scholarly journals On Extra Risk: with some Particulars of the recent Investigation of the Mortality of Persons engaged in the Sale of Intoxicating Liquors

1901 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 116-147
Author(s):  
George M. Low
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Border Line ◽  
Fair Average

The lives which present themselves for assurance are, in the process of selection, divided into three main groups or classes:—I. Lives insurable at the ordinary rate.II. Lives insurable only at extra rates.III. Uninsurable lives.Although, in measuring what we call “extra risk,” only the subdivisions of Class II. are of practical significance, yet each of the three classes admits of almost indefinite subdivision in respect of the quality of the lives embraced in it.In the first class, some lives present no flaw of any kind in health, physical condition, occupation, or family history; others, at the further end of the scale, present flaws which bring them close to the border line of Class II.; and between those two extremes there is every degree of variation. Using terms that are not unfamiliar, Class I. may be subdivided into three distinct groups:—(a) Unexceptionable lives, presenting no unfavourable feature.(b) Good average lives, in which the personal or family history, or the physical condition, is not entirely faultless, but which present no feature likely to tell against the life-prospects.(c) Fair average lives, presenting some flaw or imperfection, or some combination of unfavourable circumstances, which only falls short of requiring an extra premium.

scholarly journals Multivariate Analysis for Assessing Irrigation Water Quality: A Case Study of the Bahr Mouise Canal, Eastern Nile Delta

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed K. Abdel-Fattah ◽  
Sameh Kotb Abd-Elmabod ◽  
Ali A. Aldosari ◽  
Ahmed S. Elrys ◽  
Elsayed Said Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Irrigation Water Quality

Water scarcity and suitable irrigation water management in arid regions represent tangible challenges for sustainable agriculture. The current study aimed to apply multivariate analysis and to develop a simplified water quality assessment using principal component analysis (PCA) and the agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) technique to assess the water quality of the Bahr Mouise canal in El-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. The proposed methods depended on the monitored water chemical composition (e.g., pH, water electrical conductivity (ECiw), Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3−, Cl−, and SO42−) during 2019. Based on the supervised classification of satellite images (Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI)), the distinguished land use/land cover types around the Bahr Mouise canal were agriculture, urban, and water bodies, while the dominating land use was agriculture. The water quality of the Bahr Mouise canal was classified into two classes based on the application of the irrigation water quality index (IWQI), while the water quality was classified into three classes using the PCA and AHC methods. Temporal variations in water quality were investigated, where the water qualities in winter, autumn, and spring (January, February, March, April, November, and December) were classified as class I (no restrictions) based on IWQI application, and the water salinity, sodicity, and/or alkalinity did not represent limiting factors for irrigation water quality. On the other hand, in the summer season (May, June, July, August, and October), the irrigation water was classified as class II (low restrictions); therefore, irrigation processes during summer may lead to an increase in the alkalinity hazard. The PCA classifications were compared with the IWQI results; the PCA classifications had similar assessment results during the year, except in September, while the water quality was assigned to class II using the PCA method and class I by applying the IWQI. Furthermore, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) around the Bahr Mouise canal over eight months and climatic data assisted in explaining the fluctuations in water quality during 2019 as a result of changing the crop season and agriculture management. Assessments of water quality help to conserve soil, reduce degradation risk, and support decision makers in order to obtain sustainable agriculture, especially under water irrigation scarcity and the limited agricultural land in such an arid region.

scholarly journals Influence of Facial Morphology on Masticatory Function and Quality of Life in Elders Using Mandibular Overdentures: 3-Year Results

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Paula da Rosa Possebon ◽  
Alessandra Julie Schuster ◽  
Raissa Micaella Marcello-Machado ◽  
Ana Paula Pinto Martins ◽  
Luciana de Rezende Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Facial Morphology ◽  
Masticatory Performance ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Masticatory Function ◽  
Facial Pattern ◽  
Oral Comfort

