Testing two theories of food intake using growing pigs: the effect of a period of feeding on a high bulk food on the subsequent intake of foods of different bulk content

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 33-33
Author(s):  
E.C. Whittemore ◽  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
G.C. Emmans ◽  
B.J. Tolkamp ◽  
P.W. Knap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Bulk Content ◽  
Net Energy Intake ◽  
High Bulk ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake ◽  
Subsequent Intake

The objective of this experiment was to provide a severe test of the two frameworks currently available for understanding and predicting voluntary food intake. Framework 1 predicts that an animal will eat at a level that will allow potential performance to be achieved subject to its capacity to deal with a constraint, such as the bulk content of the food, not being exceeded. In framework 2 intake is seen as that which will allow some biological efficiency, such as the ratio of net energy intake per litre of oxygen consumed, to be maximised (Tolkamp and Ketelaars, 1992). The frameworks differ in their prediction of the effect that a period of prior feeding on a high bulk food (severely limiting) will have upon the subsequent intake of foods of differing bulk content. Framework 1 predicts that the intake of a low bulk food, that is non limiting, but not that of a moderate bulk food, that is limiting, will be increased under such circumstances. Framework 2 predicts that intake will be increased regardless of the type of food being fed as long as the Metabolisable Energy of that food is utilised more efficiently.

Tests of two theories of food intake using growing pigs 1. The effect of ambient temperature on the intake of foods of differing bulk content

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Whittemore ◽  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
G.C. Emmans ◽  
B.J. Tolkamp
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Fresh Food ◽  
High Bulk

AbstractAn experiment was carried out on pigs to provide a test of two current conceptual frameworks available for the understanding and prediction of food intake. Framework 1 assumes that food intake will be that which allows potential (genetic) performance to be achieved. If this is not achieved then it is because intake is being constrained. Framework 2 sees food intake as being a consequence of a process of optimization such that biological efficiency (the ratio of net energy ingested to oxygen consumed) is maximized. Both frameworks predict that a reduction in temperature will increase the intake of a high quality food. For a food of low quality framework 2 predicts that intake will also be increased when temperature is decreased while framework 1 predicts that it will not. This difference between the predictions of the two frameworks allows them to be tested by means of an experiment in which foods of different quality were given to animals at different environmental temperatures.Forty pigs were randomly allocated to a control (C) food based on micronized wheat with 13·1 MJ digestible energy (DE) and 232 g crude protein (CP) per kg fresh food, or one of two high bulk foods. The high bulk foods contained either 650 g/kg of unmolassed sugar-beet pulp (SBP) or 650 g/kg of wheat bran (WB). Half the pigs were maintained at a thermoneutral temperature of 22ºC for 14 days followed by a cold temperature of 12ºC for 14 days. The other half were maintained at 12ºC for a period of 14 days followed by a temperature of 22ºC for 14 days. Food intake was recorded daily and live weight twice weekly.There was a highly significant food ✕ temperature interaction ( P < 0·001) for food intake. A reduction in temperature resulted in an increase in food intake on C and WB but had no effect on the intake of SBP. There was a highly significant effect of both temperature and food on intake ( P < 0·001). A reduction in temperature resulted in a significant increase in food intake, intake on WB was higher than that of either C or SBP. There was no overall effect of temperature on live-weight gain although a reduction in temperature resulted in a non-significant increase in the gain of C and reduction in the gain of WB and SBP. There was a highly significant effect of food ( P < 0·001) on live-weight gain, as gain on C was higher than that on either WB or SBP.The results of the experiment were in agreement with the predictions set forward by the first framework that growing pigs are eating to achieve maximum performance subject to constraints.

Tests of two theories of food intake using growing pigs 2. The effect of a period of reduced growth rate on the subsequent intake of foods of differing bulk content

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.C. Whittemore ◽  
G.C. Emmans ◽  
B.J. Tolkamp ◽  
I. Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Bulk Content ◽  
High Bulk ◽  
Subsequent Intake

