consequently, infection with rIBV-nsp15-H238A triggered transcription of IFN-β which in turn greatly affected recombinant virus replication. Further analysis showed that SGs function as antiviral hub, as demonstrated by the attenuated IRF3-IFN response and increased production of IBV in SG-defective cells. Additional evidence includes the aggregation of PRRs and signaling intermediates to the IBV-induced SGs. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the endoribonuclease nsp15 of IBV suppresses the formation of antiviral hub SGs by regulating the accumulation of viral dsRNA and by antagonizing the activation of PKR, eventually ensuring productive virus replication. We speculate that coronaviruses employ similar mechanisms to antagonize the host anti-viral SGs formation for efficient virus replication, as the endoribonuclease function of nsp15 is conserved in all coronaviruses.Author summaryIt has been reported that stress granules (SGs) are part of the host cell antiviral response. Not surprisingly, viruses in turn produce an array of antagonists to counteract such host response. Here, we show that IBV inhibits the formation of SGs through its endoribonuclease nsp15, by reducing the accumulation of viral dsRNA, evading the activation of PKR, and by subsequently inhibiting eIF2α phosphorylation and SGs formation. Nsp15 also inhibits SG formation independent of the eIF2α pathway, probably by targeting host mRNA. Depletion of SG scaffold proteins decreases IRF3-IFN response and increases the production of IBV. All coronaviruses encode a conserved endoribonuclease nsp15, and it will be important to determine whether also other (non-avian) coronaviruses limit the formation of anti-viral SGs in a similar manner.

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Near-Complete Genome Sequence of GI-17 Lineage Infectious Bronchitis Virus, Circulating in Iowa

Microbiology Resource Announcements ◽

10.1128/mra.01406-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (20) ◽

Author(s):

Amro Hashish ◽

Yuko Sato ◽

Ganwu Li ◽

Ying Zheng ◽

Phillip C. Gauger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Genome Sequence ◽

Causative Agent ◽

Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽

Complete Genome Sequence ◽

Complete Genome ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽

Poultry Industry ◽

Infectious Bronchitis

ABSTRACT Avian infectious bronchitis virus (AvIBV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens which results in significant economic losses in the poultry industry. Here, we report a near-complete genome sequence of the strain, designated IA1162/2020, identified in tracheal swabs from chickens in Iowa in 2020.

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