scholarly journals Like principal, like agent? Managerial preferences in employee-owned firms

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Guillermo Alves ◽  
Pablo Blanchard ◽  
Gabriel Burdin ◽  
Mariana Chávez ◽  
Andrés Dean
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Time Preferences ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Agent Interaction ◽  
Economic Preferences ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Worker Cooperatives ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between firms’ owners and managers is a quintessential example of costly principal–agent interaction. Optimal design of monetary incentives and supervision mechanisms are the two traditional ways of reducing agency costs in this relationship. In this paper, we show evidence which is consistent with a third mechanism: firms have managers whose economic preferences are aligned with owners' interests. We uncover differences in economic preferences between managers employed in firms controlled by two distinct classes of ‘patrons’: employee-owned firms (worker cooperatives) and conventional investor-owned firms. In a high-stakes lab-in-the-field experiment, we find that co-op managers are less risk-loving and more altruistic than their conventional counterparts. We do not observe differences between the two groups in terms of time preferences, reciprocity, and trust. Our findings are consistent with existing evidence on worker cooperatives, such as their tendency to self-select into less risky industries and their compressed compensation structures.

Grading Teachers: Race and Gender Differences in Low Evaluation Ratings and Teacher Employment Outcomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 1800-1833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Drake ◽  
Amy Auletto ◽  
Joshua M. Cowen
Keyword(s):  
Charter Schools ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Employment Outcomes ◽  
Teachers Of Color ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Teacher Labor Market ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Relationship

In July 2011, the State of Michigan adopted a broad set of teacher labor market reforms, including a high-stakes evaluation system designed in part to remove low-performing teachers. We examine the characteristics of teachers rated as “minimally effective” and “ineffective,” as well as their schools, and the relationship between low effectiveness ratings and later employment outcomes. Results suggest teachers of color across traditional and charter schools are more likely to receive low effectiveness ratings than their within-school peers. These low rating risks are higher for teachers of color working in comparatively White-faculty contexts. Male and novice teachers are also rated low more frequently, and important differences appear to exist in the usage of low ratings by traditional public and charter schools.

scholarly journals Metacognitive control processes in question answering: help seeking and withholding answers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Undorf ◽  
Iris Livneh ◽  
Rakefet Ackerman
Keyword(s):  
Help Seeking ◽  
Question Answering ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Metacognitive Control ◽  
Self Regulated Learning ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Seeking Help ◽  
Subjective Confidence ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractWhen responding to knowledge questions, people monitor their confidence in the knowledge they retrieve from memory and strategically regulate their responses so as to provide answers that are both correct and informative. The current study investigated the association between subjective confidence and the use of two response strategies: seeking help and withholding answers by responding “I don’t know”. Seeking help has been extensively studied as a resource management strategy in self-regulated learning, but has been largely neglected in metacognition research. In contrast, withholding answers has received less attention in educational studies than in metacognition research. Across three experiments, we compared the relationship between subjective confidence and strategy use in conditions where participants could choose between submitting answers and seeking help, between submitting and withholding answers, or between submitting answers, seeking help, and withholding answers. Results consistently showed that the association between confidence and help seeking was weaker than that between confidence and withholding answers. This difference was found for participants from two different populations, remained when participants received monetary incentives for accurate answers, and replicated across two forms of help. Our findings suggest that seeking help is guided by a wider variety of considerations than withholding answers, with some considerations going beyond improving the immediate accuracy of one’s answers. We discuss implications for research on metacognition and regarding question answering in educational and other contexts.

Kinetostatic backflip strategy for self-recovery of quadruped robots with the selected rotation axis

Robotica ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Shengjie Wang ◽  
Kun Wang ◽  
Chunsong Zhang ◽  
Jian S Dai
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Energy Analysis ◽  
Rotation Axis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Quadruped Robots ◽  
Design Idea ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract A kinetostatic approach applied to the design of a backflip strategy for quadruped robots is proposed in this paper. Inspired by legged animals and taking the advantage of the leg workspace, this strategy provides an optimal design idea for the low-cost quadruped robots to achieve self-recovery after overturning. Through kinetostatic and energy analysis, a four-stepped backflip strategy based on the selected rotation axis with minimum energy is proposed, with a process of selection, lifting, rotating, and protection. The kinematic factors that affect the backflip are investigated, along with the relationship between the design parameters of the leg and trunk being analyzed. At the end of this paper, the strategy is validated by a simulation and experiments with a prototype called DRbot, demonstrating that the strategy endows the robot a strong self-recovery ability in various terrains.

scholarly journals Introducing Computer-Based Testing in High-Stakes Exams in Higher Education: Results of a Field Experiment

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e0143616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja J. Boevé ◽  
Rob R. Meijer ◽  
Casper J. Albers ◽  
Yta Beetsma ◽  
Roel J. Bosker
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Computer Based Testing ◽  
High Stakes Exams

scholarly journals Tolerance of Tobacco (Nicotianatabacum and N. rustica) to High Rates of Lead Application to the Soil

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS Veresoglou ◽  
SD Sakellariadis ◽  
PA Gerakis
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Lead Acetate ◽  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Greenhouse Experiment ◽  
Leaf Yield ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lead Addition