Background: Facial types may interfere in the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and masticatory performance of implant-retained mandibular overdenture (IMO) wearers.Purpose: Investigate the medium-term changes in the masticatory function (MF) and OHRQoL parameters of IMO users, as a function of facial pattern, anteroposterior skeletal discrepancy, and sex.Methods: Forty IMO users, most of them Caucasian (90%) with average age of 69.17 years were classified according to their facial pattern and antero-posterior discrepancy prior to rehabilitation. MF was evaluated by the multiple sieves method to determine the average particle size (X50), heterogeneity (B) and masticatory efficiency (ME, calculated as the percentage of material retained in the 5.6 and 2.8 mm sieves), using Masticatory performance (MP) and swallowing threshold (ST) tests. OHRQoL was measured by applying the dental impact on daily life (DIDL) questionnaire. The data were analyzed by Wilcoxon-paired tests to analyze changes in MF parameters over time, and mixed-effect multilevel regression models were employed to verify differences between groups.Results: Significant changes were still observed in the 3rd year for the ST test with improvements in B for Mesofacial and in time for Dolichofacial individuals, while ME_2.8 deteriorated for Brachyfacial participants. B values of Class I and male individuals improved and brachyfacial individuals still presented worse homogenization (B) than Mesofacial participants in both masticatory tests. Class II and III participants still showed improvements in ME_5.6 and time compared to Class I despite increases in X50. Class II individuals needed less cycles than Class I in the 3rd year. Brachyfacial participants scored lower in the Appearance domain than Mesofacial ones in the 3rd year. Dolichofacial participants and Class III patients scored lower in the Oral Comfort domain than Mesofacial and Class I, respectively. In addition, age influenced the Pain, Oral Comfort and General Performance domains in the 3rd year.Conclusions: Differences in facial morphology continue to influence the MF and OHRQoL outcomes in the 3rd year, and age influenced some OHRQoL domains. Brachyfacial individuals continue to benefit least from rehabilitation with IMO according to masticatory parameters.

scholarly journals Adjustments in the tetrazolium test methodology for assessing the physiological quality of chickpea seeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Humberto Alencar Paraíso ◽  
Delacyr da Silva Brandão Junior ◽  
Ramon Ivo Soares Avelar ◽  
Candido Alves da Costa ◽  
Luan Souza de Paula Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Test Methodology ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Tetrazolium Test ◽  
Class Iv

Abstract: Quick tests are essential tools to evaluate seed quality. The objective of this study was to adapt the methodology of tetrazolium test, by identifying the most suitable pre-conditioning parameters of imbibition temperature and duration, and tetrazolium solution concentrations, in order to assess the physiological quality of chickpea seeds. Also, this work proposed the separation of lots in classes, according to the viability and vigor of the seeds. Three lots of chickpeas (lot 1 - BRS Aleppo C1, lot 2 - BRS Aleppo basic, and lot 3 - Cicero) were evaluated. They were analyzed according to three combinations of imbibition temperature and duration (41 °C for 4 hours, 41 ºC for 6 hours, and 30 ºC for 18 hours) and two tetrazolium concentrations (0.1% and 0.5%). The imbibition at 41 °C for 4 or 6 hours, and at 30 ºC for 18 hours allowed clear visualization of injuries in the seeds after immersion in 0.1% tetrazolium solution. The intense coloration formed by the 0.5% solution of this salt prevented the differentiation of the types of damage. In addition, it was possible to separate the seeds into four classes: class I (viable and vigorous, without damages), class II (viable and vigorous, with superficial injuries), class III (viable and non-vigorous), and class IV (non-viable).

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF BIODEGRADATION/DEGRADATION OF DEGRADABLE PLASTIC MATERIAL ON COMPOST QUALITY

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 783-798
Author(s):  
Dana Adamcová ◽  
František Toman ◽  
Magdalena Vaverková ◽  
Jana Kotovicová
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Compost Quality ◽  
Composting Process ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Accredited Laboratory

Abstract The objective of this study was to find out whether the quality of compost would change during the process of composting carrier bags claimed by manufacturers as compostable or biodegradable in terms of parameters stipulated in the standard ČSN 46 5735 Industrial composts. Eight samples were subjected to the composting process in laboratory conditions. The compost samples were analyzed in the accredited laboratory. All samples met parameters stipulated for Class II. Seven samples of the eight met parameters stipulated in the standard ČSN 46 5735 for Class I. The samples had no influence on compost characteristics: strength, content of water and salt, pH value, content of nutrients or proportion of organic substances; other components of the compost remained unchanged. Optical changes of the compost did not occur either.

scholarly journals The Impact Of Malocclusion On Quality Of Life And Life Satisfaction

