scholarly journals Pigeonpea composite collection and identification of germplasm for use in crop improvement programmes

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 97-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Upadhyaya ◽  
K. N. Reddy ◽  
Shivali Sharma ◽  
R. K. Varshney ◽  
R. Bhattacharjee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Mini Core Collection ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Simple Sequence ◽  
High Seed Yield

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan(L.) Millsp. is one of the most important legume crops as major source for proteins, minerals and vitamins, in addition to its multiple uses as food, feed, fuel, soil enricher, or soil binder, and in fencing, roofing and basket making. ICRISAT's genebank conserves 13,632 accessions of pigeonpea. The extensive use of few parents in crop improvement is contrary to the purpose of collecting a large number of germplasm accessions and has resulted in a narrow base of cultivars. ICRISAT, in collaboration with the Generation Challenge Program, has developed a composite collection of pigeonpea consisting of 1000 accessions representing the diversity of the entire germplasm collection. This included 146 accessions of mini core collection and other materials. Genotyping of the composite collection using 20 microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers separated wild and cultivated types in two broad groups. A reference set comprising 300 most diverse accessions has been selected based on SSR genotyping data. Phenotyping of the composite collection for 16 quantitative and 16 qualitative traits resulted in the identification of promising diverse accessions for the four important agronomic traits: early flowering (96 accessions), high number of pods (28), high 100-seed weight (88) and high seed yield/plant (49). These accessions hold potential for their utilization in pigeonpea breeding programmes to develop improved cultivars with a broad genetic base. Pigeonpea germplasm has provided sources of resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses and cytoplasmic-male sterility for utilization in breeding programmes.

scholarly journals Developing proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) core collection using geographic and morpho-agronomic data

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Upadhyaya ◽  
Shivali Sharma ◽  
C. L. L. Gowda ◽  
V. Gopal Reddy ◽  
Sube Singh
Keyword(s):  
Core Collection ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Panicum Miliaceum ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Proso Millet ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Entire Collection

Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is a rich source of protein, minerals, and vitamins, and is an important cereal crop of Asia and Africa. Due to its lowest water and nutrient requirement, it has the potential for agriculture diversification. The development of a core collection would assist in efficient management and enhanced utilisation of proso millet genetic resources. The present investigation was conducted to develop a core collection of proso millet based on geographic information and 20 qualitative and quantitative traits recorded on 833 accessions conserved in the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics genebank. The entire germplasm collection was stratified into five groups based on races and data on 20 morpho-agronomic traits were used for clustering following Ward’s method. About 10% (or at least one accession) was randomly selected from each of 101 clusters to constitute a core collection of 106 accessions. Comparisons of means, variances, frequency distribution, diversity indices, and correlation studies indicated that the variation in the entire collection has been preserved in the core collection. This core collection provides a gateway to identify diverse trait-specific germplasm accessions for important agronomic traits and for abiotic and biotic stresses for use in crop improvement research and in crop diversification programs.

scholarly journals Research and Application of Molecular and Phenotypic Data for Tree Biodiversity Evaluation

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 564
Author(s):  
Gaetano Distefano
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Tree Crop ◽  
Ecological Habitats

The main challenges for tree crop improvement are linked to the sustainable development of agro-ecological habitats, improving the adaptability to limiting environmental factors and resistance to biotic stresses or promoting novel genotypes with improved agronomic traits [...]

scholarly journals Phenotypic Variation of Peanut Smut (Thecaphora frezii) Incidence and Severity in the U.S. Peanut Mini-Core Collection

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
D.Q. Wann ◽  
A. Falco ◽  
M. Cavigliasso ◽  
C. Cassano
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Soilborne Disease ◽  
Mini Core Collection

ABSTRACT Peanut smut is an emergent soilborne disease of peanut in South America that has significantly impacted the commercial peanut industry in Argentina. In response, plant breeders are in need of information about potential sources of smut resistance in cultivated germplasm for the rapid development of resistant cultivars. Available U.S. peanut mini-core accessions were evaluated under naturally-infested soil conditions in 2016-2019 near General Cabrera, Córdoba, Argentina, in addition to three susceptible breeding lines and four local commercial controls. Over three years, 18 mini-core accessions and two germplasm collection accessions exhibited no smut incidence in a 100-pod sample. Of those, 12 mini-core accessions and one germplasm collection accession (PI 153323) exhibited no smut incidence when all available pods were opened and examined in the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 crop years. These 13 accessions were collected from a variety of origins across the Americas, Africa, and Asia; only three were collected from origins in South America. These results suggest that resistance mechanisms may be well-conserved across various groups within Arachis hypogaea L. The 13 identified accessions appear to be sources of resistance to peanut smut in A. hypogaea and would likely be good parent material for the development of new, resistant commercial peanut cultivars.