AbstractThe effect of a period of feeding on a high bulk food, upon the subsequent intake of foods of differing bulk content, was investigated in two experiments of the same design. The intention was to provide a severe test of the two current conceptual frameworks available for the prediction and understanding of food intake. In each experiment 40 male Manor Meishan pigs were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups at weaning. Each experiment was split into two periods, P1 (12 to 18 kg) and P2 (18 to 32 kg). The treatments, all with ad libitum feeding, were: a control food (C) given throughout (treatment CC); a medium bulk food (M) given throughout (treatment MM); a high bulk food (H) given in P1 and then C in P2 (treatment HC); H given in P1 and M in P2 (treatment HM). C was based on micronized wheat with 13·4 MJ digestible energy and 243 g crude protein per kg fresh food. In experiment 1 M contained 350 g/kg and H 560 g/kg of unmolassed sugar-beet pulp and in experiment 2 M contained 500 g/kg and H 700 g/kg of unmolassed sugar-beet pulp. Framework 1 predicted that food intake on the medium bulk food (M) would not be increased, whereas framework 2 predicted that intake on M would be increased after a period of feeding on H, compared with when M was offered continuously.In P1, both food intake (P < 0·01) and growth (P < 0·001) were severely limited on H compared with C. In experiment 1 growth was limited on M compared with C during the first 7 days of P1 (P < 0·01) only. In experiment 2 intake (P < 0·001) and growth (P < 0·001) on M were limited throughout P1, compared with C but not thereafter. Therefore, in neither experiment did M cause a lower growth rate than C from 18 to 32 kg. In experiment 1 there was full adaptation to M after about 10 days from 12 kg. In experiment 2 adaptation was complete by the end of the first 7 days from 18 kg.In P2, food intake (P < 0·001) and live-weight gain (P < 0·05 and P < 0·001 in experiments 1 and 2, respectively) were increased on HC compared with CC. By the last 7 days of P2 intake was still higher (P < 0·01) but growth rate was no longer different to CC. Intake and gain were increased in P2 on HM compared with MM but, in general, these differences were small and not significant. In the first 7 days of P2, in experiment 1 pigs on HM had higher intakes (P < 0·001) and gains (P < 0·05) than those on MM, but in experiment 2 only intake was higher (P < 0·01) with no difference in gain. By the last 7 days of P2 there was no difference in either intake or gain between these two groups in either experiment. Pigs on HC increased intake by more than those on HM. There was, therefore, a significant interaction for food intake (P < 0·05, in experiment 1 and P < 0·001, in experiment 2) between prior and present food.The unexpected failure of either M food to limit growth throughout the experimental period meant that the results of these experiments could not be used as a strong test to reject either one of the frameworks. However, the ability of the pigs to compensate on M was less than that on C. The data provide some evidence that under conditions of compensation foods such as M may be limiting. This is in closer agreement with the framework that predicted that consumption of a limiting food will not increase after a period of feeding on a high bulk food (framework 1).

The short term feeding behaviour of pigs given access to foods differing in bulk content

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 27-27
Author(s):  
E. C. Whittemore ◽  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
G.C. Emmans ◽  
B.J. Tolkamp ◽  
C. A. Morgan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Control Food ◽  
Bulk Content ◽  
High Bulk ◽  
Different Levels

We need to improve our understanding of the factors that are important for the control of food intake on high bulk foods. The study of short term feeding behaviour (STFB) may help to do this. The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of giving foods differing in bulk content on the STFB of growing pigs. It was expected that the foods would result in different levels of daily intake and that this would be reflected as differences in STFB between the foods. Two hypotheses were developed based on ideas about the way in which a physical constraint to intake could arise. H1; there would be less diurnal variation in feeding on high bulk foods that limit intake. H2; feeding patterns on bulky foods would be less flexible than those on a control food when feeding time is limited by reducing time of access to the feeder.

Responses of rufous hummingbirds to midday fasts

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 2249-2253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zena J. Tooze ◽  
Clifton Lee Gass
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Metabolic Costs ◽  
Net Energy Intake ◽  
Highly Correlated

This study investigates how rufous hummingbirds regain energy balance after experimentally imposed midday fasts reduce their energy reserves. Net energy balance calculated from food intake, activity budgets, and allometric equations for the costs of flying and perching was highly correlated with change in body weight in laboratory tests of 3 h or more. Individuals accumulated energy and body weight at the same rate after fasts as before, resulting in energy deficits at the end of the day compared with control conditions. Energy balance relative to control values was regained by the following morning, primarily by reducing metabolic costs in the dark through torpor. Net energy intake increased the following day, but this increase was relatively unimportant to reestablishing equilibrium.