10.3823/2492 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Franklin Cordeiro Neto ◽  
Roberto Carlos Mourão Pinho ◽  
Raulison Vieira de Sousa ◽  
Bruna De Carvalho Farias Vajgel ◽  
Renata Cimões
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Satisfaction With Life Scale ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
The Impact

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the type of malocclusion affects the perception of quality and satisfaction with people's lives. Material and Methods: Three questionnaires were applied: the first one assessed the social and economic factors and the diagnosis of malocclusion through Angle´s classification, the second was the OHIP-14, and the third was the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Results: This study involved 444 patients aged 18 to 72 years. According to the classification of malocclusion 48.65% was Class I, 22.75% was Class II division 1, 12.16% was Class II division 2 and Class III 16.44%. The malocclusion did not have negative impact on the level of satisfaction with life, but in all dimensions analyzed by OHIP-14, malocclusion had negative impact on quality of life and was statistically significant. The most severe malocclusions such as Class II and Class III represent a more negative impact when compared to Class I malocclusion. Moreover, for the dimensions assessed by the OHIP-14, physical pain and psychological discomfort were those who showed a greater negative impact on quality of life. Conclusions: Malocclusions do not interfere with the judgment of the level of satisfaction with life, but they produce a negative impact on quality of life.

scholarly journals Condition-Specific Impacts on Quality of Life Attributed to Malocclusion by Adolescents with Normal Occlusion and Class I, II and III Malocclusion

2008 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 977-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Bernabé ◽  
Aubrey Sheiham ◽  
Cesar Messias de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Class I ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Angle Class ◽  
Normal Occlusion ◽  
Oral Impacts

Abstract Objective: To compare the prevalence, intensity, and extent of condition-specific oral impacts on quality of life attributed to malocclusion by Brazilian adolescents with normal occlusion and those with Angle Class I, II, and III malocclusion. Materials and Methods: Four groups of 55 adolescents were configured such that each group represented normal occlusion, as well as Angle Class I, II, and III malocclusion. No radiographs were taken. Adolescents aged 15 to 16 years were selected from those attending all secondary schools in Bauru (Sao Paulo, Brazil). The Oral Impacts on Daily Performances index was used to collect data on condition-specific impacts (CSIs) attributed to malocclusion. The prevalence, as well as the intensity and extent, of CSIs was compared among the four groups with the use of Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests, respectively. Results: Groups were comparable according to sex, age, and socioeconomic status. The prevalence of CSI was significantly different between groups (P = .039). Class II and III malocclusion groups reported a higher prevalence of CSI than those with normal occlusion and Class I malocclusion. However, the intensity and extent of CSI were not significantly different between groups. Conclusions: The prevalence, but not the intensity and extent, of CSIs attributed to malocclusion differed among groups with different malocclusions. The present findings support the concept that malocclusion has physical, psychological, and social effects on quality of life.

scholarly journals Health-Related Quality of Life across Recent Pediatric Obesity Classification Recommendations

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
William R. Black ◽  
Kelsey B. Borner ◽  
Marshall T. Beauchamp ◽  
Ann M. Davis ◽  
Meredith L. Dreyer Gillette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Severe Obesity ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Class Iii Obesity ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related

Extreme body mass index (BMI) values (i.e., above the 97th and below the 3rd percentiles) are inaccurately represented on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s growth curves, which may limit the utility of BMI percentile and BMI z-score for capturing changes in clinical outcomes for patients at extreme weights. Modeling child obesity severity based upon the percentage of BMI in excess of the 95th percentile (BMI95pct) has been proposed as an improved metric to better capture variability in weight at extreme ends of growth curves, which may improve our understanding of relationships between weight status and changes in clinical outcomes. However, few studies have evaluated whether the use of BMI95pct would refine our understanding of differences in clinical psychosocial constructs compared to previous methods for categorization. This cross-sectional study evaluated child obesity severity based on BMI95pct to examine potential group differences in a validated, obesity-specific measure of Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). Four hundred and sixty-five children with obesity completed Sizing Me Up, a self-report measure of HRQoL. Children were classified into categories based on BMI95pct (i.e., class I: ≥100% and <120%; class II: ≥120% and <140%; class III: ≥140%). The results indicate that children with class III obesity reported lower HRQoL than children with class I and class II obesity; however, there were no differences between Class II and Class I. In much of the previous literature, children with class II and class III obesity are often combined under the category “Severe Obesity” based upon BMI above the 99th percentile. This study suggests that grouping children from various classes together would neglect to capture critical differences in HRQoL. Future research including children with severe obesity should consider obesity classes to best account for functioning and clinical outcomes.

