Primer for a New World

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
Estefanía Yunes Vincke
Keyword(s):  
New Spain ◽  
New World ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Cultural Contact ◽  
Basin Of Mexico ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractThe Cartilla para enseñar a leer (1569), attributed to Flemish Franciscan Pedro de Gante, was one of the most important primers from the early years of the viceroyalty of New Spain. Nevertheless, the primer's importance during the process of cultural contact has been largely ignored. As did other primers of the period, the Cartilla contained the most important prayers, but what sets the Cartilla aside is that its selection of prayers is presented in a trilingual version, in Castilian, Latin, and Nahuatl. The content of the Cartilla invites the question as to why Gante, a missionary focused on writing doctrinal works in Nahuatl, would compose a primer that is trilingual, but raises another that is perhaps more perplexing: Why were most of the prayers in Castilian? In this article, I intend to shed a light on Gante's decision to create a complex tool that could be employed by a mixed audience of Castilian, creole, mestizo and Nahua children. By doing this, Gante unwittingly started a process of cultural contact in which language played a pivotal role. The Cartilla thus presents itself as a multifaceted tool that helped shaped the culture of the Basin of Mexico during the early years of the viceroyalty.

To Sin No More

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rex Galindo
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
New Spain ◽  
New World ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Spanish Atlantic ◽  
Franciscan Order

For 300 years, Franciscans were at the forefront of the spread of Catholicism in the New World. In the late seventeenth century, Franciscans developed a far-reaching, systematic missionary program in Spain and the Americas. After founding the first college of propaganda fide in the Mexican city of Querétaro, the Franciscan Order established six additional colleges in New Spain, ten in South America, and twelve in Spain. From these colleges Franciscans proselytized Native Americans in frontier territories as well as Catholics in rural and urban areas in eighteenth-century Spain and Spanish America. This is the first book to study these colleges, their missionaries, and their multifaceted, sweeping missionary programs. By focusing on the recruitment of non-Catholics to Catholicism as well as the deepening of religious fervor among Catholics, the book shows how the Franciscan colleges expanded and shaped popular Catholicism in the eighteenth-century Spanish Atlantic world. This book explores the motivations driving Franciscan friars, their lives inside the colleges, their training, and their ministry among Catholics, an often-overlooked duty that paralleled missionary deployments. It argues that Franciscan missionaries aimed to reform or “reawaken” Catholic parishioners just as much as they sought to convert non-Christian Native Americans.

Practical R for biologists: an introduction

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Main Text ◽  
Biological Data Analysis ◽  
Base Functions ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
R Functions

Abstract R is an open-source statistical environment modelled after the previously widely used commercial programs S and S-Plus, but in addition to powerful statistical analysis tools, it also provides powerful graphics outputs. In addition to its statistical and graphical capabilities, R is a programming language suitable for medium-sized projects. This book presents a set of studies that collectively represent almost all the R operations that beginners, analysing their own data up to perhaps the early years of doing a PhD, need. Although the chapters are organized around topics such as graphing, classical statistical tests, statistical modelling, mapping and text parsing, examples have been chosen based largely on real scientific studies at the appropriate level and within each the use of more R functions is nearly always covered than are simply necessary just to get a p-value or a graph. R comes with around a thousand base functions which are automatically installed when R is downloaded. This book covers the use of those of most relevance to biological data analysis, modelling and graphics. Throughout each chapter, the functions introduced and used in that chapter are summarized in Tool Boxes. The book also shows the user how to adapt and write their own code and functions. A selection of base functions relevant to graphics that are not necessarily covered in the main text are described in Appendix 1, and additional housekeeping functions in Appendix 2.

The Emerging Markets of the Asian Region

2015 ◽  
pp. 327-349
Author(s):  
Kazem Vafadari
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
Medical Tourism ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Asian Region ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Status ◽  
Tourism Destinations ◽  
Central Asian Republics ◽  
Selection Of

Medical tourism has become a catchphrase in the early years of the 21st Century for even the most unlikely of destinations. This chapter outlines the issues and practices involved in an assessment of the status of medical tourism in the emerging economies and destinations of the Asian Region. A selection of countries as case studies covers the region from the Central Asian Republics of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, South Asia (Sri Lanka), through to Cambodia, Taiwan, Myanmar, and Japan. The growth of medical tourism in the Asian region, and its various economic and social impact on abovementioned countries is under focus in this chapter. It provides a comprehensive view of how different countries should capitalize on their advantage to increase their share of regional or international medical tourism market. Both technological advances and traditional medicine have provided comparative advantage for medical tourism destinations in the Asian region.

Weakening the sex

2020 ◽  
pp. 89-116
Author(s):  
Yarí Pérez Marín
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Female Body ◽  
New World ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Medical Traditions ◽  
European Women ◽  
Medical Books

Chapter 3 addresses the link between colonial ideas on femininity and period understandings of gendered physiology. Similar to their European counterparts in that they deemed women to have a weaker constitution compared to men, medical authors in New Spain, however, began linking arguments on the female body to American environments specifically. Descriptions of physiological processes favoured stricter controls of women’s diets and behaviour under the guise of ensuring their good health. The rising numbers of European women in Mexico are reflected in the fact that the two locally printed medical books that went into second editions in the sixteenth century—Alonso López de Hinojosos’s Svmma (1578, 1592) and Agustín Farfán’s Tractado breve (1579, 1592)—both revised and abridged their first versions in order to make way for sections focused on the treatment of women and children. My analysis traces notions on gender, particularly in the case of ‘exceptional’ gestational processes resulting in 'manly women' and 'effeminate men', showing how authors in the New World brought together under a colonial prism older medical traditions that had taken divergent paths in Europe.