scholarly journals Voluntary food intake of growing pigs given diets containing rapeseed meal, from different types and varieties of rape, as the only protein supplement

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline A. Lee ◽  
R. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Glucosinolate Content ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

1. The voluntary food intake, during 30 min periods after morning and afternoon feeds and during 24 h, by growing pigs given diets containing rapeseed meal (Rsm) or soya-bean meal (Sbm) as the only protein supplement was determined. One diet was offered at a time and a daily changeover sequence of feeding was followed.2. Four rapeseed meals were compared, one from seeds of British-grown winter Brassica napus varieties (Brsm) and the others from seeds of the var7ieties Tower (Trsm), Erglu (Ersm) and Span (Srsm). The effects on feed intake of adding flavouring substances to the Brsm diet were also determined. The flavouring substances were molassine meal, sucrose and four commercially-available substances: P, pig nectar; H, hog nectar; S, sow nectar and A, apple.3. Intake of the Brsm diet was significantly less than those of the Sbm, Trsm and Ersm diets.4. Addition to the Brsm diet of molassine meal or sucrose at 50 or 100 g/kg did not improve voluntary feed intake. None of the commercial flavouring substances raised the intake of the Brsm diet to the level of the Sbm diet but they improved intake of the Brsmdiet to varying extents. Flavourings H, S and A gave similar improvements which were substantial.5. The Sbm, Brsm and Trsm diets were each fed ad. lib. to groups of growing pigs continuously for 4 weeks. Weekly feed intakes and weight gains were determined. Feed intakes and weight gains followed closely the intake values obtained in the changeover experiments. The highest values were for the Sbm diet; those for the Trsm diet were slightly lower and those for the Brsm diet were substantially and significantly lower.6. The glucosinolate, sinapine and tannin contents of the rapeseed meals were determined and the results suggested that voluntary feed intake of diets containing these meals was related to their glucosinolate content, but not to their sinapine or tannin contents.

Nutritive value of wheat concentrated distillers solubles in diets for growing pigs

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 729
Author(s):  
P. Rosenfelder ◽  
M. Eklund ◽  
H. K. Spindler ◽  
U. Messerschmidt ◽  
C. Potthast ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Difference

Two experiments (Exp.) were conducted to determine the nutritive value of wheat-derived wet concentrated distillers solubles (CDS) for growing pigs. In Exp. 1, standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) was determined by the difference method, using six ileally cannulated barrows (initial bodyweight (BW) of 31 ± 2.9 kg). The pigs were fed a casein-corn starch-based diet supplemented with wheat CDS so that about half of the crude protein (CP) originated from either wheat CDS or from casein. In Exp. 2, 12 barrows with an initial BW of 17 ± 0.9 kg were used to determine digestible energy (DE) content, and to calculate metabolisable energy (ME) and net energy (NE) content of wheat CDS. Animals were fed either a casein-corn starch-based basal diet or a CDS diet containing 470 g/kg of the basal diet and 530 g/kg wheat CDS on a dry matter (DM) basis. Values of SID of CP and AA in Exp. 1 amounted to 85, 74, 83 and 70% for CP, lysine, methionine and threonine, respectively. The DE, ME and NE contents of wheat CDS were 16.8, 15.8 and 11.1 MJ/kg DM, respectively. It can be concluded that SID of CP and AA and also the energy content in wheat CDS are substantially higher than corresponding values reported in international tables with information on nutritional value of dried co-products of bioethanol production.

Predicting food intake and performance during adaptation to a new food

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 25-25
Author(s):  
E.C. Whittemore ◽  
G.C. Emmans ◽  
I. Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Bulk Content ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Bulk ◽  
Over Time

Current models that predict food intake over time assume that the animal is always fully adapted to the food that it is on. This approach does not account for the immediate effects of a change in food type upon intake. Such a change may have large effects on intake and performance particularly when the change is to a food of higher bulk content. Such a change initially causes a reduction in intake. Over time, with adaptation, intake gradually increases until a new equilibrium intake is reached. The ability to predict intake and performance during the period of adaptation will allow models to predict food intake on high bulk foods more accurately. Data recorded during the period of adaptation are frequently excluded, perhaps to make the prediction of intake on high bulk foods easier. This work is an attempt to develop a model to predict intake and performance during the adaptation period when an animal is changed to a food of higher bulk content.