AbstractEight genetically diverse tobacco types (Tsebelia of Agrinion, Samsun, Basma, Kabakulak, Burley, Virginia and Havana, belonging to Nicotianatabacum, and Brasilia belonging to N. rustica) were grown in pots in the greenhouse where lead acetate had been added to the soil at the rates of 0, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 g Pb/kg soil. In the field, 20 g Pb/m2 in two forms (nitrate and acetate) were applied to Burley and Kabakulak types. The greenhouse experiment showed that only the highest rate of lead addition to the soil reduced the leaf yield significantly. The higher yielding types (Havana and Samsun) were found to be the least tolerant, while Brasilia was the most tolerant. At all levels of lead addition to the soil the lead concentration in leaf was found to be highest in the first of the three harvests which were made. The relationship between log (lead level in the soil) and log (leaf lead concentration) seemed exponential. Although control treatments in the field and the greenhouse experiment showed comparable leaf lead concentrations, leaf lead concentrations at 20 g Pb/m2 in the field experiment were found to be higher than those at 1.0 g/kg soil in the greenhouse experiment.

scholarly journals Economic situation and time discounting: Does construal level matter?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matus Adamkovic ◽  
Pavol Kačmár ◽  
Marcel Martončik ◽  
Peter Babincak
Keyword(s):  
Economic Situation ◽  
Time Preferences ◽  
Construal Level ◽  
Time Discounting ◽  
The Relationship

A promising factor for explaining the relationship between economic situation and time preferences is one's construal level (i.e., the abstractness/concreteness of thinking). In this preregistered experiment, we examined the effects of construal level manipulation on time discounting and additionally examined the relationships between the economic situation and time discounting in tasks involving both real incentives and hypothetical rewards. Although we found small effects of construal level manipulation on one's time preferences, we remain skeptical about the findings and offer alternative explanations. Further replication attempts on this topic are very much needed.

Rethinking Spaces of Confinement Through Black Girl Embodiment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique C. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Justice System ◽  
Black Girls ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Black Feminist ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Feminist Organizing ◽  
The Relationship

Carcerality in educational settings tends to focus on the school-to-prison pipeline and other ways that bodies differentially marked by race, gender, and, more recently, sexuality and ability are punished and tracked into the juvenile justice system. The ongoing chain between marginalized bodies and criminality is evident in rates of incarceration based on race and gender specifically. Black lesbian feminist organizing of the late 20th century called attention to the relationship between social identities and carcerality. Expanding on this work, Black feminist scholarship argues that Black womxn and girls are inherently valuable and that liberation is necessary for autonomy. Scholarship, however, illustrates how freedom for Black womxn and girls are directly mediated by systems of race, gender, sexuality, class, as well as by the discourses created to maintain order through institutions such as schools and prisons. Building on the preceding connections between social identities and confinement, Black girls’ specific encounters with high-stakes policies, such as zero-tolerance, and school discipline reveal new textures and distinct qualities of carcerality that expand education’s understanding of carceral spaces and experiences. In a society that presumes Black girls need no protection because their Blackness is feared while their femininity remains unrealized, Black girls’ bodily deliberations and embodied choices are acts of resistance and self-definition.

The Consumer Citizen, Politicians, and Policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-74
Author(s):  
Ethan Porter
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Political Candidate ◽  
Political Preferences ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter studies the relationship between consumer fairness, political preferences, and policy uptake. Americans who support Donald Trump are especially likely to believe the government should be judged by the standards of private companies. New experimental evidence documents that, when politicians of both parties use consumer rhetoric, co-partisans of those leaders subsequently come to view politics in strikingly consumerist terms. In another experiment, results show that voters with low levels of political knowledge look most positively upon a hypothetical political candidate who promises cost-benefit alignability, compared to a candidate who promises more benefits than costs. The chapter then describes a field experiment administered in cooperation with a health insurance cooperative funded under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). A message that framed the cooperative as meeting the standards of cost-benefit alignability caused people to enroll in the cooperative.

scholarly journals Exploring the Relationship Between Housing Downturns and Partisan Elections: Neighborhood-Level Evidence from Maricopa County, Arizona

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1630-1658
Author(s):  
Deirdre Pfeiffer ◽  
Jake Wegmann ◽  
Alex Schafran
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Econometric Modeling ◽  
Maricopa County ◽  
Neighborhood Conditions ◽  
Senate Elections ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Neighborhood Level

An understudied outcome of foreclosure crises is how their aftershocks affect partisan elections. Two hypotheses are that partisan shifts may occur in neighborhoods with concentrated foreclosures because of (1) declines in turnout among liberal leaning voters or (2) swells of anti-incumbency among all voters. This research explores these hypotheses in Maricopa County, Arizona, by using econometric modeling to uncover associations among neighborhood foreclosures, voter turnout, and changes in the Republican vote share between the 2006 and the 2010 Arizona gubernatorial and U.S. Senate elections. Our results show evidence of (1) anti-incumbent voting behavior and more liberal shifts among neighborhoods harder hit by foreclosures and (2) conservative shifts in neighborhoods experiencing African-American and Latinx population growth. These findings are suggestive of a link between neighborhood housing market distress and neighborhood partisan shifts, which in aggregate may shape state and national policymaking and future neighborhood conditions.

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