The New World in Salvation History

2018 ◽  
pp. 17-47
Author(s):  
Timothy Matovina
Keyword(s):  
New Spain ◽  
New World ◽  
Saint Augustine ◽  
Theological Method ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Salvation History ◽  
The Church ◽  
Published Account

Readers of Miguel Sánchez’s Imagen de la Virgen María, which contained the first published account of Our Lady of Guadalupe’s acclaimed apparitions to the indigenous neophyte Juan Diego, rarely recognize that he was trained in the theology of the church fathers, particularly in the writings of Saint Augustine. Interpretations of Sánchez have ranged from positivist condemnations for his lack of historical documentation to laudatory praise for his defense of pious tradition to emphases on his criollo patriotism as expressed through his adulation of Guadalupe and the baroque culture of New Spain. This chapter assesses Sánchez’s work as well as the origins and formative phase of Guadalupan devotion over the century preceding his publication. It illuminates the influence of patristic thought and theological method on Sánchez, as well as the frequently ignored but foundational role of his theology and that of the church fathers on the Guadalupe tradition.

scholarly journals The new gendered labour of synchronisation: Temporal labour in the new world of work

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 762-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Woodman ◽  
Julia Cook
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
New World ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Work Patterns ◽  
Standard Work ◽  
Gig Economy ◽  
Employment Security ◽  
High Employment ◽  
Disproportionate Burden ◽  
Selection Of

Research considering how time is organised has shown that women tend to carry a disproportionate burden of coordinating the schedules of their households. However, little research has considered how these gendered inequalities may manifest in the context of the shift away from ‘standard’ work patterns and towards variable and non-standard hours. We address this question by using interview and digital data to consider how a selection of ‘ordinary’ Australian young adults in heterosexual partnerships manage and coordinate their time. We contend that even for middle-class young adults with relatively high employment security, increasingly complex working arrangements are shifting existing inequalities in gendered divisions of temporal labour in ways that heighten feelings of temporal insecurity. We conceptualise our findings as part of an intensification of the existing need to schedule and manage lives that is widely felt in the so-called ‘gig economy era’, even by those removed from gig work proper.

Luis de Carvajal and His People

AJS Review ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-100
Author(s):  
Samuel Temkin
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
New Spain ◽  
New World ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Philip Ii ◽  
Spanish Inquisition

This work discusses some aspects of the life of Luis de Carvajal, the head of the well-known Carvajal family. This man was Portuguese by birth, which meant that he was not allowed to go to the Spanish New World. Nevertheless, in 1579, Philip II awarded him a vast territorial entity in New Spain, called Nuevo Reino de León, and allowed him to bring to it a large number of people without having to certify their being Old Christians. Nearly ten years later, he was apprehended by orders of Viceroy Manrique de Zuñiga and brought to Mexico City, where he was jailed in the Crown's prison. On April 14, 1589, he was transferred to the secret jails of the Spanish Inquisition, where he was subjected to a nine-month-long trial, accused of heresy, of knowingly bringing Jews to New Spain, and of concealing their religious activities. Ultimately, he was found guilty of the last two charges and was sentenced to a six-year exile from New Spain. However, before the sentence was carried out, he was returned to the Crown's jail, where he died a year later.

scholarly journals OLD WORDS AND THE NEW WORLD: LIBERAL EDUCATION AND THE FRANCISCANS IN NEW SPAIN, 1536–1601The Whitfield Prize Winner

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 123-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aysha Pollnitz
Keyword(s):  
Liberal Education ◽  
New Spain ◽  
New World ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Indigenous Youth ◽  
Indigenous Students ◽  
Colonial Society ◽  
Bernardino De Sahagun

ABSTRACTThe Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco, established in 1536, liberally educated the sons of Nahua (Aztec) leaders in New Spain. Its Franciscan pedagogues, including Bernardino de Sahagún (c. 1499–1590), Andrés de Olmos (1491–1571) and Juan Bautista (c. 1555–1606/13), worked with indigenous students and alumni to collect, edit and circulate Nahuatl huehuetlahtolli, or ‘speech of the ancients’. This paper examines the largest collection of these orations printed in pre-modern Mexico, the Huehuetlahtolli [1601] edited by Juan Bautista and indigenous intellectuals from the college. It argues that the Tlatelolcans adapted Nahuatl ‘old words’ for the New World of colonial society. They ornamented the speeches with rhetorical techniques derived from Santa Cruz's Erasmian curriculum. They interpolated biblical sentences, particularly from Proverbs and Sirach, to enhance the evangelising potential of the discourses. Finally, they drew on Erasmus's theory of speech, as expressed in his pedagogical and spiritual writings, to explicate Nahuatl los difrasismos concerning eloquence and good counsel. Contextualising the Huehuetlahtolli [1601] in Santa Cruz's Erasmian schoolroom reveals the contours of its argument for vernacular evangelisation, the liberal education of indigenous youth and for the elegance of the Nahuatl tongue.

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