scholarly journals Differential effects of feeding fermentable carbohydrate to growing pigs on performance, gut size and slaughter characteristics

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Pluske ◽  
D. W. Pethick ◽  
B. P. Mullan
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Intestinal Growth ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

AbstractThirty-five gilts grown between 18 and 55 kg live weight were used to examine the effects of feeding fermentable carbohydrate on voluntary food intake, performance, carcass characteristics, and large intestinal growth. Five diets were used. The first diet contained steam-flaked sorghum and a supplement based on animal protein sources and 40 g/kg soya-bean meal (diet SAP). Using this diet as a base, three other diets contained either (i) guar gum, a source of soluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) (diet SAP + S-NSP), (ii) Novelose™, a source of resistant starch (RS) (diet SAP + RS), and (Hi) a combination of both S-NSP and RS (diet SAP + S-NSP + RS). The final diet (diet WBL) was based on wheat, barley and Australian sweet lupins. Diets (i), (ii) and (Hi) were formulated such that the concentrations of soluble NSP, oligosaccharide and RS were similar to those contained in diet WBL. There was no relationship (F > 0·05) between voluntary food intake and indices of hind-gut fermentation, although pigs given diets SAP + S-NSP and SAP + S-NSP + RS took longer to reach the slaughter weight of 55 kg (F < 0·001) and converted food less efficiently than pigs given other diets (F < 0·001). An increased intake of S-NSP (R2 = 0·842, P < 0·05) and S-NSP + RS (R2 = 0·805, F < 0·05) was positively correlated to an increased (empty) weight of the large intestine. A significant negative relationship (R2 = 0·78, F < 0·05) existed between the daily intake of S-NSP + RS and dressing proportion, such that each gram increase caused a 0·25 g/kg decrease in the dressing proportion of pigs. No such relationships existed between the daily intake of soluble NSP, insoluble NSP, or RS (P > 0·05) with dressing proportion. These data suggest that the sources of fermentable carbohydrate used in this study, i.e. soluble NSP and RS, may not significantly depress voluntary food intake but can affect performance and have a significant effect on large intestinal growth and dressing proportion.

The effects of dietary fibre, source of fat and dietary energy concentration on the voluntary food intake and performance of growing pigs

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

ABSTRACTNinety entire male pigs were used in two experiments to investigate the effects of energy concentration on the performance of growing pigs given diets containing relatively high or low levels of fibre. A blended fat product was also compared with tallow as a source of dietary energy for pigs in the first experiment.In experiment 1, 60 pigs growing between 20 and 45 kg live weight were given 10 diets containing approximately 120 g acid-detergent fibre per kg (80 g crude fibre per kg), and 10, 30, 50, 75 or 100 g/kg of either tallow or the blended fat product.Although the source of fat had no significant effect on food intake or growth performance, voluntary energy intake and growth rate increased with increase in the level of fat added to the diet and with concomitant increase in dietary digestible energy (DE) concentration up to 50 g/kg and 13·2 MJ/kg respectively. Further increase in the level of fat added to the diet and in DE concentration resulted in a decline in voluntary food intake, whilst energy intake and growth rate remained relatively constant at 27 MJ/day and 720 g/day respectively.In experiment 2, 30 pigs were used to investigate the animals' response to five levels of dietary DE concentration (11·8 to 15·1 MJ DE per kg) between 20 and 50 kg live weight. The highest level of acid-detergent fibre in the diets was 62 g/kg (50 g crude fibre per kg) and this declined with increase in energy concentration to 30 g/kg (25 g crude fibre per kg) in the diet of highest energy concentration.Voluntary food intake was not significantly affected by dietary energy concentration, and voluntary energy intake and growth rate increased linearly with increase in dietary energy concentration up to 14·5 MJ DE per kg. Maximum energy intake (31 MJ DE per day) and growth rate (905 g/day) in experiment 2 was proportionately 0·15 and 0·26 higher than that achieved by pigs given the higher fibre diets in experiment 1.The results for voluntary food intake and growth rate suggested that the pig's demand for energy and consequently its response to dietary energy concentration was affected by dietary fibre concentration.

scholarly journals Voluntary food intake and reproduction

1987 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake
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