Maternal Haplotype at Time of Banking Is an Effective Strategy to Guarantee the Identification and Traceability of Cord Blood Units.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 5217-5217
Author(s):  
Paola Bergamaschi ◽  
Cesare Perotti ◽  
Gianluca Viarengo ◽  
Claudia Del Fante ◽  
Cristina Parisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Hla Class I ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Hla Typing ◽  
Class I ◽  
Donor Choice ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Stem cell transplantation from unrelated cord blood (CB) donors is nowadays a standard practice for treatment of both malignant and non-malignant haematological disorders. The degree of HLA disparities, the cell dose and the prompt availability of the CB unit strongly influence the donor choice. According to FACT Netcord standards, HLA A, B and DRB1 shall be determined on a pre-cryopreservation sample from each CB. Once a CB unit is identified for potential use, a sample is tested to verify HLA type and confirmation of maternal haplotype is provided. The recipient’s HLA typing and its matching to the donor are confirmed as well prior to CB release for transplant. Quality of the stem cell product represents a basic assumption for the final success of transplant and an essential requirement for CB Banks (CBB). Each CBB shall establish a program of quality assurance that includes identification and traceability. The protection of confidentiality of mother and infant donors and the maintenance of linkage of a particular CB to its mother/neonate pair is of the highest priority. For this purpose each CB is assigned a unique numeric identifier that accompanies the unit in all steps of management and by which it is related to its maternal/infant data and reference samples. At the Pavia CBB, all CB donations are routinely typed for both HLA class I and class II by molecular techniques (low resolution for A and B loci and high resolution for DRB1). The mother haplotype is also assessed by molecular methods at time of banking. Therefore each CB/mother pair is checked before inclusion in the inventory. We retrospectively evaluate the impact of such a strategy on ensuring both identification and linkage of our CB repository. We review the data referring to the CBs stored in our Bank, all typed by LR-DNA for class I loci and by LR/HR-DNA for class II loci. Our inventory consists of 1987 units available for donor selection. In 2 pairs (0.1%) the mother’s typing was found fully disparate as respect to the supposed corresponding CB/neonate. The identification cannot be confirmed leading to discard of the unit. We also review the data pertinent to the 45 units released for transplant by our CBB: in all cases the cord’s confirmatory typing was coherent to the previous typing thus confirming the identity of the product ready for shipment. In our hands, the practice of confirming maternal haplotype at time of banking provides the final evidence of correct assignment and identification before inclusion in the inventory, ensuring the highest quality of the product supplied. This strategy also optimizes the time for the search requests management contributing to prompt availability of the graft.

Electron microscopy analysis of degenerating pancreatic ß cells in transgenic mice expressing the MHC Class I antigen Dd

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-549
Author(s):  
T. A. Stewart ◽  
D. Liggitt ◽  
S. Pitts ◽  
L. Martin ◽  
M. Siegel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Type I ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Mhc Molecules ◽  
Endogenous Insulin ◽  
Class Ii Mhc ◽  
Ifn Γ

Insulin-dependant (Type I) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a metabolic disorder resulting from the lack of endogenous insulin secretion. The disease is thought to result from the autoimmune mediated destruction of the insulin producing ß cells within the islets of Langerhans. The disease process is probably triggered by environmental agents, e.g. virus or chemical toxins on a background of genetic susceptibility associated with particular alleles within the major histocompatiblity complex (MHC). The relation between IDDM and the MHC locus has been reinforced by the demonstration of both class I and class II MHC proteins on the surface of ß cells from newly diagnosed patients as well as mounting evidence that IDDM has an autoimmune pathogenesis. In 1984, a series of observations were used to advance a hypothesis, in which it was suggested that aberrant expression of class II MHC molecules, perhaps induced by gamma-interferon (IFN γ) could present self antigens and initiate an autoimmune disease. We have tested some aspects of this model and demonstrated that expression of IFN γ by pancreatic ß cells can initiate an inflammatory destruction of both the islets and pancreas and does lead to IDDM.

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