Analysing Population Structure of Elaeis Oleifera Germplasm using Model-Based Approach Programme Structure

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Wan Nurhayati Wan Hanafi ◽  
Farida Zuraina Mohd Yusof ◽  
Rajinder Singh ◽  
Ahmad Kushairi Din ◽  
Rajanaidu Nookiah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Germplasm Conservation ◽  
K Value ◽  
Elaeis Oleifera ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Improvement Programme ◽  
Simple Sequence

Elaeis oleifera serves as a source of genetic foundation in oil palm improvement programme, as it possess several interesting agronomic traits such as slow growth, higher oil unsaturation and disease resistance.Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) has developed a collection of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) from Elaeis oleifera genome (E. oleifera-gSSRs). A total of 21 polymoprhic SSR markers were evaluated in the attempt to assess the population structure of E. oleifera populations. The appropriate common ancestry (K) value was determined to be seven from the likelihood scores. The profile from STRUCTURE analysis indicates considerable sharing of genetic components among E. oleifera population with an exception for Population 01 from Columbia and Population 02 from Costa Rica. The present study provides information on population structure of MPOB E. oleifera collection via model-based method for germplasm conservation and utilisation in breeding programmes.

Variation for selected morphological and quality-related traits among 178 faba bean landraces collected from Turkey

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tolga Karaköy ◽  
Faheem Shehzad Baloch ◽  
Faruk Toklu ◽  
Hakan Özkan
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Mini Core Collection ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Breeding Programmes

Faba bean is cultivated worldwide and widely used in Mediterranean countries, Asia and Europe. However, only a few faba bean breeders are active in cultivar development. As a result, a limited number of varieties are available for growers. Plant genetic resources or germplasm are fundamental sources for plant breeding, and the assessment of the genetic diversity among germplasm accessions is useful to facilitate more efficient use of plant genetic resources. A mini-core collection of faba bean germplasm (178 landraces and four cultivars), from diverse geographic regions of Turkey, was assessed for agro-morphological performance and some quality traits. There were substantial variations for the investigated morphological and quality characteristics. The analysis of variance revealed that the differences among 182 accessions were significant for all the studied characters. Some accessions showed very good agronomic performance for some traits. Positive and negative correlations existed among different morphological and agronomic traits. Landraces have been classified into four different groups using a cluster analysis. These results suggest that an a priori classification of accessions according to the growing area does not strictly correspond to phenotypic grouping. From the spatial distribution of landraces, however, it has been possible to identify ‘superior’ accessions of some traits. These findings indicate a number of useful traits in the gene pools and a wide range of phenotypic variation that provides a good source of diversity for use in modern faba bean breeding programmes.

scholarly journals A global barley panel revealing genomic signatures of breeding in modern cultivars

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Beate Hill ◽  
Tefera Tolera Angessa ◽  
Xiao-Qi Zhang ◽  
Kefei Chen ◽  
Gaofeng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe future of plant cultivar improvement lies in the evaluation of genetic resources from currently available germplasm. Recent efforts in plant breeding have been aimed at developing new and improved varieties from poorly adapted crops to suit local environments. However, the impact of these breeding efforts is poorly understood. Here, we assess the contributions of both historical and recent breeding efforts to local adaptation and crop improvement in a global barley panel by analysing the distribution of genetic variants with respect to geographic region or historical breeding category. By tracing the impact breeding had on the genetic diversity of barley released in Australia, where the history of barley production is relatively young, we identify 69 candidate regions within 922 genes that were under selection pressure. We also show that modern Australian barley varieties exhibit 12% higher genetic diversity than historical cultivars. Finally, field-trialling and phenotyping for agriculturally relevant traits across a diverse range of Australian environments suggests that genomic regions under strong breeding selection and their candidate genes are closely associated with key agronomic traits. In conclusion, our combined dataset and germplasm collection provide a rich source of genetic diversity that can be applied to understanding and improving environmental adaptation and enhanced yields.Author summaryToday’s gene pool of crop genetic diversity has been shaped during domestication and more recently by breeding. Genetic diversity is vital for crop species to be able to adapt to changing environments. There is concern that recent breeding efforts have eroded the genetic diversity of many domesticated crops including barley. The present study assembled a global panel of barley genotypes with a focus on historical and modern Australian varieties.Genome-wide data was used to detect genes that are thought to have been under selection during crop breeding in Australian barley. The results demonstrate that despite being more extensively bred, modern Australian barley varieties exhibit higher genetic diversity than historical cultivars, countering the common perception that intensive breeding leads to genetic erosion of adaptive diversity in modern cultivars. In addition, some loci (particularly those related to phenology) were subject to selection during the introduction of other barley varieties to Australia – these genes might continue to be important targets in breeding efforts in the face of changing climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Resistance to Athelia rolfsii and Web Blotch in the U.S. Mini-core Collection

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
R.S. Bennett ◽  
K.D. Chamberlin
Keyword(s):  
Core Collection ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Southern Blight ◽  
Mini Core Collection ◽  
Athelia Rolfsii ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT Athelia rolfsii (=Sclerotium rolfsii) is a soilborne fungus that causes the disease commonly known as southern blight, southern stem rot, stem rot, and white mold. Despite the fact that A. rolfsii is one of the most destructive pathogens of peanut, the U.S. germplasm collection has not been evaluated for resistance to this pathogen. Therefore, 71 of the 112 accessions comprising the U.S. peanut mini-core collection were evaluated in the field for resistance to southern blight in 2016 to 2018 in Oklahoma. Moderate to low levels of southern blight were observed, but four accessions—CC125, CC208, CC559, and CC650—had low levels of disease in 2017 and 2018, the most favourable years for A. rolfsii. Ratings for web blotch, a yield-limiting foliar disease in some production areas caused by Didymella arachidicola, were also taken in 2017 and 2018, when outbreaks occurred. Five entries—CC287, CC155, CC149, CC812, and CC559—had between 10% and 20% disease in 2018, a year when over half of the mini-core accessions exhibited between 50% and 93% disease. Because cultivated peanut in the U.S. has a narrow genetic base, these results will be useful to breeders seeking additional sources of resistance to A. rolfsii and web blotch.

scholarly journals Legume Breeding for the Agroecological Transition of Global Agri-Food Systems: A European Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Rubiales ◽  
Paolo Annicchiarico ◽  
Maria Carlota Vaz Patto ◽  
Bernadette Julier
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽  
Selection Procedures ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Agroecological Transition

Wider and more profitable legume crop cultivation is an indispensable step for the agroecological transition of global agri-food systems but represents a challenge especially in Europe. Plant breeding is pivotal in this context. Research areas of key interest are represented by innovative phenotypic and genome-based selection procedures for crop yield, tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses enhanced by the changing climate, intercropping, and emerging crop quality traits. We see outmost priority in the exploration of genomic selection (GS) opportunities and limitations, to ease genetic gains and to limit the costs of multi-trait selection. Reducing the profitability gap of legumes relative to major cereals will not be possible in Europe without public funding devoted to crop improvement research, pre-breeding, and, in various circumstances, public breeding. While most of these activities may profit of significant public-private partnerships, all of them can provide substantial benefits to seed companies. A favorable institutional context may comprise some changes to variety registration tests and procedures.

Genome evolution of wild cereal diversity and prospects for crop improvement

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eviatar Nevo
Keyword(s):  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Triticum Dicoccoides ◽  
Hordeum Spontaneum ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Wild Cereals

Genomic and proteomic diversity provide the basis of evolutionary change by natural selection under abiotic and biotic stresses, and the human-driven evolutionary process of domestication by artificial selection. Described here are some of the regional and local genomic and proteomic long-term multidisciplinary studies conducted at the Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Israel, during 1975–2005 (see publications at http://evolution.haifa.ac.il), involving both wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum, the progenitor of cultivated barley and wild emmer sheat, Triticum dicoccoides, the progenitor of modern tetraploid and hexaploid cultivated wheat. Wild cereals harbour large amounts of as yet untapped adaptive genetic resources for crop improvement (resistances against abiotic and biotic stresses, micronutrient metal deficiencies, storage proteins, amylases and photosynthetic yield, among others). The adaptive genomic diversity of wild cereals, including cryptic beneficial alleles at specific quantitative trait loci of T. dicoccoides and H. spontaneum is the best genomic resource to be conserved in situ and ex situ for utilization by classical and modern biotechnologies, to enrich the genetically impoverished and stress-vulnerable food cultivars, advance crop improvement, and thereby increase and optimize world food production in a second genetic green revolution.

scholarly journals Overview of Biotic Stresses in Pepper (Capsicum spp.): Sources of Genetic Resistance, Molecular Breeding and Genomics

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Parisi ◽  
Daniela Alioto ◽  
Pasquale Tripodi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Capsicum Spp ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

Pepper (Capsicum spp.) is one of the major vegetable crops grown worldwide largely appreciated for its economic importance and nutritional value. This crop belongs to the large Solanaceae family, which, among more than 90 genera and 2500 species of flowering plants, includes commercially important vegetables such as tomato and eggplant. The genus includes over 30 species, five of which (C. annuum, C. frutescens, C. chinense, C. baccatum, and C. pubescens) are domesticated and mainly grown for consumption as food and for non-food purposes (e.g., cosmetics). The main challenges for vegetable crop improvement are linked to the sustainable development of agriculture, food security, the growing consumers’ demand for food. Furthermore, demographic trends and changes to climate require more efficient use of plant genetic resources in breeding programs. Increases in pepper consumption have been observed in the past 20 years, and for maintaining this trend, the development of new resistant and high yielding varieties is demanded. The range of pathogens afflicting peppers is very broad and includes fungi, viruses, bacteria, and insects. In this context, the large number of accessions of domesticated and wild species stored in the world seed banks represents a valuable resource for breeding in order to transfer traits related to resistance mechanisms to various biotic stresses. In the present review, we report comprehensive information on sources of resistance to a broad range of pathogens in pepper, revisiting the classical genetic studies and showing the contribution of genomics for the understanding of the molecular basis of resistance.

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